Igama lezinhlu ze "Tales of the Temporary Years". "I-Age of Bygone Years" kanye nezindlela zayo zangaphambili

"Umlando Wezincwadi Zase-Bygone" ungenye yezikhumbuzo zasendulo zaseRussia, okudalwe ngawo ngo-1113.

Ukuphila kukaNestor the Chronicler, umdali weThe Tale of Bygone Years

UNestor the Chronicler wazalelwa eKiev ngo-1056. Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye waya emasontweni eMonastery eKie-Pechersky. Lapho waba umlobi.

Ngo-1114 uNestor washona, wangcwatshwa e-Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. NgoNovemba 9 no-Okthoba 11, ukhunjulwa iSonto Lama-Orthodox.

I-Nestor i-Chronicler yaziwa njengomlobi wokuqala owayengakwazi ukutshela ngomlando wobuKristu. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala owawuwaziwa kwakuyi-"The Life of Saints Boris and Gleb", futhi ngokushesha ngemva kokuba kulandelwa "Life of the Monk Theodosius of Pechersky." Kodwa umsebenzi omkhulu kaNestor, owamletha udumo lomhlaba wonke, yiqiniso, iTale of Bygone Years, isikhumbuzo sombhalo waseRussia yasendulo.

Ukubhaliwe kwalendaba akukhona kuphela ku-Nestor the Chronicler. Kunalokho, uNestor waqoqa ngobuciko ulwazi kusuka emithonjeni ehlukahlukene futhi wadala umlando wabo. Ukuze asebenzise i-Nestor imidwebo edingekayo nezinkondlo ezinde, naye wasebenzisa izindaba zabadayisi, abahambi kanye namasosha. Ngesikhathi sakhe, ofakazi abaningi bezimpi zePolvvy kanye nokuhlaselwa babesaphila, ngakho wayekwazi ukulalela izindaba zabo.

Uhlu lwe "Indaba Yama-Bygone Years"

Kuyaziwa ukuthi "I-Age of Bygone Years" yenze izinguquko. Ngo-1113 uVladimir Monomakh wanikeza lesi sikhungo sesandla sezindlini zezindela zaseVivubitsky, ngo-1116 izahluko zayo zokugcina zashintshwa nguHegumen Sylvester. UHegumen Sylvester waphambene nentando ka-abbot yaseKiev-Pechersk Lavra, enikeza lo mbhalo esandleni sezindela zaseVivdubitsky.

Izingxenye ezibalulekile zeThe Tale of Bygone Years kamuva zaba yingxenye yale mibhalo njengoLaurentievskaya, Ipatyevskaya, no-First Novgorod.

Ngokujwayelekile, noma yikuphi ukulandisa okudala kweRussia kunamathekisthi amaningana, okunye okubhekisela emithonjeni yangaphambili. "I-Age of Bygone Years," uhlu olwenziwe ngekhulu le-14, yaba yingxenye ye-Laurentian Chronicle, eyadalwa yi-monk Laurence. Kunalokho, i-monk uLavrenty yasebenzisa ukudalwa kwe-monk Nestor njengomthombo oyinhloko womlando wakhe. Igama lezinhlu ze "Tale of Bygone Years" lalivame ukudalulwa ngegama le-monk owenza lolu hlu, noma endaweni lapho lolu hlu lwenziwa khona. Phakathi nekhulu leshumi le-15 olunye uhlu oludala kakhulu lwe-"Tale of Bygone Years" lwadalwa, olubizwa nge- Ipatiev Chronicle.

Okuqukethwe "I-Age of Bygone Years"

"I-Age of Bygone Years" iqala ngezihloko zeBhayibheli. UNowa emva kokukhukhula kwamisa amadodana akhe - uHamu, uSimi noJafete - emhlabeni wonke. Igama lezinhlu ze "Tale of Bygone Years" likhomba futhi umsuka weBhayibheli wale mibhalo. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi abantu baseRussia bevela kuJafete.

Khona-ke lo mlando ukhuluma ngokuphila kwezizwe zase-East Slavic nokusungulwa kobuso eRussia. Umlobi wezindaba uveza inganekwane ngokuthi uKiy, Shchek, uHoryv nodadewabo uLybid babanikela ukubusa amazwe aseMpumalanga Slavic. Lapho basungula idolobha laseKiev. Izizwe zamaSlav ezihlala enyakatho yeRussia zacela abazalwane base-Varangi ukuba babuse. Abafowethu kwakunguRurik, uSineus noTruvor. Igama lezinhlu ze "Tale of Bygone Years" linomgomo wokukhulisa amandla okubusa eRussia, futhi ngaleyo njongo kuboniswa kumvelaphi wangaphandle. Kusukela kumaRarangi ayefika eRussia, umndeni wasebukhosini waqala eRussia.

Ngokuvamile, lo mlando uchaza izimpi, futhi ubuye utshele ukuthi amathempeli nama-monasteries adalwe kanjani. Imicimbi yemlando yomlando waseRashiya ibona kumongo womlando wezwe futhi ixhuma ngqo lezi zenzakalo ngeBhayibheli. I-Svyatopolk yeziphambano zesiKhulu yabulala abazalwane uBoris noGleb, kanti lo mlando ufanisa nokubulawa kuka-Abela, okwenziwa uKayin. INkosana Vladimir, obhapathiziwe uRus, ufaniswa nombusi waseRoma uConstantine, owazisa ubuKristu njengenkolo esemthethweni eRussia. Ngaphambi kokubhapathizwa, iNkosana Vladimir wayengumuntu onesono, kodwa ubhapathizo lwashintsha impilo yakhe, waba ngcwele.

Amasiko e-"Tale of Yearsgreen Years"

"I-Age of Bygone Years" ayifaki nje kuphela amaqiniso omlando, kodwa futhi nezinganekwane. Amasiko ayekhonza njengemithombo ebalulekile yolwazi kumlobi, njengoba engasenalo ithuba lokufunda ngalokho okwakwenzekile emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka noma amashumi eminyaka ngaphambili.

Umlando wesisekelo somuzi waseKievine ukhuluma ngemvelaphi yedolobha futhi mayelana nomuntu ohlonishwa ngaye. I-Legend of the Wondering Oleg, efakwe emibhalweni yombhali, ilandisa ngokuphila nokufa kweNkosana u-Oleg. Inganekwane kaChristina Olga, etshela indlela eyaziphindisela ngokuphindaphindiwe ngayo ukufa kweNkosi Prince Igor, nayo yafakwa ezincwadini. "Umlando Wezincwadi Zase-Bygone" utshela indaba yePrince Vladimir. Ama-ambassadors ezizwe ezahlukene eza kuye futhi anikela zonke izinkolelo. Kodwa yonke inkolo yayinezinkinga zayo. AmaJuda ayengenayo izwe lawo, amaSulumane ayenqatshelwe ukuzijabulisa kanye nokusetshenziswa kweziphuzo ezidakayo, amaKristu aseJalimane ayefuna ukuthatha uRus.

Futhi uNkosana Vladimir wagcina esehlala egatsheni lobuGreki lobuKristu.

Indima yezibonakaliso kuThe Tale of Bygone Years

Uma ufunda ngokucophelela umbhalo we-chronicle, kubonakala ukuthi umlobi wezindaba ulalelisisa kakhulu izinto ezihlukahlukene zemvelo, ehlanganisa nabo ngamandla angaphezulu. Ukuzamazama komhlaba, izikhukhula kanye nesomiso, ubheka isijeziso sikaNkulunkulu, futhi ukukhanya kwelanga nokukhanya kwenyanga, ngombono wakhe, kuyisixwayiso esivela emandleni asezulwini. Ukuphela kwelanga kwakudlala indima ekhethekile empilweni yezikhulu. Abacwaningi bayaqaphela lokho Ukufaniswa kwezinsuku kanye nesihloko esithi "I-Tale Ye-Bygone Years" Futhi, zithonywa yizimo zemvelo kanye nokulandelana kwesikhathi.

Ukuphela kwelanga kubonakala ngu-Prince Igor Svyatoslavich ngo-1185 ngaphambi komkhankaso wakhe wokulwa namaPolvvese. Amasosha akhe amxwayisa, ethi ukuvuthwa okunjalo akulungile. Kodwa isikhulu asibalalelanga futhi saya esitha. Ngenxa yalokho, ibutho lakhe lahluleka. Futhi, ukuphela kwelanga kwavame ukubikezela ukufa kwesikhulu. Phakathi nesikhathi esukela ku-1076 kuya ku-1176 kwakukhona ukukhanya kwelanga okungama-12, futhi emva kokubili kwabo, esinye sezikhulu sabulawa. Lo mlando wabeka emcabangweni wokuthi ukuphela kwezwe, noma iJaji lokugcina, kuzofika ngo-1492, futhi ulungiselele abafundi bayo ngalokhu. Amanqamu kanye ne-eclipses befanekisela izimpi kanye nokuphela okusheshayo kwezwe.

Izici zesitayela ze "Tale of Bygone Years"

Igama lezinhlu ze- "Tale of Bygone Years" lithathwa yizici zohlobo lwalezi zincwadi. Okokuqala, lezincwadi ziyimisebenzi evamile yezincwadi zakudala zaseRussia. Okusho ukuthi, aqukethe izici zezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene. Lezi akuzona imisebenzi yobuciko hhayi nje imisebenzi yomlando, kodwa zihlanganisa izici zombili. "I-Age of Bygone Years", uhlu olutholakala ku-Novgorod, nalo lunezici.

I-chronicle ngokwayo, kusobala, yayingumqulu wezomthetho. Usosayensi N.I. UDanilevsky ukholelwa ukuthi le mibhalo yayingakahlelelwe abantu, kodwa ngoNkulunkulu, okwakufanele ukubafunde e-Judgment Last. Ngakho-ke, le mibhalo echazwe ngokuningiliziwe ngezenzo zezikhulu nabangaphansi kwabo.

Umsebenzi womlobi wezindaba akuyona incazelo yezenzakalo, hhayi ukucinga izimbangela zabo, kodwa nje nje incazelo. Isamanje kucatshangwa kumongo wesikhathi esidlule. "I-Age of Bygone Years", okuyizinhlawulo ezilandelanayo, ine "uhlobo oluvulekile" lapho izici zezinhlobo ezahlukene zihlanganisiwe. Njengoba sazi, ezincwadini zasendulo zaseRussia kwakungakaze kube khona ukuhlukaniswa okucacile kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo, kuphela imibiko eyayivela emisebenzini ebhaliwe, ngakho-ke ihlangene nezici zeveliveli, izinkondlo, amanoveli nezincwadi zomthetho.

Isihloko esithi "I-Age of Bygone Years" sisho ukuthini?

Isihloko se-vault sanikeza umugqa wokuqala we-chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years ...". "I-Age of Bygone Years" isho ukuthi "Umlando Wezinsuku Ezidlule", ngoba igama elithi "ihlobo" ngesiRashiya elidala lisho "unyaka". Abaningi bazama ukuthola ukuthi isihloko esithi "iTale of Bygone Years" sisho ukuthini. Ngomqondo walo obanzi, kuyindaba yokuphila kwaleli zwe, okuzobe sekulindelekile ukuthi uMahlulelo kaNkulunkulu ulindele. "Umlando Wezincwadi Zase-Bygone," uhlu olutholakala e-monasteri, lubhekwa njengomsebenzi wokuqala.

Amapulangwe wangaphambilini

"I-Age of Bygone Years" yahlolwa ngokucophelela kokuhlaziywa kwemibhalo. Futhi kwafunyanwa ukuthi yahlanganiswa ngesisekelo sezindaba zakudala.

"I-Age of Bygone Years" kanye nezindleko zangaphambili zakha yonke into, okungukuthi, "Indaba" ngezindlela eziningi iphinda lokho okulotshwe ngaphambi kwayo. Umlando wanamuhla ulandela umbono we-Academician A.A. UShakhmatova, owafunda yonke imibhalo yasendulo esebenzisa indlela yokuqhathanisa. Wathola ukuthi lo mlando wokuqala wawungumlando we-Old Kiev, owadalwa ngo-1037. Yayithinta lapho umlando wesintu uqala nalapho uRus abhapathizwa khona.

Ngo-1073 umlando we-Kiev-Pechersky wadalwa. Ngo-1095 uhlelo lwesibili lwe-arch Kiev-Pechersky lwavela, libizwa nangokuthi i-Initial Arch.

Izimpawu zamadethi

Izinsuku zekhalenda ku-"Tale of Bygone Years" zazibhekwa njengezibaluleke kakhulu. Uma kumuntu wanamuhla, izinsuku zekhalenda zingenanzuzo, ngakho-ke umlobi wezinsuku zonke noma usuku lweviki lapho izenzakalo zenzeka khona zagcwaliswa ngokubaluleka komlando okhethekile. Futhi lo mlando wazama kaningi ukukhuluma ngalezo zinsuku noma izinsuku ezazinencazelo ejulile futhi equkethe inani eliphakeme. Kusukela ezinsukwini ezikhethekile noma izinsuku ezingcwele zazibhekwa ngoMgqibelo nangeSonto ngalesi sikhathi, lezi zinsuku zikhulunywa izikhathi ezingu-9 kanye nezikhathi ezingu-17 ku-"Tale of Bygone Years", ngokulandelana, kanye nezinsuku ezikhulunywa ngazo njalo. Imvelo ichazwe izikhathi ezimbili kuphela, ngoLwesine kathathu, ngoLwesihlanu izikhathi ezinhlanu. NgoMsombuluko noLwesibili kukhulunywe kanye kuphela. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi ukufaniswa kwezinsuku kanye nesihloko esithi "I-Tale of Bygone Years" kuhlobene kakhulu nomongo wenkolo.

"I-Age of Bygone Years" yayisondelene kakhulu nombukiso wezwe wenkolo, ngakho zonke izici zayo zisekelwe kulokhu. I-Chronicler ibona zonke izenzakalo kuphela kumongo woSuku Lokwahlulela oluzayo, ngakho-ke ubheka ukuthi kwenzekani kusukela ekubukeni kwamandla aphezulu. Baxwayisa abantu ngezimpi zesikhathi esizayo, ukoma kanye namanani aphansi. Baphinde bajezise abantu ababulalayo nabaphangi, futhi abantu abangenacala bayiswa esihlalweni sobukhosi sikaNkulunkulu. Izinhlamvu zabangcwele zithola izimfanelo ezingavamile. Lokhu kuboniswa ngamasiko okuphila kwabangcwele uBoris noGleb. Futhi, amathempeli yizindawo ezingcwele, lapho ababi nabahedeni abakwazi ukungena khona.