"Candide" by uVoltaire: ukuhlaziywa umkhiqizo, umcabango eziyisisekelo futhi umqondo. "Candide": isifinyezo

"Candide" by uVoltaire - zefilosofi inoveli satirical, eyamiswa ngo-Maphakathi nekhulu le-nesishiyagalombili, kodwa isikhathi esithile kungavunyelwe esenziwa inani elikhulu izigcawu okuyichilo. Umsebenzi umbuzo nethemba futhi yokungabaza, imikhuba emibi abantu nokuba nokholo izimfanelo engcono womuntu.

ngokubhala indaba

UVoltaire - umbhali French of ukuKhanyiselwa. He qamba eziningana imisebenzi zefilosofi yobuciko, hhayi ngaphandle ukubhinqa abukhali accusatory. UVoltaire akakuthandanga kakhulu amandla esontweni, aye ngokuphindaphindiwe kukhulunywa. Wayengumuntu fighter oshisekayo ngokumelene ukukhohliseka inkolo, wencika e azibhala yakhe zefilosofi kuphela impumelelo yezesayensi.

Njengoba for enjalo imiqondo abstract ngokuthi "injabulo" Khona-ke, ukuze ucacise ukuma yayo ngokuqondene nalokhu kuphikisana eziyinkimbinkimbi, uVoltaire waloba indaba adventure mayelana nombono omuhle ngezinto Candide, ngubani, naphezu kwakho konke amagalelo ukudalelwa, akazange aphelelwe ukholo ubuhle, ubuqotho nokwethembeka. Ngesisekelo lo msebenzi waya umcimbi langempela - ukuzamazama komhlaba e Lisbon. Kwaba mkhuba esabekayo yemvelo kungumongo omunye amanoveli edume kunazo okuyinto wabhala uVoltaire.

"Candide" - umkhiqizo kuyiphi umbhali wanqaba ngokuphindaphindiwe, zithi kusolwa kwakungeyona usiba lwayo. Noma kunjalo, ngenxa yesimo samanje isici zokuthumela ukubhinqa uVoltaire sika. "Candide" ingenye imisebenzi best of the uthisha French. Yini futhi watshela abafundi kule ndaba ngu uVoltaire? "Candide", ukuhlaziywa ozokwethulwa ngezansi - Yindaba ukuthi ekuqaleni kungase kubonakale shazi limane nje kumnandi futhi bezijabulisa. Kuphela lapho sifunda eduze ungathola ukucabanga okujulile zefilosofi ebesifuna ukudlulisela abantu ababephila ngesikhathi sabo, uVoltaire.

"Candide": isifinyezo

I protagonist salendzaba - intsha okumsulwa kanye engonakalisiwe. umbono wakhe ukuthi ayemakhulu amathemba ababenawo ngokuphila ukweleta ukuba nathishela, lokunguye kusukela ebuntwaneni okwamqinisekisa kwesiphetho injabulo. Pangloss, okungukuthi okuthiwa spiritualized lokhu sefilosofi, wayeqiniseka ukuthi uhlala kunazo zonke imihlaba kungenzeka. Asikho isizathu sokubhekana nosizi lwakho.

Kodwa uma Candida axoshwe Ilokhi bomdabu. Isizathu salokho kwaba Cunegonde enhle, indodakazi Baron sika, okumelwe ukuba wayebhekana anisoze ngabandayo. Futhi hero waqala sizulazule emhlabeni, waphupha into eyodwa kuphela - ngahlangana injabulo yakhe ayithandayo futhi ukwazi ngempela. Iqiniso ukuthi isekhona, Candide akazange akhohlwe nakancane bangabaza, naphezu kwazo zonke ubunzima nobunzima.

Adventure iqhawe wanika uhlobo lwasemaphusheni ngu uVoltaire. Candide, Cunegonde kokulondoloza, bese ukubulala umuntu. Wakwenza ngempela ngokwemvelo. Njengoba uma nekubulala umsebenzi ejwayelekile kakhulu ukuba nombono omuhle ngezinto. Kodwa isisulu Candida ngomlingo saphila.

Candide ngafunda okuningi. Wayazi okuningi nosizi. Wakwazi Nokho wahlanganiswa Cunegonde, kuphela emva kokuba ashonelwe zonke isikhalo salo sangaphambili. Candide zathola umuzi nabangane. Kodwa uyini injabulo, wayesekhona engaziwa. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, kwaze kwaba ngosuku oluthile iqiniso akazange bathole uhlelo esikweyoku engaziwa. "Injabulo - kungcono umsebenzi nsuku zonke" - i sefilosofi abajikelezayo wathi. Candido kwakungasekho okunye kodwa ukukholelwa futhi baqala ukulima insimu yakhe encane.

ukwakheka

Njengoba kuye kwashiwo, ukubhala le ndaba ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba abadumile Lisbon laphefumulelwa uVoltaire. "Candide" - umkhiqizo, lapho umcimbi zomlando liyithuluzi eliyinhloko. Ngo ukwakheka luyisici esisemqoka. Kuyinto ngomfanekiso izenzakalo zokuzamazama komhlaba indaba ifinyelela umvuthwandaba wayo.

Ngemva ukuxoshwa enqabeni futhi inhlekelele Candide ungayi ndawo iyazula emhlabeni. Ukuzamazama komhlaba oyenza amandla akhe. Candide uVoltaire iba iqhawe ezihloniphekayo, ilungele noma yini ukuze atakule umama wakulowo inhliziyo. A Cunegonde Khonamanjalo, ukuba ethereal ubuhle isifazane, ungaphakathi amadoda ikude izinhloso engcono. UmJuda Bulgarian Othumba wakhe futhi kwenza owesifazane, isancinza sakhe. Grand ezihlubuki ngeke ahlale sibukela. Kodwa kungazelelwe kukhona Candide bese ebhubhisa kokubili lokuqala nelesibili. Ngemva kwalokho, lo hero futhi kuqeda umfowabo othandekayo. baron abaqhoshayo kusolakala hhayi aneliseke umsuka waba umkhululi omkhulu Kunigunda.

Candide uVoltaire ukhumbuza knight of Cervantes kwamadoda asebukhosini, ubumsulwa imicabango. Kodwa umqondo yefilosofi umsebenzi yomlobi French ungahlobene ne yokuma yaseSpain okukhulu.

El Dorado

isizinda yezombangazwe akulona uthando olungenayo incwadi "Candide." UVoltaire wathumela uzulane yakhe ezulazulayo emhlabeni wonke. Uba ubufakazi zezenzakalo ezingokomlando ezibalulekile. Candide ngokuvakashela amadolobha aseYurophu, i-Ningizimu Melika naseMpumalanga Ephakathi. Yena yengamela imisebenzi yalwa amaJesuit iSpanishi, ukuziphatha ngesihluku ababephila ngesikhathi uVoltaire sika. Futhi kancane kancane uqala ukuqaphela ukuthi lo thisha wamnika ukuba nombono omuhle ngezinto nesisodwa ukuma isifundo. Zonke mpendulo yakhe mayelana ubuhle baleli zwe ayilutho penny ...

Kodwa noma kunjalo akusiphuci iqhawe lakhe lokugcina Ngethemba uVoltaire. Candide njalo manje bese ukuzwa izindaba mayelana esifundeni enhle, lapho abantu ungazi usizi nokudabuka babe konke abakudingayo, hhayi uthukuthele, alunamhawu, futhi uzuze ngokwengeziwe ungambulali.

Candide ngu uVoltaire, ngasendleleni, yigama ongokomfanekiso. Kusho "elula enhle '. Candide iwela isimo wasenganekwaneni lapho bonke abahlali bayajabula. Abanaso cela uSomandla ingcebo yezinto ezibonakalayo. Bathi nje umbonge babe they vele fanele. Lokhu onqenqemeni fabulous uVoltaire e inoveli yakhe zefilosofi uqhathanisa emhlabeni wangempela. Abantu ohlangabezana Candide kulo lonke lelandzisako, kungakhathaliseki isimo sabo senhlalo, abazi ukuthi yini injabulo. Akulula abantu abavamile ophila kuso, futhi ukhomba ngophakathi.

Caught ezweni wasenganekwaneni, Candide wanquma ukuphindela ezweni lakhe lifiphele. Phela, wayehawukela kumelwe waphinda ugcine Cunegonde.

yokungabaza

Candide nethemba lokuhle ziqhathaniswa yokungabaza womngane wakhe. Martin ukholelwa kuphela ukuthi abantu shí okuphambene, futhi akukho lutho olungasehlukanisa ukuzishintsha zibe ngcono. Ku-zefilosofi umqondo umkhiqizo osuselwe wabhala uVoltaire? "Candide", okuqukethwe okuyinto abekwe ngenhla kancane nje, kungaba ukuthi lokho izwe okumbi ngempela. Ukukholelwa ezinhle kungenziwa kuphela ukubhubhisa umuntu. Candide, ngokuba umuntu oqotho, othembekile nge nabaphangi lamasela, futhi umphumela waba ukuthi isikhundla salo usuku ngalunye oludlulayo iba ezidabukisayo ukudlula. ukukopela wakhe yomthengisi. izenzo Noble ingahlonishwa emphakathini, futhi Candide ejele.

Venice

Yini wafuna ukusho enovelini zefilosofi ngu uVoltaire? "Candide", sifinyeto okuyinto okwethulwa kulesi sihloko, Yindaba engenzeka emphakathini wanamuhla. iqhawe uVoltaire uya Venice ethembeni lokuthola othandekayo wakhe. Kodwa ngo-iyizwe elizimele, uba ufakazi unya lomuntu. Lapha ebonana incekukazi kusukela nqaba, lapho achitha khona iminyaka yobuntwana. Owesifazane wenza isidingo ukuya isinyathelo kakhulu: yena kwenza baphila ngomzimba.

onamileyo Venetian

Candide wamsiza owesifazane. Kodwa imali awunika wakhe, akazange ulethe injabulo. Hero namanje akashiyi ithemba ukuba uthole injabule, noma okungenani ukuhlangabezana othile ababemazi. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi isiphetho amyise The Aristocrat Venetian, ubani okuthi babe njalo isimo bejabule futhi akazi usizi. Kodwa lapha itholakala elabo Candida ukuphoxeka. Venetian uyayilahla ubuhle futhi uthola injabulo kuphela Ukunganeliseki nabanye.

Ukuphila epulazini

Kuthiwa Candide is kancane kancane disenchanted nge ngokuphelele isimo sokulindela okuhle nefilosofi, kodwa akubi pessimist. amaphuzu amabili aphikisanayo umbono okwethulwa indaba. Omunye kungokwalabo uthisha Pangloss. Okunye - Martin.

Candido wakwazi ukuhlenga ebugqilini Cunegonde, futhi imali esele ukuthenga epulazini elincane. Lapha ekugcineni zijwayeza ngamashwa abo, kodwa ngokuvumelana ezingokomoya safinyelela ngokushesha. Jabberwocky futhi rants zefilosofi babé umsebenzi unomphela abakhileyo ipulazi. Kuze kube usuku olulodwa Candide azizange zivakashele indoda endala bajabule.

"Kuyadingeka ukuba sihlakulele engadini"

Leibniz wabeletha umqondo yefilosofi ngokuvumelana jikelele. umbhali French umxhwele ifilosofi sazi German. Nokho, ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba, uVoltaire eshicilelwe inkondlo lapho umale ngokuphelele emfundisweni yokungafi ibhalansi okuhle nokubi. Ekugcineni debunk imfundiso yokuziphendukela Leibniz uthisha eziphethwe indaba mayelana adventures Candide.

"Kuyadingeka ukuba sihlakulele engadini" - ke ingabe lo mbono ngosizo yomunye wabalingiswa presents esahlukweni lokugcina uVoltaire. "Candide", sifinyeto okuzishaya umqondo jikelele umbono yefilosofi umbhali, - umsebenzi lapho kufanele ufunde uma ungeyena yokuqala, noma okungenani ngokuphelele, yayiqeda. Phela, hero nobuhlungu engqondweni uVoltaire laziwe umuntu wanamuhla. Injabulo - umsebenzi owaziwayo kanye njalo. Kucabanga Nekunoma mayelana nenjongo yokuphila kungaholela yithemba. Endaweni ukucatshangelwa kumelwe nakanjani esenzweni.