Izwe Adrianople. Isiphetho Adrianople Ukuthula Treaty

Ubudlelwano phakathi Russia nase -Ottoman Empire kuwo wonke umlando omude impela eziyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ngokuvamile eziphikisanayo zezombusazwe zalunga enkundleni yempi. Ngokuvamile, iphuzu wafakwa isiphetho nezivumelwano izingxabano zempi. Lezi zincwadi ngokuvamile kunqunywa isiphetho abantu wonke ahlala kwemingcele imibuso emibili. Phakathi kwazo futhi Adrianople ukuthula sivumelwano.

Isendlalelo (yobudala 18)

Okokuqala Adrianople ukuthula phakathi eRussia kanye uMbuso WaseTurkey sasayinwa ku 13 Juni 1713. Ngokusho mbhalo, uMbuso WaseTurkey Azov yalutho futhi eseduze inqaba endaweni Aurelie emfuleni. Kulokhu, kube isiphelo sesimiso sivumelwano ngo 1713 lalibhekwa njengendawo impumelelo nakwezombusazwe isimo isiRashiya, njengoba lula umzabalazo yokudlondlobala loMfula eningizimu-empumalanga iBaltic. Ngemva kweminyaka eyisikhombisa eConstantinople ophakathi kwala mazwe womabili sasayinwa "Ukuthula Esiphakade," futhi ngemva kwekhulu leminyaka, zenzakalo zenzeka ukuthi osomaqhinga aphoqeleka ukuba ahlangane futhi edolobheni Adrianople.

Lolu shintsho lwaqala ngesikhathi yokuthi ngo-Okthoba 1827 uhulumeni yoMbuso WaseTurkey (Port) Uvale Bosphorus ngokuba Navy Russian. Lokhu kwaba ephikisana Akkerman nomhlangano wezizwe. Iziphathimandla Turkish walungisiswa izenzo zabo ngokuthi Nicholas mina ukusekela amaGreki elwa sokuzibusa. Sultan Mahmud II wayazi kanjalo ingqondo empini, ngakho-ke, wayala ukuba uthango inqaba eDanube kanye ethutha ikomkhulu ukuze Adrianople (Edirne). Umuzi wangena emlandweni wesintu eminyaka amaningi ngaphambi Wachaza izenzakalo. Phela, phezu izindlela kulona 4th AD leminyaka, kwakukhona Battle Adrianople, okwaphela nge ukunqotshwa zoMbuso WaseRoma, kwasho ukuqala ukuthuthela kwamanye amazwe kwenqwaba kuya entshonalanga usulungile.

Impi Russian-Turkish (1828-1829)

Nicholas ngangilokhu kodwa aphendule nobutha izenzo nezimbobo. April 14, 1828 uMbuso Russian uzwakalise impi ku Turkey. Zingakapheli izinsuku eziyishumi we 6th Infantry Corps Fedora Geysmara wafika Moldova, futhi ngo-May 27 kwaqala kokuwela iDanube, lapho aya khona ukuyolalela Umbusi ngokwakhe.

Kamuva amasosha Russian wavinjezelwa futhi Varna. In parallel lezi izimpi ezazilwela e Anapa futhi Asian Turkey. Ikakhulukazi, Juni 23, 1828 elathunjwa Kars, futhi ngemva ukubambezeleka ezincane ehambisana ne-Ukuqubuka kwesifo, bawa noma ibuyiselwe ngaphandle ukumelana Akhalkalaki, Akhaltsikhe, Atshur, Ardahan, Poti futhi Bajazet.

Cishe wonke amaviyo Russian wahlangana ngemfudumalo, njengoba iningi labantu izifunda lapho yayibambene khona ngezihluthu kwakwenzekani, babe amaGreki, baseBulgaria, amaSerbia, Armenia, Georgians, baseRomania kanye nabamele nezinye izizwe, ababethi bangamaKristu. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, bona zazibhekwa njengochwepheshe izakhamuzi yesibili nesigaba besethemba ngenxa ukukhululwa ejokeni WaseTurkey.

Ukubala ekusekelweni lesiGreki wendawo kanye nabantu Bulgarian, August 7, 1829, ibutho isiRashiya, ehlanganisa bonke abantu 25 000 beza Adrianople. induna ikampu awuzange balindele ukuba angene ngendlela iqhinga enjalo, futhi inikela idolobha, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana bawa futhi Erzurum. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, ngenhloso yokuzama Bala Dibich efika kuvakashe ummeleli wendlunkulu Sultan nge isiphakamiso ukuphothula isivumelwano esasaziwa ngokuthi iTreaty Adrianople.

impi Ukugcwaliswa

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isiphakamiso ukuphetha emhlabeni Adrananopolsky babevela Turkey, Porta wazama ngazo zonke izindlela ukoma izingxoxo, enethemba ukukholisa izwe laseBrithani nelase-Austria ukusekela kwakhe. Le nqubomgomo zibe nempumelelo ethile, njengoba Pasha Mustafa, linqaba empini, wanquma ukuba atholakale wakhona Turkish ngamashumi amane amawaka, ibutho Albanian. Waqeda Sofia futhi banquma ukuthuthela ku. Nokho Dibich igcinwe ikhanda wathi isithunywa Turkish ukuthi uma Adrianople yokuthula aluphelanga uSepthemba 1 izoqala emikhulu kuhlaselwa iConstantinople. Sultan ukuthi nangayiphi indlela yilabo ekuvinjezelweni kungenzeka yenhloko-dolobha, futhi wathumela ekomkhulu kwezinhloko zamaviyo Russian we Ambassador German nge isicelo ukuze ziqale ukwenza amalungiselelo ukusayinwa kwesivumelwano ku ukumisa impi.

Isiphetho Adrianople

Septhemba 2, 1829 ngenhloso yokuzama inzuzo Dibich beshdefterdar (yengcebo umnakekeli) Mehmet Sadik Efendi, futhi isiKhulu Military uMahluleli uMbuso WaseTurkey Abdul Kadir Bey. Bakhandwa olugunyazwe Porte ukusayina sivumelwano Adrianople. Simelele Nicholas mina, idokhumenti wayefile kwaqinisekiswa nesignesha Ukubala A. F. Orlova, futhi umqondisi kwesikhashana principalities F. P. Palena.

Treaty Adrianople (1829): okuqukethwe

Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we siqukethe 16 izihloko. Ngokusho kwabo:

1. Turkey ukubuyela zonke izindawo zaseYurophu matasa empini ye 1828-1829, ngaphandle umlomo iDanube, kanye iziqhingi. Bakhiphe elezinga eliphansi njengoba Kars, Akhaltsikhe futhi Akhalkalaki.

2. Russian Empire wathola lonke ugu olusempumalanga lwe-woLwandle Olumnyama, kusukela soMfula Kuban kuya zasesikhumulweni semikhumbi St UNicholas. Ukuze imfucuza wakhe siqu inqaba Anapa, Poti, Sudzhuk indle, kanye edolobheni Akhalkalaki futhi Akhaltsikhe.

3. uMbuso WaseTurkey ngokusemthethweni neyaziwayo ushintsho Russian Imereti, Kartli-Kakheti umbuso, Guria futhi Samegrelo, futhi idluliselwe Iran Erivan futhi Nakhichevan khanates.

4. Turkey uthembise ukuthi liphazamisane nokuwela kwawo Bosporus kanye iDardanelles Russian kanye angaphandle imikhumbi yezohwebo.

5. Izikhonzi isimo Russian banikezwa ilungelo zohwebo insimu yonke yoMbuso WaseTurkey, ngaleyo ndlela ayikho azishiyele neziphathimandla zendawo.

6. Turkey Sekuphele iminyaka nesigamu ukukhokha lokumiswa (1.5 million ducats Dutch).

7. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkontileka equkethwe izidingo sokuqashelwa ukuzimela Serbia, kanye iMoldavian futhi Wallachian principalities.

8. Turkey futhi uye sazilahla yimuphi umzamo ukuze uthole ukubiza ka kwaba nengqungquthela yomhlaba wonke amalungelo uhulumeni ngesiGreki.

Inani

izwe Adrianople kwakubaluleke kakhulu sokuthuthukisa ukuhweba Black Sea. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usekuphothulile ukubusa kuya Russian Empire of the izindawo of eCaucasus. indima yakhe olukhulu ukubuyiselwa ukuzimela yaseGrisi, nakuba lokhu mfuneko akumelanga lokuvela nemibandela kwalesi sivumelwano Adrianople ngonyaka 1829.