Bokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Embryology, Cytology, ubufakazi biogeographic: izibonelo

Kuze kube manje, isayensi has a lot of ubufakazi ukusekela ngokoqobo izinqubo kwemvelo. Yibuphi ubufakazi ezibalulekile abaningi abakholelwa ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo? Embryological, kwamakhemikhali, yokwakheka, ubufakazi biogeographical nezinye sibuyekezwe kulesi sihloko.

umsuka Common zomhlaba abahlala

Kunzima ukuqinisekisa, kodwa zonke izinto eziphilayo (amagciwane, isikhunta, izitshalo, izilwane) kufanele zicishe amakhemikhali ukwakheka. Emzimbeni, omele zomhlaba abahlala ngalinye acid ezibalulekile nucleic namaprotheni. Lapho lokhu kwenzeka, hhayi ukufana kuphela isakhiwo, kodwa futhi ekuqhubeni kwamangqamuzana nezicubu. Bokuziphendukela kwemvelo (Embryology, biogeographic, izibonelo yokwakheka ingatholakala kulesi sihloko) - kuba inkinga ebalulekile, okuyinto kufanele siqondiswe njalo.

Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi cishe zonke izinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni yakhiwa cell, elincane, "izitini" ukuphila okukhulu. Nokho, umsebenzi wabo futhi isakhiwo zifana kakhulu kungakhathaliseki uhlobo umzimba.

ubufakazi Embryological kwemvelo: kafushane

Kunezindlela eziningana ubufakazi embryological ukusekela imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Abaningi babo Kwatholakala yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye. Izazi zanamuhla aye kubo hhayi kuphela akasalanga, kodwa futhi lwaqiniswa nezinye izinto eziningi.

Embryology - isayensi kwakuphathelene cwaningo yentuthuko embryonic eziphilayo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi zonke izilwane ezinamangqamuzana amaningi eba kusukela iqanda. Futhi ukuthi ukufana kusaqalwa yentuthuko umbungu kuyinto yeTestamente kuya banemvelaphi eyodwa.

Ubufakazi noKarla Tanu

Lokhu usosayensi odumile, owayengifundela ucwaningo eziningi, wakwazi ukubona ukuthi zonke chordates abe ukufana ephelele e esigabeni sokuqala nentuthuko. Ngokwesibonelo, kuqala umbungu kuzithinta ke neural tube futhi zokuphefumula. Kuyinto ukufana ephelele zemibungu ngendlela efanele usaqala futhi ukhuluma ngani ubunye noma umsuka wakho konke chordates.

Kakade ngesikhathi izigaba kamuva umehluko obonakalayo yezici. Usosayensi uCarl Baer ayengazibona ukuthi kuphela izibonakaliso uhlobo kungaba azimisele emabangeni yokuqala umbungu-embryonic, lapho umzimba. kamuva kuphela kubonakala izici sici ekilasini, nezinhlobo ekugcineni lamabutho.

Ubufakazi Haeckel-Müller

Ngu ubufakazi embryological kwemvelo zihlanganisa umthetho Haeckel-Müller, obonisa ubuhlobo ukuthuthukiswa ngabanye kanye zomlando. Ososayensi baye kubhekwe yokuthi zonke izilwane ezinamangqamuzana amaningi eba, ugijima eyodwa iseli esiteji, okungukuthi zygote. Ngokwesibonelo, ngamunye a amaningi kusaqalwa yentuthuko ibonakala Chord, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi indawo yabo yathathwa emgogodleni. Nokho, yesimanje isilwane okhokho le ngxenye of the system zemisipha elalingazange.

Ngu ubufakazi embryological kwemvelo zihlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa gill izimbotshana e ezincelisayo nezinyoni. Leli qiniso liqinisekisa umsuka yokugcina kusukela okhokho Pisces ekilasini.

Haeckel-Müller umthetho uthi, zonke izilwane ezinamangqamuzana amaningi ngesikhatsi ngendlela embryonic yomuntu egcina zonke izigaba phylogeny (zomlando, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo).

ubufakazi yokwakheka kwemvelo

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu ubufakazi ezinkulu yokwakheka zokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Lezi zihlanganisa:

1. Ukuba khona izimpawu ukuthi ayekhona okhokho izilwane. Ngokwesibonelo, ungakwazi ukhule abanye imikhomo imilenze yangemuva futhi amahhashi - izinselo encane. Lezi zimpawu zingase zithathe futhi zenzeka kubantu. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona amacala okuba nosana nge nomsila noma izinwele obukhulu emzimbeni. atavisms okunjalo kungaba kubhekwe ngobufakazi eziphilayo amadala.
2. Ukuba khona e izimila nezilwane amafomu zesikhashana zezinto eziphilayo. It kuyafaneleka ukucabangela evglenu oluhlaza. Yena ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhona izimpawu zezilwane nezitshalo. Ukuba khona ushintsho okuthiwa amafomu kuqinisekisa ukuthi imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
3. Iziqalo - izitho ampofu zomzimbakhe, okuyinto namuhla akudingeki eziphilayo ezibalulekile. Letakhi izinhlamvu ziqala ukwakheka kudala njengoba embryonic period, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi genesis yabo eyeka, azigcina ampofu. izibonelo yokwakheka ubufakazi bokuziphendukela kwemvelo angabhekwa yokufunda, ezifana imikhomo noma izinyoni. Ngezinye abantu uqale ibhande okhalo, kanti eyesibili - okungadingekile tibia encane. Kakhulu sibonelo esigqamile kubhekwa njengento khona iso esingesihle e-ngesilwane esiyimpumputhe.

izizathu biogeographical

Ngaphambi kokucabangela lobu bufakazi, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi yini ukutadisha biogeography. Lokhu isayensi isifundo esiphathelene amaphethini ukusabalala eziphilayo eMhlabeni. Ulwazi lokuqala oluchaza kwaqala ukuvela nesishiyagalombili leminyaka BC.

ubufakazi Biogeographic ngoba ukuziphendukela kwemvelo zihlolwe ngokucabangela ikhadi zoogeographical. Izazi zesayensi ziye zakhomba izindawo zakhe eziyisithupha ezinkulu ezihlukahlukene eside lokuphila nabameli babo.

Naphezu umehluko yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene, abameleli ezindaweni zoogeographic kusadingeka izici eziningi ezifanayo. Noma, kunalokho, lo aqhelelane amazwekazi, ezingefani ezingaphezu izakhamuzi zakhona. Ngokwesibonelo, ensimini ka-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika kungabonwa okuningi zifana nezilwane, ngoba lezi amazwekazi bahlukana akunjalo kudala. Kodwa-Australia, okuyinto sihlukile kwezinye amazwekazi izigidi zeminyaka ngaphambi, elinesimo nezilwane eyinqaba kakhulu.

Izici yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene eziqhingini

ubufakazi Biogeographic kwemvelo Kubalulekile ukutadisha, ngokuhlola ezinye isiqhingi. Ngokwesibonelo, izinto eziphilayo kulezi ziqhingi, kuphela muva ahlukaniswe esuka ezwekazini, musa ihluke kakhulu ezivela emhlabeni isilwane ukuze ngokwabo amazwekazi. Kodwa esiqhingini eside, sise ibanga elikhulu esuka ezwekazini, Ziningi umehluko ku izilwane nezitshalo zezwe.

Ubufakazi emkhakheni paleontology

Palaeontology - isayensi study izinsalela eziphilayo ezingasekho. Ososayensi ubuchwepheshe kule ndawo, ngokuzethemba Ungamtshela, ukuthi izinto eziphilayo of the esidlule nesamanje benomthwalo okuningi nokuhlukile. Libuye bokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Embryological, biogeographic, yokwakheka nokuphikisana kwezazi esixoxe ngazo kakade.

Imininingwane phylogenetic

idatha ezinjalo isibonelo okukhulu futhi isiqinisekiso inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngoba ukuvumela ukuqonda izici amaqembu ngabanye eziphilayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, lo odumile usosayensi vơ Kovalevsky wakwazi ukubonisa phakathi kwemvelo amahhashi isibonelo. Akabanga ukuthi lezi zilwane savela odnopalye okhokho emihlanu kwabonakala abahlala kule planethi yethu iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu ayisikhombisa edlule. Lezi zilwane kwakufanele omnivores futhi bahlala ehlathini. Kodwa-ke izinguquko esimweni sezulu ziye zaholela ukwehla abukhali endaweni ihlathi kanye ukunwetshwa zone asemaqeleni. Ukuze nezimo ezintsha, lezi zilwane, kwadingeka ngifunde ukusinda kuyo. Isidingo afumane idlelo ezinhle nokuvikelwa ezilwaneni eziyingozi kuye kwaholela kwemvelo. Ngokuhamba izizukulwane eziningi, lokhu kuye kwaholela izinguquko emikhawulweni. Isibalo phalanges encishisiwe kusukela ezinhlanu enye. Yaba ezahlukene kanye nesakhiwo wonke umzimba.

Bokuziphendukela kwemvelo (Embryology, biogeographical nezinye izibonelo esixoxe ngabo kulesi sihloko), ungase ucabangele isibonelo izinto eziphilayo. Ngokwemvelo, imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo namanje isakhiwa. Ososayensi ezivela emhlabeni wonke ukuthi uzama ukuthola ulwazi oluthe xaxa mayelana ukuthuthukiswa kanye nezinguquko eziphilayo.