Izitshalo amandla enuzi. Nuclear izitshalo amandla e-Ukraine. enuzi Russian

izidingo zomuntu Modern ngoba amandla ezikhulayo ngesivinini kakhulu. Ukwandisa ekuhlanganiseni kwaso emizini ukusetshenziswa, izimboni nezinye nezidingo zomnotho. Ngakho, lukhipha umule abaningi ngokwengeziwe amandla omlilo of amalahle nophethiloli uwoyela luphakanyiswa Amagesi Abamba Ukushisa Emkhathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkulumo ezingasho eminyakeni yamuva nje nokuthuma izimoto kagesi, nakho kuyoba nesandla ekwandeni kokusetshenziswa kukagesi.

Ngeshwa, imvelo ikhava emifula ezifana izidingo omkhulu abakwazi, kanye nokwandisa isibalo ezishisayo izitshalo amandla CHP kumane kuyinto engenakwenzeka. Yini kwenziwa kuleli cala? A khetha ezinye zazo akuyona ikakhulukazi: esiteshini-athomu uma eziqhutshwa kahle bengafani okukhiphayo zamandla kwangqingetshe.

Naphezu kwenzekeni eChernobyl, ngisho nikhumbula le amashwa yamuva ososayensi Japanese emhlabeni wonke ukubona ukuthi i-athomu obunokuthula - isixazululo eyingqayizivele olusondelayo amandla crisis namuhla. Kabanzi touted ehlukile imithombo energy ayinawo ngisho ingxenye wokuhamba inani ugesi ofuna nsuku zonke emhlabeni wonke.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho Ukuqhuma eChernobyl esikhungweni samandla enuzi ayizange ukubeka imvelo futhi ingxenye wokuhamba umonakalo, okuyinto lugujwa ngisho nenhlekelele emsamo uwoyela. Lesi sigameko ne BP - isiqinisekiso ecacile.

Umgomo we operation ye enuzi ngokuhlakaza

Umthombo ukushisa kukhona izakhi nophethiloli - TVEL. Eqinisweni, le tube we ingxubevange zirconium okuyinto wavuma obala ukonakala ngisho esebenzayo zone sokuhlukanisa ama-athomu. Ngaphakathi ibekwe amaphilisi uranium dioxide noma semolina ingxubevange ye-uranium kanye molybdenum. Ngaphakathi lo ophendulayo tube ababuthelwa ebandleni, ngamunye equkethe izakhi fuel 18.

Zonke yesifunda kungaba engaba izinkulungwane ezimbili, futhi afakwa iziteshi kwisitaki graphite. Ukushisa savela is letigcogcwe Isibandisi, futhi yenuzi amabili ukuzungeza wesifunda yesimanje. Esikhathini yesibili zazo samanzi singenalo uxhumane core ophendulayo, okuyinto kakhulu kwandisa ukuphepha isakhiwo iyonke. I ophendulayo ngokwayo umgodi, futhi capsule olukhethekile okufanayo zirconium ingxubevange (30 mm) graphite kudalwa laying.

Sonke lesi sakhiwo kusekelwe base omkhulu kakhulu ephezulu amandla ukhonkolo, esemgwaqweni ngaphansi pool. Usebenzela kuphole uphethiloli yenuzi uma kwenzeka ingozi.

Umgomo we operation ilula: izakhi fuel sebefudumele, ukushisa ludluliselwa kubo kusukela kokupholisayo oyinhloko (uketshezi sodium deuterium), khona-ke amandla udluliselwa circuit yesibili, ngaphakathi okuyinto ukhiphela ngaphansi kwamanzi ingcindezi enkulu. Washeshe uqala ubilise futhi umusi osebenzisa ugesi ophephela. Ngemva kwalokho, umusi agelezela kudivayisi ushintsha uba yileli uphinda angene isimo uketshezi, bese wathumela futhi circuit yesibili.

Umlando sokudalwa

Engxenyeni yesibili ye 40s eSoviet Union kwaba ukwenza wonke umzamo ukuze udale iphrojekthi ezihilela ukusetshenziswa obunokuthula amandla enuzi. Famous academician Kurchatov, ekhuluma ngesikhathi njalo umhlangano lo Central Committee LamaKhomanisi, baba phambili isiphakamiso ku ukusetshenziswa zenuzi energy amandla isizukulwane, lapho izwe isazama esibi empini, ngokuphuthumayo osidingayo.

Ngo-1950 yaqala ukwakhiwa isikhungo esiphehla ugesi wenuzi (ngowokuqala emhlabeni, ngendlela), okuyinto lenziwe edolobhaneni Obninsk ku Kaluga esifundeni. Ngemva kweminyaka emine, esiteshini, okuyinto yayithwala 5 MW, wethulwa ngempumelelo. Ohlukile umcimbi futhi yokuthi izwe lethu libe umbuso wokuqala emhlabeni, eye wakwazi ukusebenzisa ngempumelelo athomu izinjongo zokuthula.

Ukuqhubeka

Kakade abasebenza aklame NPP laseSiberia ezaqaliswa ngo-1958. Umthamo design anda izikhathi 20 nje, engamaphesenti 100 MW kakade. Kodwa ubunjalo isimo akulona iphuzu. Lapho wamnikela esiteshini, okhiqizwayo kwaba 600 MW. Ososayensi baye nje kweminyaka embalwa wakwazi natolko ngcono iphrojekthi, futhi muva nje lokhu ukusebenza kwabonakala kungenakwenzeka.

Nokho, enuzi izitshalo amandla omkhulu Union ke akakhulelanga amakhowe sibi kakhulu. Ngakho, ngemva kweminyaka embalwa ngemva laseSiberia Beloyarsk NPP wethulwa. Ngokushesha esiteshini lakhiwa Voronezh. Ngo-1976 ayethunywe eKursk amandla enuzi esiteshini sikhungo, okuyinto ngo-2004 ziye ithuthukiswe sina.

Ngokuvamile, enuzi izitshalo amandla ezakhiwa ngendlela kuhlelwe yonke ngemva kwempi. kwenzeka le nhlekelele yaseChernobyl kuphela owawungenza ukubambezela yonke inqubo.

Ukuthi bahambe kanjani phesheya

It Akumele ukuthi kucabangeke ukuthi ngalezo zinguquko yayimane nje e lethu. AmaNgisi ayazi kahle ukuthi kubaluleke kungaba enuzi izitshalo amandla, futhi-ke esebenzayo kule ndawo. Ngakho, ngo-1952 umkhankaso project yabo ukuklama nokwakha izitshalo amandla enuzi. Ngemva kweminyaka emine, umuzi ka-Calder Hall kwaba British idolobha lokuqala le-athomu nge yayo amandla plant 46 MW. Ngo-1955, wangena ngokusemthethweni ku esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla enuzi emzini wase-US Shippingport. umthamo wayo zazilingana 60 MW. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, abantu emisebeni yenuzi nazo izitshalo amandla aseqalile imashi yayo lokunqoba emhlabeni wonke.

Izinsongo athomu obunokuthula

Isasasa sokuqala Ukudambisa kuyi-athomu ye ngokushesha wakhala ukukhathazeka nokwesaba. Yiqiniso, owayenecala ngale nhlekelele ezimbi kakhulu eChernobyl isibe, kodwa kwaba isitshalo "Mayak" ingozi Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi e-Premier League, kanye nezinye izigameko, eziningi zazo cishe ngeke bazi. Imiphumela yalezi izingozi ukwenza abantu bacabange ngokukhulisa ezingeni isiko ukusetshenziswa amandla athomu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isintu waphinda waqaphela ukuthi wayengeke akwazi ukubashumayeza sidudule zokucathula nemvelo.

izinkanyiso Abaningi isayensi izwe isikhathi eside baxoxa kanjani ukwenza izitshalo enuzi ephephile. E-Moscow ngo-1989 kwathiwa eqoqwe Umhlaba Assembly, ngenxa okuyinto iziphetho umhlangano benziwa ngesidingo ngokuphelele qinisa ukulawula amandla enuzi.

Namuhla, umphakathi wonke eduze nokubuka ukuthi uvumelana nayo yonke zivumelwano. Nokho, akukho ukuqapha nokulawula ayikwazi ukulondolozwa ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo noma ubuwula banal. Lokhu waphinda ukuqinisekisile yengozi "Fukushima-1", okwaphumela amakhulu ezigidi amathani amanzi enemisebe yathululela ePacific Ocean. Ngokuvamile, eJapane, amandla enuzi lapho - indlela kuphela ukuqinisekisa umkhakha giant kanye labantu ngogesi kusukela isimiso sokwakha esikhungweni samandla enuzi kanye akakalilahli.

ngezigaba

Zonke izitshalo amandla enuzi ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka uhlobo amandla aphuma, kanye umfuziselo ophendulayo yayo. Futhi uyakucabangela ezingeni ukulondeka, uhlobo ukwakhiwa, kanye nezinye nemingcele ezibalulekile.

Yileyo indlela basuke oluthathwa by uhlobo amandla aphuma:

• izitshalo amandla enuzi. Amandla kuphela ukuthi elakhiwe, ugesi.
• Isikhungo sokuphehla amandla enuzi. Ngaphezu ugesi, lezi ukufaka bakhiqiza ukushisa, okubenza babe usizo ikakhulukazi ukubekwa emizini enyakatho. ukuxhashazwa Kukhona ka enuzi izitshalo amandla kungaba ngendlela ephawulekayo ukunciphisa kwencika zesifunda uphethiloli zosizo ezivela kwezinye izifunda.

I-fuel esetshenziswa nezinye izici

Okuvame kakhulu yiwona Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi, lapho uphethiloli isetshenziselwa uranium lufinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu. Isibandisi - amanzi ukukhanya. Abizwa sikhungo amanzi ukukhanya, futhi ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezimbili. Esimweni sokuqala, umusi, esebenza ukushintshanisa ophephela, yakheke e umnyombo ophendulayo.

Ukuze ukwakheka umusi esimweni sesibili siwulimi uhlelo ukushisa zika, lapho amanzi Asingeni ekujuleni kwenhliziyo. By the way, lesi simiso basungula emuva 50s of elidlule leminyaka, futhi wakhonza khona njengenceku asisekelo sekutfutfukisa US wezempi. Ngesikhathi eSoviet Union bakhula uhlobo lokuqala ophendulayo, kodwa inethiwekhi ukubambezeleka, elisetshenziswa njengesibonakaliso izinduku graphite.

Kwakubonakala njengoba ophendulayo igesi selehlile, esetshenziswa ngabaningi Russian izitshalo amandla enuzi. Rapid iziteshi ukusheshisa ukwakhiwa kwalesi imodeli kuye kwahlotshaniswa yokuthi njengoba ovela eceleni sikhungo ekhishwe izikhali grade plutonium. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba yokubasela ezihlukahlukene ezifana kufanelekile ezijwayelekile uranium yemvelo ezifakwa ngalo ezweni lakithi eliphezulu kakhulu.

Olunye uhlobo sikhungo ukuthi abasakwazi okwandile emhlabeni, eyisibonelo amanzi esindayo kanye nokwe-uranium zemvelo uphethiloli. Okokuqala, la amamodeli zadalwa cishe kuwo wonke amazwe ukuthi ukufinyelela sikhungo yenyukliye, kodwa namuhla inombolo yabo iyingxenye nokuxhaphaza wedwa Canada, ekujuleni zazo zikhona izimali ezifakwa ocebile uranium zemvelo.

Njengoba sikhungo ngcono?

Okokuqala, steel abavamile esetshenziswa womshini iziteshi uphethiloli induku ulwelwesi circulating. Okwamanje ayengazi lutho we Alloys zirconium, afaneleka izinjongo ezifana ngcono kakhulu. I ophendulayo ukuthi selehlile ngamanzi fed ngaphansi ukucindezela 10 eziphindwe.

Khishiwe lapho umusi has lokushisa 280 degrees. Zonke iziteshi, okuyinto behlaliswe fuel izinduku benziwa esikhiphekayo, njengoba ebezidinga kuqhathaniswa njalo esikhundleni. Iqiniso lokuthi zenuzi fuel core izinto babhekana ukusonteka nokubhujiswa ngokushesha. Empeleni, izingxenye ezihlelekile core zenzelwe iminyaka engu-30, kodwa ezimweni ezinjalo kuba isimo sokulindela okuhle kungamukeleki.

izinduku fuel

Kulokhu, abacwaningi wanquma ukusebenzisa ukhetho nomunye emaceleni Ukupholisa tube. Lo mklamo kakhulu kunciphisa amathuba okuthola imikhiqizo ukuqoqwa yesifunda ukushisa exchange ngisho uma umonakalo kungxenye nophethiloli. Zona efanayo fuel yenuzi kuyinto ingxubevange uranium kanye molybdenum. isixazululo enjalo idale imishini akubizi nokunokwethenjelwa okuyinto ongasebenza stably ngisho ngaphansi lokushisa kakhulu okusezingeni eliphezulu.

eChernobyl

Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa elidumile eChernobyl amandla enuzi, okuyinto waba uphawu lokuhlala izinhlekelele eyenziwe kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, kuyinto ukunqoba nesayensi yangempela. Ngaleso sikhathi, ngo-isakhiwo sayo kanye nomklamo wasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe eziphambili kakhulu. Amandla wedwa safinyelela 3.200 MW ophendulayo. Okokhelekayo wawumusha nangomqondo: eChernobyl wokuqala ukusebenzisa abasizakali zemvelo uranium dioxide. Omunye tonne kukaphethiloli yakhiwa ingqikithi khilogremu nokwe-uranium-235 20. Isiyonke imali ophendulayo refueled by amathani 180 uranium dioxide. Namanje angazi ngubani futhi kungani isinqumo sokwenza uphenyo esiteshini sokuhlola, okuyinto ephambene zonke iziqondiso zokuphepha ongazicabanga.

Nuclear izitshalo amandla eRussia

Uma bekungelona inhlekelele ngesikhathi eChernobyl esikhungweni samandla enuzi ezweni lakithi (cishe) kwakuyobe kusasele ukuqhubeka zokwakha yasakazwa kungenzeka futhi kusakazeke iziteshi amandla enuzi. Kunoma ikuphi, le ndlela Kuye kwahlelwa e-USSR.

Ngokuvamile, ngokushesha ngemva eChernobyl, izinhlelo eziningi ziye zaba bakamalalahlengezela ikhishiwe, okuyinto ngokushesha kwaholela ngamanani amaningi athi 'okuhlanzekile' grade ukudluliswa ukushisa eziwuketshezi. Ezindaweni eziningi baphoqeleka ukuba ubuyele ukwakhiwa ezishisayo power station, okuyinto (futhi) ukusebenza ngisho engela, ngokuqhubeka engcolisa umkhathi monstrously emadolobheni amakhulu.

Maphakathi nawo-kowezi-2000, uhulumeni namanje wayesiqaphela isidingo sokuhlala ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo enuzi, njengoba ngaphandle akunakwenzeka ukunikeza izindawo eziningi zezwe lethu amandla e lemali edingekayo.

Zingaki izitshalo amandla enuzi namuhla lapho ezweni lethu? eziyishumi kuphela. Yebo, kungcono zonke enuzi izitshalo amandla Russian. Kodwa ngisho nalokhu yinani lazo likhiqiza 16% wamandla sokudliwa izakhamuzi zethu. Umthamo zonke sikhungo 33, letisebenta njengengxenye esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla enuzi ilingana 25.2 GW. Cishe 37% of the izidingo ezifundeni zethu enyakatho ukumboza kagesi enuzi izitshalo amandla.

Omunye edume kakhulu yile okuthiwa Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant, elakhiwa ngo-1973. Kukhona okuqhubekayo olunzulu ukwakhiwa lesibili esiteji, okuyinto intando ukwanda amandla okukhipha (4000 MW) okungenani kabili.

Ukrainian izitshalo amandla enuzi

ESoviet Union kuye kwafeza lukhulu, kuhlanganise sokuthuthukisa amandla kuyi-Union republic. Ngokwesibonelo, Lithuania lithole ngesikhathi yakhe ngokungagcini nje i ingqalasizinda kakhulu futhi eziningi umkhakha, kodwa futhi Ignalina amandla enuzi, okuyinto kuze 2005 kwaba kwangempela "inkukhu pockmarked", ukuhlinzeka cishe yonke ezishibhile Baltic (futhi yakhe!) Amandla.

Kodwa isipho esikhulu e-Ukraine, lapho eneminyaka emine nje izitshalo amandla. Zaporizhzhya NPP ngokuvamile iyona enamandla kunazo eYurophu, enika 6 nje GW zamandla. Ngokuvamile, amandla enuzi esiteshini e-Ukraine amnike ithuba ukunikeza ngokwabo nge ugesi kuka ayisakwazi ukuziqhayisa ku Lithuania efanayo.

Manje ukusebenza zonke okufanayo iziteshi ezine: Zaporizhzhya, Rivne, South-Ukraine futhi Khmelnitsky. Ngokuphambene nalokho okukholelwa yiningi, block wesithathu eChernobyl NPP waqhubeka esebenza kuze 2000, njalo usinika esifundeni ngogesi. Okwamanje, 46% kagesi Ukrainian ikhiqizwa esiteshini yenuzi e-Ukraine.

Strange kwezepolitiki kwamandla kuleli zwe zaholela yokuthi isinqumo senziwe esikhundleni uphethiloli izinduku Russian American ngo-2011. Ukuhlolwa ukuhluleka inani, kanti umkhakha Ukrainian ilimele cishe $ 200 million.

amathemba

Namuhla emhlabeni wonke kabusha cabanga ngezinzuzo kuyi-athomu ye elinokuthula. Lonke idolobha kungaba sikagesi ngumuntu amancane bakudala amandla enuzi, okuyinto okungukuthi imali ngonyaka mayelana 2 amathani nophethiloli. Kungakanani for sikhathi kuyodingeka ukuba ashise igesi noma amalahle? Ngakho amathemba ubuchwepheshe omkhulu: amafomu evamile yamandla njalo anda ngenani, futhi nenombolo yabo incipha.