Izakhiwo zanoma acetic acid, ifomula

Ordinary ezidliwayo uviniga ibhodlela, engatholwa ekhishini zonke wekhaya uye sakhiwa nezinye acid eziningi amavithamini. Ukungeza pair of umkhiqizo lehla ku ukudla okuphekiwe, amasaladi kubangela zemvelo ukunambitheka esinye isithuthukisi. Kodwa bambalwa kithi wacabangisisa izakhiwo kanye nezinga yangempela ukusetshenziswa ingxenye main - acetic acid.

Kuyini lokhu Izinto?

Formula acetic acid _CH3COOH ohlobene yona inani carboxylic fatty acid. Ukuba khona iqembu carboxyl (COOH) esabela lona monobasic acid. Ingqikithi ezitholakala emhlabeni ifomu organic etholwe synthetically egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela. Acid omele elula kakhulu, kodwa akukho esingaphansi ebalulekile uhla yayo. Kalula oncibilikayo emanzini, hygroscopic.

Izakhiwo zanoma acetic acid kanye kwabantu ziyahlukahluka nge lokushisa. Ekamelweni lokushisa 20 ° ^C acid isebujameni ketshezi, lunesibalo ka 1.05 g / cm ^3. It has a nephunga ethize futhi ukunambitheka omuncu. Isixazululo we ketshezi ngaphandle izithasiselo Uqinisa futhi iba zinhlayiya ezingeni lokushisa ngezansi 17 ° ^C. Inqubo iqala abilayo acetic acid ezingeni lokushisa ngenhla 117 ° ^C. Methyl iqembu (CH ₃₎ acetic acid ifomula is etholwe ukusabela le alcohols nomoya-mpilo: izinto kanye ukuvutshelwa oludakayo carbohydrate, souring iwayini.

Umlando omncane

Ukuvulwa uviniga kwaba ngomunye wabokuqala ochungechungeni acid kwenziwe ngezigaba. Ekuqaleni, acetic acid waqala ukukhipha yizazi ziphuzo zazihluzwa Arab kwekhulu 8. Nokho, eRoma yasendulo into ethathwe iwayini elimuncu lalisetshenziswa njengesibhedlela sauce jikelele. kakhulu Igama kusukela lesiGreki lisho "omuncu". Ekhulwini le-17 eYurophu, ososayensi bakwazi kukhishwe okumsulwa izidakamizwa izidakamizwa. Ngaleso sikhathi, amkhumula ifomula bathola nekhono elingavamile - acetic acid esimweni umusi luvutha ilangabi okwesibhakabhaka.

Kuze kube kwekhulu le-19, ososayensi bathole khona acetic acid ngendlela organic kuphela - njengengxenye compounds nosawoti of esters. Njengengxenye izitshalo nezithelo zawo: apula, amagilebhisi. Kubantu nasezilwaneni, umjuluko excretion, Bile. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ososayensi Russian nemiyalezo ekhishwe acetaldehyde kusukela ukusabela acetylene nge mercury oxide. Okwamanje, i-acetic acid ukusetshenziswa ezinkulu ukuze isizinda zalo eziyinhloko senzeka synthetically kodwa ngezinga elikhulu.

Izindlela ukukhiqizwa

Kungakhathaliseki indlela emsulwa acetic acid noma khona amanyela emkhandweni isixazululo It incike indlela isizinda. Ukudla acetic acid etholwe biochemically ngesikhathi Ethanol ukuvutshelwa. Ngo umkhakha, izindlela eziningana secrete acid isizinda. Ngokuvamile, ukusabela ahambisana amazinga aphakeme okushisa khona catalysts:

• Methanol ekusabeleni ne-carbon (carbonylation).
• Oxygen namachibi of petroleum izingxenyana zaso.
• Pyrolysis kwezinkuni.
• Oxygen namachibi of acetaldehyde.

inqubo Industrial ngoba kwamakhemikhali ngempumelelo futhi ukonga. Ngenxa inqubo zezimboni, inani ukukhiqizwa acid acetic ku 20 th futhi 21 th ekhulwini kuze kube kaningi eqhathaniswa kwekhulu le-19. Okwamanje, i-acetic acid ngu carbonylation ka methanol zamagama inikeza angaphezu kuka-50% umthamo kukhiqizwa.

Izakhiwo zanoma acetic acid kanye nethonya layo phezu inkomba

I acetic acid ketshezi Ayinambala. asidi i-pH 2,4 kalula aqinisekisiwe yi iphepha litmus. Acetic acid nabo upende ke phezu inkomba abomvu. Izakhiwo zanoma acetic acid ukushintsha ongaboni. Lapho izinga lokushisa lehla ngezansi 16 ^{° C,} ketshezi kuthatha ifomu okuqinile futhi sifana zinhlayiya ezincane ice. Kuyinto kalula oncibilikayo emanzini futhi ihlangana anhlobonhlobo kumakhemikhali awuketshezi ngaphandle-hydrogen sulfide. Acetic acid kunciphisa umthamo isamba uketshezi phezu dilution ngamanzi. Ngokuzimela ukuchaza Izakhiwo zanoma acetic acid, umbala waso ukuthungwa, okuyinto wena ozibona esithombeni esilandelayo.

Ingqikithi ephakamayo ezingeni lokushisa 455 ^{° C} ekukhishweni sokushisa ukuze 876 kJ / Mol. Isisindo izinyo lomhlathi kuyinto 60,05 g / Mol. Izakhiwo zanoma acetic acid njengoba electrolyte e ukusabela ababuthakathaka. I njalo Kwe-dielectric Heating kuyinto 6.15 emazingeni okushisa okuvamile. Ingcindezi njengoba ukuminyana, - kwenombolo impahla ngokomzimba acetic acid. At ukucindezela 40 mm. HG. Art. futhi lokushisa 42 ^{° C} ukuqala inqubo abilayo. Kodwa kakade ngesikhathi ingcindezi 100 mm. HG. Art. ukubila kwenzeka kuphela 62 ^° C

chemical izakhiwo

Ihlangana izinsimbi kanye oxides izidakamizwa ubukisa impahla yayo ene-asidi. Excellent sokuqeda zezakhi ezingaphezu eziyinkimbinkimbi, acid amafomu nosawoti ababiziweyo acetates :. Magnesium, phambili, i-potassium, njll PK inani le acid 4,75.

Phakathi nokuxhumana amagesi angene uviniga esikhundleni ukuphendula , kulandele displacement bese bakha acid eziyinkimbinkimbi: chloroacetic, iodoacetic. Ziyoncibilika emanzini, acid dissociates ukukhululwa acetate ion ne-hydrogen-proton. I degree of dissociation singamaphesenti angu 0.4.

Izakhiwo kanye amakhemikhali acetic acid molecule efomini crystalline Diamer ukudala i-hydrogen izibopho. Futhi, izakhiwo zalo ayadingeka ukuze udale eziyinkimbinkimbi-fatty acid, biosynthesis kwezidakamizwa kanye sterols.

ukuhlolwa laboratory

Thola acetic acid e isixazululo bungatholakala uzingela impahla yayo somzimba, njengokushaya iphunga. isixazululo Enough ingezwe ku-asidi enamandla, nezoqala ukuba azixoshe uviniga usawoti kanye ukwehlukana umusi walo. Ngu-laboratory ziphuzo zazihluzwa COONa CH ₃ futhi H ₂ SO ₄ kungenzeka ukuthola acetic acid ngefomu ezomile.

Thina ukudweba nakho kusukela lwezifundo zesikole kwamakhemikhali ekilasini 8. Izakhiwo kukhombisa ngokusobala acetic acid rasstvoreniya chemical yokusabela. Ubufakazi obanelisayo ukuze ungeze into e isixazululo, oxide yethusi kancane kulungele ke. Oxide siphela ngokuphelele, okwenza isixazululo bluish.

nemikhiqizo ejenti

Qualitative ukuphendula unesimo izixazululo eziningi ifomu: esters, amides nosawoti. Nokho, ngesikhathi ukukhiqizwa nezinye izinto, izimfuneko zohlelo lwe-Izakhiwo zanoma acetic acid ziphezulu. Kumelwe ngaso sonke isikhathi ngezinga eliphezulu nokonakala, futhi ngenxa yalokho, akudingeki ukungcola third-party.

Kuye lokuhlushwa ikhambi aqueous of acetic acid ukwaba eziningi nemikhiqizo yalo. izidakamizwa lokuhlushwa ezingaphezu kuka-96% unegama - glacial acetic acid. Acetic acid e 70-80% angathengwa izitolo zokuthenga ukudla, lapho kuyothiwa - uviniga essence. Uviniga has a lokuhlushwa 3-9%.

Acetic acid nokuphila kwansuku

Ngaphezu izici ukudla, acetic acid anezakhi eziningana ngokomzimba okuyinto abantu ithole isicelo salo ekuphileni. Isixazululo we emakamu low lomcebo kususa kalula qwembe ensimbi izihloko, ebusweni izibuko namawindi. Ikhono ungamunca umswakama futhi udlala inzuzo. Uviniga kuyinto enhle iqeda iphunga lokukhunta kumagumbi, kususa amabala kusuka izithelo nemifino kuphela ukuba izingubo.

Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, impahla ezingokomzimba acetic acid - ukususa amafutha ebusweni - ingasetshenziswa abantu imithi futhi Cosmetology. A isixazululo ezibuthakathaka uviniga iphathwa izinwele ukubenza kukhanye. Ingqikithi is kabanzi ekwelapheni imikhuhlane, ukususwa warts nesikhunta cutaneous. Kuragela ukusetshenziswa uviniga lichaza ekwakheni yezimonyo ezisonga ukulwa cellulite.

Ukusetshenziswa enkulu ekwakhekeni

I nosawoti zezakhi, kanye nezinye izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi acetic acid uba ingxenye esisemqoka:

• embonini eyenza imithi. Ukwakha: aspirin yokugcoba isinqandakuvunda futhi elwa namagciwane, phenacetin.
• Ukukhiqizwa nezindwangu zokwenziwa. Incombustible ifilimu, cellulose acetate.
• UKUDLA INDUSTRY. Ukuze asinde yimpumelelo, okwenza ukhukhamba nososo, njengoba E260 ukudla okufakiwe.
• Textile umkhakha. Ezinikezwe nodayi.
• izimonyo kanye nemikhiqizo ukunakekelwa siqu umkhakha. kuphuma amafutha anephunga elimnandi, okhilimu ukuthuthukisa isikhumba tone.
• Ukukhiqizwa mordants. Isetshenziswa njengesici zinambuzane kanye mordant ukhula.
• Ukukhiqizwa of varnishes. imithi yokususa ingcekeza elenkani Technical ukukhiqizwa acetone.

Minyaka yonke acetic acid womshini luyanda. Njengamanje, umthamo yayo emhlabeni kuyinto amathani angaphezu kuka-400 eziyinkulungwane ngenyanga. acid is uthuthwa namathangi eqinile steel. Isitoreji esitsheni plastic ezimbonini eziningi ngenxa yomsebenzi okusezingeni eliphezulu ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali acetic acid kungavunyelwe noma kungagcini isikhathi esingaba izinyanga eziningi.

ukuphepha

Acetic acid emakamu eliphezulu has a degree wesithathu ukuthungela futhi likhipha intuthu anobuthi. Kunconywa ukugqoka buso ekhethekile nezinye izembatho zokuzivikela uma usebenza nge-acid. umthamo Lethal ngoba umzimba womuntu ngu-20 ml. Okwamanje ukukhululwa efana phakathi acid ngokuyinhloko ushisa mucosa, bese kuthinta nezinye izitho. Ezimweni ezinjalo kudingeka esibhedlela ngokushesha.

Ngemva ukuxhumana acid yomzimba watusa ngokushesha siyakazwe ngamanzi egijima. Okukha phezulu ukuyobula acid kungabangela izicubu necrosis, nakho kudinga esibhedlela.

amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

Ososayensi Physiology wathola ukuthi umuntu akudingeki reception acetic acid - angakwenza ngaphandle izithasiselo zokudla. Kodwa abantu ukungabekezelelani ukuba acid, kanye nezinkinga zesisu, izidakamizwa contraindicated.

Acetic acid isetshenziswa nemidwebo.

Into e esincane itholwe uju, ubhanana nokolweni.

Emva lwaluyophola, acetic acid, futhi kakhulu Shake up umthamo nalo, ungabuka ukuqina kwakhe okukhulu.

A lokuhlushwa elincane acetic acid kunganciphisa ubuhlungu uphawu ukulunywa yizinambuzane kanye ukusha ezincane.

Reception emikhiqizweni ukudla nge okuqukethwe eliphansi acetic acid kunciphisa izinga cholesterol emzimbeni. Ingqikithi kahle kuzole amazinga kashukela egazini kubantu abanesifo sikashukela.

Ukusetshenziswa wamaprotheni ne-carbohydrate ukudla kanye esincane acetic acid kwandisa digestibility umzimba wabo.

Uma ukudla anosawoti omningi kakhulu, nje wengeza amaconsi ambalwa uviniga lungisani ngamandla.

ekugcineni

Millennium ukusetshenziswa acetic acid kwaholela yokuthi izakhiwo zalo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali ukuthola indlela yabo abayenzayo. Amakhulu ukusabela kungenzeka, izinkulungwane izinto eziwusizo, ngenxa okuyinto abantu kwenzekani. Okubalulekile ukwazi zonke izici acetic acid, izici zalo emihle nemibi.

Ungakhohlwa ngezinzuzo, kodwa kufanele sikhumbule njalo ukuthi umonakalo kungabangela ukusetshenziswa abanganaki of lokuhlushwa eliphezulu acetic acid. Ngo ingozi alo, yena umi eduze hydrochloric acid sulfuric acid. Ngaso sonke isikhathi khumbula ukuphepha uma usebenzisa acid. Kahle futhi ngokucophelela alulaze okushiwo amanzi.