Izibonelo imiphakathi yemvelo: kolwandle, ulwandle, ichibi, ixhaphozi, ensimini

Zonke esakha nezwe elingaphandle, - imiphakathi zemvelo ejwayelekile walabo noma ezinye izimo - kuyinto uhlelo lephelele. Izakhi lokhu isakhiwo ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile nihlanganyele. Yiziphi izindawo zemvelo kanye nomphakathi? Uyini umehluko ukuphelela komunye nomunye? Indlela uhlanganyele nomphakathi zemvelo eziphilayo? Mayelana nalesi - kamuva esihlokweni.

biogeocoenosis

Lenchazelo yethulwa okokuqala uVladimir Sukachev - sibalo yesayensi isiRashiya, geobotanist. I biogeocoenosis umqondo (bios - "ukuphila", "umhlaba" - n, koynos - "evamile") ubhekwa isimiso a ephakeme kunaleyo Biostructures "umzimba" ezingeni. Lokhu kungenxa ngokuyinhloko yokuthi ukusabela Kwenziwa yini ngaphakathi phakathi emizimbeni. Njengengxenye ubudlelwano biogeocoenose zenzeka phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlukene eziphilayo. Bebonke, bakusekela enze umsebenzi othile, unikele ebalulekile khona biogeocoenose.

ecosystem

ezahlukene zezitshalo yahlakazeka surface iplanethi sika akuyona iyunifomu, nangokuhambisana izimo zendawo. Ngenxa yalokho, akha "yokwenza iqembu" yemvelo. Ukuxhumana eziphilayo ngaphansi zone abiotic kuqinisekisa ubunye uphiko. Lokhu ubuqotho ubizwa nangokuthi ecosystem (isimiso semvelo). Lo mqondo, kanye kwencazelo "biogeocoenosis" ukhonza njengelungu incazelo omphakathi zemvelo. Kodwa nakuba lezi izincazelo kuyizici ezahlukene ohlelweni. Ngakho, umqondo wegama elithi "ubudlelwane bezinto eziphilayo" ngokuvamile lisetshenziswa ezimweni lapho ukhuluma ubuhlobo izakhi emphakathini zemvelo. "Biogeocoenosis" ngokuvamile lisetshenziselwa ukuchaza ethize, uhlelo lwemvelo, okuyinto usesikhundleni endaweni inikezwe, kanye nokuxhumana yayo nabanye "amaqembu". Izibonelo imiphakathi yemvelo yilezi: emkhakheni, kuleli zwekazi, umfula nabanye.

Izilwane kanye nezitshalo

Ngokucabangela izibonelo zabantu emiphakathini zemvelo, kubalulekile ukuba acabangele umthelela ukuthi imfuyo lezi zakhiwo. Kuvame bazitshela ukuthi izilwane zasendle bakhululekile ukukhetha indawo yabo yokuhlala, ukuphila lapho futhi kanjani bafuna. Kodwa eqinisweni akusiyo. Uma sicabangela izibonelo imiphakathi zemvelo, ukwakheka kwamaqembu kwezilwane ezimweni ezithile, kungabonwa hhayi okungahleliwe, kodwa isethi ngempela ezithile zezinhlanzi eyinqaba elilodwa noma kwenye ohlelweni. Ngenxa yalokho, bha ebonakalayo ubudlelwano ukhonkolo zezitshalo nezilwane. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, izimila nezilwane uxhumana ezincane, okuyinto futhi ngaphakathi kwemingcele engokwemvelo yemvelo. izilwandle Yemvelo zomphakathi izilwandle kuhluke zinhlobo ukwehluka, izimo lapho kukhona ababambiqhaza bakwamanye ecosystem. Kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, izimiso jikelele nokuxhumana agcinwayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izimo.

ulwazi olujwayelekile

Noma yimuphi umphakathi yemvelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezinto eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene. Njengengxenye kwezimo ezifanayo, khona izilwane, izitshalo, amagciwane. Bonke sinomthelela nomunye futhi bazivumelanisa nezimo ezithile khona endaweni ethile. Ngaphakathi "ubudlelwane bezinto eziphilayo" Kumiswa futhi inakekelwe kunyatheliswa izinto ezihlukahlukene. Izinga isimiso semvelo zingase zihluke. Ngasekupheleni zihlanganisa imiphakathi engokwemvelo ezilwandle nakuzo izilwandle. Ngesikhathi esifanayo simiso semvelo ezincane zifakwe emikhulu. Ngakho, lemvelo bog umphakathi ungangena ubudlelwane bezinto eziphilayo ehlathini. Ngaphezu izinhlelo zemvelo, kukhona yokufakelwa. Kudaliwe ngumuntu. Ezinye izibonelo imiphakathi zemvelo ziyingxenye amachibi, okugcinwa, ema-zoo, nezinye.

Ukusebenzisana Ukudla ngaphakathi Izimiso Zemvelo

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kubhekwa umphakathi yemvelo (ixhaphozi, ezwekazini, ichibi, njll), ngaphakathi kwalo inebanga nokuxhumana. Ubudlelwano eyinhloko kungukudla nokuxhumana. Ngokuyinhloko, isixhumanisi sokuqala, sandla kumiswa esiqiwini amandla, okuhlanganisa noma yiziphi umphakathi yemvelo (kolwandle, leli hlathi nabanye), izitshalo. Basuke kuphela usebenzisa amandla kwelanga, labo abazokwazi izinto amaminerali, carbon dioxide asemanzini noma enhlabathini ukwakha kwakwakhe organic. Izimila kukhona ukudla ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla herbivorous ezingenamgogodla. Nazo ngokufanayo, zidla izilwane ezidla ezinye - izinyoni ezidla. Ngakho kukhona link wezokudla. supply chain libukeka sisonke, njengoba kulandela: isitshalo-izilwane (ezidla uhlaza) -hischniki. Kwezinye izimo, isifunda ezinjalo zingase zibe yinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeza ushintsho. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ibona izilwane eziyingozi wokuqala kungaba ukudla yokugcina, labo, yena, ngokuba wesithathu nokunye. Ngakho, umphakathi zemvelo kungafaka amacimbi ukuthi udle imifino. Lezi zidalwa, zibuye ukudla yimuphi izinambuzane ezidla inyama adla izinyoni-edla ukuthi kukhona impango izinyoni nezilwane ezidla inyama. Uma ucabangela izibonelo ezahlukene nemiphakathi zemvelo, singabona ukuthi njengengxenye yanoma yikuphi ecosystem kwakukhona ukudla okuyinto imfucuza: izitshalo efile noma izingxenye zawo (amahlamvu, amahlumela), nezidumbu zezilwane noma indle yawo. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa nemisundu eminingi, mabhungane kanye nezinye athile. Nokho, indima esemqoka kule noqhekeko of udaba eziphilayo okungokwakho amagciwane athile kanye nesikhunta. Kuyinto ngiyabonga kubo ukuthi kukhona ushintsho of udaba eziphilayo ukuze compounds amaminerali, okungase kabusha ukusetshenziswa izitshalo. Ngakho umjikelezo Kwenziwa izinto.

microclimate

Uma ucabangela yimuphi umphakathi yemvelo (Ocean izwekazi), singabona, ngaphezu kokudla, nokunye ukuxhumana. Ngakho, i-izitshalo zibe sezulu esithile, microclimate. Kunezici ezihlukahlukene imvelo nezingaphili - umswakama, izinga lokushisa, umoya ukunyakaza, ukukhanyisa nabanye - Ngibambeni izimila kuyodingeka kokungafani okukhulu kusukela jikelele endaweni efanayo. Ngakho, imiphakathi zemvelo Rainforest emini has nomswakama eliphezulu. Emini kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka epholile futhi ezinomthunzi ebusuku ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunalokho, ufudumele kuka endaweni evulekile. Noma edlelweni, isibonelo, nomswakama kanye nezinga lokushisa elizosetshenziswa umhlaba ebusweni kuzohluka kulezo waphawula phezu elingenalutho. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ikhava isitshalo evimbela ukuguguleka - ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi futhi sputtering. amathonya microclimate ukuphila kwaba nabantu bezizwe ezixubile zezilwane ezihlala kule ndawo. Abantu abakhethiwe ngoba kwendawo ezihlala kuyo, lapho babe hhayi kuphela ukudla ezidingekayo, kodwa ngokuvamile, isimo sezulu, izinga lokushisa, umswakama kanye nezinye izimo kuyoba elilungile.

Umphumela womsebenzi isilwane semvelo

Okokuqala, abaningi izinhlobo zezimbali izitshalo impova izinambuzane, futhi kwezinye izimo izinhlobo yabo ethize futhi uma awunaso, izitshalo abakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha. Ukusatshalaliswa imbewu izinhlobo ezithile nezimila ayephatha yizilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi izinhlobo ezithile izidalwa eziphilayo nomthelela ekuphepheni izimo ezithile ku-ecosystem. Ngokwesibonelo, nemisundu eminingi, okuholela burrowing yokuphila, laba kanjani nesandla ziba ngcono umhlabathi, okuholela emoyeni ngumuntu ezijulile futhi kalula ukungena amanzi, kanye izinqubo yokubola izinsalela ahlukahlukene organic zenzeka ngokushesha.

Ukushintsha simiso semvelo izinguquko zinhlobo

izinqubo ezinjalo singenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya abiotic, izici biotic, futhi ngenxa yalokho yizenzo zabantu. Ukushintsha imiphakathi esingokwemvelo sokuphila ngenxa ithonya eziphilayo ezahlukene uyaqhubeka emakhulwini futhi izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Iqhaza main kulezi izinqubo kungokwalabo izitshalo. Kunezibonelo ezihlukahlukene imiphakathi zemvelo eyoshintsha ngaphansi kwethonya iziphi izici zangaphandle. Ijubane izinto ezishintsha kulesi simo incike izimo ezahlukene. Singacabanga semvelo "echibini". umphakathi Yemvelo - kulesi simo, umzimba yamanzi - kancane kancane iqala ukunqabela futhi engajulile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kubonakala lolu daka phansi. ungqimba wayo uqala ukwandisa: izinsalela buthelela izilwane angasogwini nasemaxhaphozini zasemanzini izitshalo, nemithambeka uxubha-off izinhlayiya inhlabathi. Ngokuhamba kokuba kwesigubhu angashoni, osebeni lomfula eqala ukukhula nemihlanga odlula, sedge bese. Ngakho echibini - umphakathi yemvelo yohlobo olufanayo - iyaguquguquka futhi iba ecosystem qualitatively ezahlukene. Ukubuthelela izinsalela organic isifika ngokushesha, ukwakha Peat imali. Ezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane esikhundleni abanye ukuthi zibizwa ngiyijwayele impilo endaweni entsha. Ngenxa yalokho, umphakathi omusha yemvelo - ixhaphozi. Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ukushintshashintsha semvelo uqhubeke. Ngenxa yalokho, bangase bavele izihlahla ngempela undemanding nezihlahla. Futhi kancane kancane, esikhundleni kwesigubhu kukhona kakade ihlathi.

isimiso semvelo Ukushintsha ngenxa yomsebenzi womuntu

Izibonelo ezingenhla kwemiphakathi zemvelo eziye zakhishwa ukuthi lokho sekushintshile ngokwemvelo ngokuqondene esikhundleni kwezinhlobo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuvela izitshalo ezintsha, izilwane, izilokazane ezincane, isikhutha, nezilwanyana kumiswa izimo ezintsha - inqubo eside ngokwanele, futhi ingahlala amashumi, amakhulu, noma ngisho izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Kodwa izimiso zezinto eziphilayo ukushintsha ngaphansi kwethonya yizenzo zomuntu kusheshe kakhulu. Kwezinye izimo, kungase kube ngokwanele, ngisho iminyaka eminingi, esikhundleni esisodwa ecosystem kwaba nomunye. Ngakho, uma echibini elifanayo - umphakathi yemvelo nge zinhlobo Ukwakheka ezithile zezitshalo izidalwa - sebeqala yokulahla indle, imfucuza kamasipala, umquba edlelweni okwamanje oxygen emanzini, iqala ukuba kudliwe namachibi. Ngenxa ayehlala kule ecosystem izinhlobo sebeqala ukuthola umoya-mpilo omncane nezinye izakhi zamakhemikhali. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukufa zezitshalo eziningi nezidalwa eziphilayo. Ngenxa yalokho, kakhulu ziyancipha zinhlobo ukwehluka. Ezinye izitshalo sebeqala esikhundleni ezinye, amanzi uqala "imbali". Esikhundleni inhlanzi ukudla woza "ephansi value" zinhlobo zinyamalale, izinambuzane eziningi, ama-mollusk amagciwane. Ngenxa yalokho - ecosystem kanye ocebile iphenduka ibe umzimba ezibolile yamanzi.

Ukubuyiselwa izimiso zokusebenza kwemvelo

Uma ithonya lomuntu esikhathini esithile eyeka (uma omunye isimo akusona ukugijima ngempela), inqubo self-ukuphulukiswa iqala ngaphakathi umphakathi zemvelo. Futhi-ke indima esemqoka kunikezwa izitshalo futhi. Ngokwesibonelo, e amadlelo ekupheleni le kwemfuyo sebeqala avele otshanini obude. Leli chibi inohlelo nqubo engokwemvelo yokufunda ukuphila uhlanzekile baye basakaza kusukela ulwelwe unicellular, oluhlaza, futhi umphumela waba ukuthi waphinda ziqala ukuvela ezinamagobolondo, molluscs nenhlanzi. Uma kwenzeka uma isakhiwo trophic kanye zinhlobo lolumalula khulu and self-ukuphulukiswa nqubo nje akunakwenzeka, umuntu kufanele angenele semvelo futhi. Kodwa kulokhu umsebenzi wayo is hhayi okuhloswe ngaso ukubhujiswa. Ngokwesibonelo, e amadlelo uqale ukutshala amakhambi ehlathini isihlahla zokutshala umsebenzi. Amadamu ehlanzekile, khona-ke ukuqala kwabo izinhlanzi ezincane. Ngakho, singaphetha ngokuthi nokuvulwa umphakathi yemvelo kungenzeka kuphela uma ukwephulwa esinqunyiwe. Kule ndaba, umsebenzi womuntu kumele singeqi kombundu, ngemva kwalokho self umqondo icubungula engenakwenzeka.

Umthelela izici abiotic

Ukusungulwa kanye noshintsho imiphakathi angokwemvelo bedle ushintsho elibukhali izimo zezulu, iyehla iyenyuka emsebenzini solar, mlilo, intaba-isakhiwo izinqubo. Lezi kanye nezinye izici bemvelo ezingaphili abizwa ngokuthi abiotic. Bephambana esephule ukuzinza olwenzeka endaweni yezinto eziphilayo. Kufanele ukuthi izimiso zezinto eziphilayo amandla linganqunyelwe ukuze alulame. Futhi uma ithonya zangaphandle kuyoba ephakeme kunaleyo umkhawulo othile, imiphakathi zemvelo uzohanjiswa ekubhujisweni. Le ndawo eyodwa lapho kuzoba khona izinguquko, uyokwenza njengoba umthombo ukungalingani semvelo. Futhi ngisho noma kungenzeka ukubuyisela semvelo, khona-ke ongayenza ezibizayo okuningi kuka imisebenzi namuhla ukulondoloza.

Ingabe Zikhona Izimo Ezenza okubangela ikhono self-simiso semvelo

Self-sokubuyiselwa kwemiphakathi zemvelo yenziwe yaba khona ngenxa ukwehluka yemvelo izidalwa eziphilayo, okuyinto ngenxa yesikhathi eside co-ukuziphendukela kwemvelo baye bazivumelanisa nomunye. Endabeni ukunciphisa isibalo yiluphi uhlobo wabakhulula sitsetse niche emvelweni isikhathi esithile aba nombono ofanayo sakhe, ekuvimbeleni ukukhumuzeka labo noma ezinye izinqubo esidala ukungazinzi. Nokho, isimo ezahlukene kwenzeka uma omunye isixhumanisi ngokuphelele ayeka iketanga. Kulokhu, lo "mutual ukuphepha inetha" zinhlobo zingase zingasebenzi, ezinye izisetshenziswa ayisasetshenziswa - kukhona Ukungadli semvelo. Phakathi Ukuwohloka okwalandela Ukwakheka ethize ukwakha izimo ekuqongeleleni ngokweqile organic compounds kokuhlola zezilwane noma zokumilayo amandla ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi nezinye izinambuzane ekhona. Njengomthetho, isiqalo wokuqala zinyamalale zezinyoni ezingavamile. ukusweleka wabo ngenxa afune izinto ngenkani kwabanye zezemvelo, kanye nokuzwela ukushintsha. Encwadini imiphakathi yemvelo esitebeleni lezo zigaba kufanele zibe khona phakathi namanye amaqembu eziphilayo. Ukuba khona kwabo esikuziphathimandla iyinkomba yokuthi ukugcina zonke izinto eziphilayo zemvelo iyonke, iyasiza emvelweni ohlelweni lonke.

Ukusakazwa izidakamizwa

Le nqubo kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlobo hlala amazinga ehlukene trophic:

1. Ukukhiqiza organic ngezinto wezinto ezingaphili - abakhiqizi. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ezitshalweni eziluhlaza.
2. Zidle phytomass consuments oda 1st. Lezi zihlanganisa ezidla uhlaza ezilwane ezingenamgogodla kanye yezilwane ezinomgogodla izidalwa eziphilayo.
3. Zidle consuments oda 1st, consuments 2nd futhi oda ephakeme. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, inhlanzi okuzingela, izicabucabu, izinambuzane, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni, izilwane ezincelisayo-edla, izinyoni ezidla.
4. Ukubola efile izakhi organic decomposers. Lezi ikakhulukazi zihlanganisa umhlabathi eziphilayo.

Izifundo ephezulu grade imiphakathi zemvelo zibonisa ukuthi izinyoni ezingavamile abakhona ezingeni ngalinye trophic. Inkomba eliphakeme kwendawo yemvelo ukuzinza kuba phambi imiphakathi iphila abathengi esiseqophelweni eliphezulu. Lezi zinhlobo zitholakala phezulu isakhiwo trophic, kanye nesimo sabo ixhomeke esimweni sayo yonke lenqubo. Omunye izici ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezinhlobo silingana insimu, okuyinto ubuncane ezidingekayo ukhona kanye nokuthuthukiswa labantu iphila.