U-Alexander Solzhenitsyn: usebenza, incazelo emfushane

Omunye wabalobi bekhulu lama-20, umsebenzi wabo namuhla othakazelisayo kakhulu kubacwaningi, ngu-Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Imisebenzi yalo mbhali ibhekwe ngokuyinhloko kwisici sezenhlalo nezombangazwe. Ukuhlaziywa kwemisebenzi kaSolzhenitsyn kulesi sihloko.

Izihloko zezincwadi

Umsebenzi kaSolzhenitsyn ngumlando we-Gulag Archipelago. Ukungafani kwezincwadi zakhe ukukhombisa ukuphikiswa komuntu emandleni obubi. U-Alexander Solzhenitsyn uyindoda edlulile empini, futhi ekugcineni waboshwa ngenxa yokuthi "uhlaselwa eMlandland". Waphupha ngobuciko bokubhala futhi wazama ukutadisha ngokujulile ngangokunokwenzeka umlando we-revolution, ngoba kwakukhona lapha ayefuna ukuphefumlelwa. Kodwa ukuphila kwamphonsa ezinye izifundo. Amajele, amakamu, izixhumanisi kanye nezifo ezingelapheki. Khona-ke ukuphulukisa ngokuyisimangaliso, inkazimulo emhlabeni jikelele. Futhi ekugcineni - ukuxoshwa eSoviet Union.

Ngakho, uSolzhenitsyn wabhala ngani? Imisebenzi yalo mlobi - indlela ende yokuzivuselela. Futhi unikezwa kuphela uma kunesipiliyoni esikhulu sempilo kanye nezinga eliphezulu lamasiko. Umlobi wangempela uhlale ephila kancane kancane. Kubonakala sengathi uyazibona yena nabanye bevela ohlangothini, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhona.

U-Alexander Solzhenitsyn uyele indlela ende. Wabona umhlaba, ungena kulokho, umuntu unethuba elincane lokuphila kokubili ngokomzimba nangokomoya. Wasinda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngakwazi ukubonisa lokhu emsebenzini wami. Ngenxa yesipho esiyinkimbinkimbi nesingavamile, izincwadi uSalzhenitsyn ezakha zaba yindawo yabantu baseRashiya.

Isebenza

Uhlu lubandakanya amanoveli alandelayo, amanoveli nezindaba ezimfushane:

• "Ngolunye usuku u-Ivan Denisovich."
• Idolobha laseMatrenin.
• "Icala esiteshini saseKochetkov."
• "Zakhar Kalita."
• "Ukukhula okuncane".
• "Konke okufanayo."
• "I-Gulag Archipelago".
• "Embuthanweni wokuqala."

Ngaphambi kokudalwa kwakhe kokuqala, uSolzhenitsyn wayebandakanyeka ekudalweni kwemibhalo iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-12. Imisebenzi ebalwe ngenhla iyingxenye yefa lakhe lokudala. Kodwa lezi zincwadi kufanele zifundwe yilowo nalowo umuntu ozalwa ngesiRashiya. Izingqikithi zemisebenzi kaSolzhenitsyn azigxile ezintweni ezimbi zokuphila kwekamu. Lo mbhali, ongekho omunye ekhulwini lama-XX, wakwazi ukuveza umlingisi wangempela waseRashiya. Umlingisi oshaya ngamandla, ngokusekelwe emibono ethile yemvelo nokujulile mayelana nokuphila.

Ngolunye usuku kusukela empilweni yomboshwa

Isihloko senkampane sasisondela eduze nomuntu waseSoviet. Into evelele kunazo zonke ukuthi kungavunyelwe ukuxoxa ngakho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho nangemva kuka-1953, ukwesaba akuzange kuvumele ukukhuluma ngengozi eyenzeka kuwo wonke umndeni wesithathu. Umsebenzi kaSolzhenitsyn Umsebenzi owodwa oMpilo ka-Ivan Denisovich wangenisa emphakathini uhlobo oluthile lokuziphatha, olwakhiwe emakamu. Kunoma yisiphi isimo umuntu aphenduke ngaso, akufanele akhohlwe isithunzi sakhe. I-Shukhov - i-hero yezindaba uSolzhenitsyn - zonke izinsuku zekamu azihlali, kodwa uzama ukusinda. Kodwa amazwi omboshwa omdala, owawazwa emuva ngo-1943, wangena emphefumulweni wakhe: "Lowo okhotha izitsha ufile."

I-Solzhenitsyn kule ndaba ihlanganisa amaphuzu amabili okubuka: umbhali neqhawe. Akuzona okuphambene nalokho. Kuzo kukhona imibono ethile ejwayelekile. Ukwahlukana kuzo - izinga lokukhiqiza nokubanzi kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Ukuze kutholakale umehluko phakathi kwemicabango yeqhawe kanye nokucabanga kombhali, uSolzhenitsyn uyakwazi ukusebenzisa izindlela zokubhala.

Umlobi we "Ivan Denisovich" wabuyela ezincwadini ezilula zaseRashiya. Iqhawe lika Solzhenitsyn liphila, lithembele ekuhlakanipheni okulula kwabantu, ngaphandle kokucabanga okungaphezu kokudingekile, futhi ngaphandle kokuzindla.

Abafundi bomagazini wezincwadi "New World" abazange bahambisane no-Ivan Denisovich. Ukushicilelwa kwale ndaba kwaveza ukuhlaselwa emphakathini. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba ufike emakhasini we-periodical, kwakudingeka ukuthi uhambe ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi. Futhi lapha, futhi, umlingisi olula waseRashiya uzuzwe. Umlobi ngokwakhe emsebenzini wokuziphendukela kwemvelo wathi "u-Ivan Denisovich" wangena emaphephandabeni, ngoba njengoba umhleli-inhloko "weNew World" engeyona enye indoda ngaphandle kwabantu - u-Alexander Tvardovsky. Futhi ukugxeka okuyinhloko kwezwe - uNikita Khrushchev - wayenesithakazelo "ekamu lokuphila ngamehlo omlimi olula."

U-Matryona olungileyo

Ukuze silondoloze isintu ngaphansi kwezimo ezingavumelekile ukuqonda, uthando, ukungathandeki ... Leyo yinkinga uStrenin Yard yaseSolzhenitsyn ezinikele kuyo. I-heroine yendaba yindoda enesizungu, engaqondakali ngumyeni wayo, indodakazi ethandekayo, omakhelwane, abahlala nabo ngokuhlangene iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu. UMatonaona akakalondolozanga uphahla, kodwa usebenza mahhala kwabanye. Akafihli intukuthelo yakhe kunoma ubani futhi njengokungathi akabonanga zonke lezo zibi ezithinta imiphefumulo yabomakhelwane bakhe. Kubantu abanjengoMatryona, ngokusho komlobi, yilo dolobha, idolobha, kanye nalo lonke izwe lethu.

Umlando wokubhala

Ngemva kokuthunjwa, uSolzhenitsyn wachitha cishe unyaka edolobhaneni elikude. Wasebenza njengomfundisi. Ngaqasha igumbi elivela kumhlali wendawo, owaba yi-heroine yendaba ethi "Matrenin Dvor". Indaba yashicilelwa ngo-1963. Lo msebenzi wawuhlonishwa kakhulu ngabafundi nabagxeki. Umhleli-inhloko kaNovy Mir, u-A. Tvardovsky, uphawule ukuthi owesifazane ongenalwazi futhi ongenalwazi ogama lakhe linguMatrinaona wathola isithakazelo sabalandeli bakhe ngenxa yesizwe sakhe esicebile esingokomoya.

USolzhenitsyn wakwazi ukushicilela izindaba ezimbili kuphela eSoviet Union. Imisebenzi "Engxenyeni Yokuqala", "I-Gulag Archipelago" yashicilelwa okokuqala eNtshonalanga.

Ucwaningo lwezobuciko

Emsebenzini wakhe, uSolzhenitsyn wahlanganisa ukutadisha okuyiqiniso kanye nendlela yomlobi. Ukusebenza kwi "Gulag Archipelago", uSolzhenitsyn ubufakazi obusetshenzisiwe obuvela kubantu abangaphezu kwamakhulu amabili. Isebenza ngokuphila kwekamu futhi abahlali be-sharashka basekelwe ekuhlangenwe nakho kwabo kuphela. Lapho ufunda inkaba "I-Gulag Archipelago" ngezinye izikhathi awuqondi ukuthi lo msebenzi wobuciko noma umsebenzi wesayensi? Kodwa imiphumela yocwaningo ingaba idatha yedatha kuphela. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe kanye nezindaba zabangane bakhe bavumela uSolzhenitsyn ukuba akhiqize zonke izinto ayeziqoqe.

Ukuqala kweveli

"I-Gulag Archipelago" inemiqulu emithathu. Kulowo nalowo umbhali ubeka izikhathi ezahlukene emlandweni wamakamu. Esikhathini samacala athile, ubuchwepheshe bokuboshwa nophenyo buboniswa. Ukuzikhandla lapho abasebenzi bezikole basebenza khona eLubyanka kuyamangalisa. Ukumangalela umuntu ngalokho angakwenzi, izinsizakalo zokuphepha zenze inqwaba yezikhwama eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Umbhali wenza umfundi abe nomuzwa endaweni yomakhelwane ekamu. Incwadi ethi "I-Gulag Archipelago" iyimfihlakalo eheha futhi iheha. Ukukwazi ne-psychology yomuntu, okuphazamiseka ukwesaba nokwesaba okuqhubekayo, kwenza abafundi bazonde ngenkani umbuso wobushiqela kuzo zonke izibonakaliso zawo.

Umuntu ophenduka esiboshwa uyakhohlwa mayelana nezimiso zokuziphatha, zezombangazwe nezokuzijabulisa. Umgomo kuphela ukuphila. Ukwesabisa ngokuyinhloko ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo yeziboshwa, okufundiswa emqondweni, imibono ephakeme mayelana nendawo yakhe emphakathini. Ezweni lobuhlukumezi nokungabi nemithetho, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuba ube ngumuntu, futhi ukuba ungabi umuntu ukuziqeda kuze kube phakade.

Ngaphansi komhlaba

Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi uSolzhenitsyn wadala imisebenzi yakhe, wabe eseyishisa. Okuqukethwe kwemibhalo yesandla ebhujisiwe kwagcinwa kuphela enkumbulo yakhe. Izici ezinhle zomsebenzi wangaphansi komhlaba womlobi, ngokusho kukaSolzhenitsyn, ukuthi umlobi ukhululiwe ethonya lamacensela nabahleli. Kodwa emva kweminyaka eyishumi nambili yokubhala okuqhubekayo kwezindaba namanoveli ahlala efihlekile, ubuciko bodwa bodwa buqala ukumcindezela. U-Leo Tolstoy wake wathi umlobi akufanele akhiphe izincwadi zakhe ngesikhathi sakhe sokuphila. Ngoba kungcolile. USolzhenitsyn waphikisana ngokuthi ngamazwi omuntu omdala oyedwa angavumelana, kodwa noma kunjalo umbhali wonke udinga ukugxekwa.