Izakhiwo umfutholuketshezi: izinhlobo kanye ngezigaba, izithombe

Kunezinhlobo ezehlukene izakhiwo wokubacindezela, izinhlobo kanye ngezigaba okusikisela anhlobonhlobo ukusetshenziswa. Noma yimaphi kula izakhiwo ezakhiwa emanzini - emifuleni nasemachibini kulo ulwandle noma komhlaba - futhi ayadingeka ukuze silwe namandla okubhubhisa element amanzi. uhlelo ngalunye has izici zayo siqu kanye nokusebenza ukwakhiwa.

Indlela ihlukaniswa?

Ngaphansi ezakhiwe ubunjiniyela wokubacindezela ziqondwa izinhlelo ezivumela ukusetshenziswa ezinhle izinsiza amanzi futhi kuvimbele emiphumeleni elimazayo amanzi ngokweqile in imvelo. Zonke izinhlelo yesimanje (ngenkasa, nakangaka, ukunisela) ngokuthi "imisele yamanzi". Izinhlobo kanye ngezigaba zazo, kuncike izici ukufakwa kanye nokusebenza kwalokhu okulandelayo:

• ulwandle, ichibi, emfuleni noma echibini;
• surface noma ngaphansi komhlaba;
• akhonzwa emkhakheni amanzi;
• esetshenziswa izimboni ezahlukene.

imisele yamanzi Modern - lokhu edamini, futhi Dam kanti spillways, nemifula yamanzi kanye neziteshi. Ngokuvamile, noma yiluphi uhlelo efakwe umzimba ngamanzi.

amanzi emvula

Amanzi esaziwa izakhiwo wokubacindezela olusungulwe engasetshenziswa ukunikeza noma ukudala umehluko ingcindezi phakathi amazinga amanzi phambi nangemuva edamini. Ochwepheshe bathi umbuso amanzi ezonini chweba iyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi izimo zezulu yesifunda. Vodpodpornye imisele yamanzi - kubalulekile kakhulu ukwakha nokwakhiwa kwamadamu, njengoba akhawunti bona ngoba wethulwa umthwalo omkhulu ngenxa ingcindezi amanzi. Uma konke kusenjalo amanzi emvula isakhiwo ehluleka, ingcindezi yamanzi phambi kuyoba nzima ukulawula, futhi lokhu kungaholela edabukisayo.

Amanzi Running

Amanzi nokuhanjiswa izakhiwo aqukethe isibalo, Spillway, Izitolo kanye neziteshi. Lokhu imisele yamanzi ukuthi ukukhonza ukuze uthumele amanzi ukuze amaphuzu esithile. lekubukana nemfundzi ngamunye, amanzi eyanele izinhlelo ukuthi Zithatha amanzi kwesigubhu bese bekuthuthela izakhiwo Hydropower, kwamanzi kanye neensetjenziswa. Umsebenti wabo - ukuqinisekisa amanzi ludlulele komsele e emalini ebekiwe, zokwandisa nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokusebenzisa amanzi schedule, ngokulandelana. Kuye lapho amanzi eyanele isakhiwo kungaba:

• ebusweni: amanzi isizinda Kwenziwa ngesikhathi khulula ebusweni ezingeni;
• Ukushona: ukuhoxa eyenziwe ngaphansi ezingeni ebusweni khulula;
• ngezansi: amanzi asuka ingxenye ezijulileyo ngasemseleni wamanzi;
• ngodobo: nge kocingo ukwakhiwa okunjalo owazenza amazinga eziningana amanzi - ke luncike ezingeni yayo kwesigubhu samanzi kanye kukhwalithi ngesikhathi ukujula ezahlukene.

Ngokuvamile ogibele imisele yamanzi nemifula amanzi eyanele. Photography ebonisa ukuthi kwaqanjwa enjalo kungaba eliphezulu kakhulu noma eliphansi.

Ukuzihoxisa Amanzi amadamu ahlukahlukene

Kuye uhlobo umthombo, kungase kube emfuleni isibalo, ichibi, ngasolwandle, kwesigubhu. Phakathi ethandwa kakhulu emfuleni imiklamo kukhona somhlaba, elintantayo, umfula embhedeni, okungase kuhlangene iziteshi ukudonsa noma ukukhweza ngazinye:

• ukufakwa Shore kumele afakwe, uma ibhange iwummango. Lo mklamo - ehlanganisa ukhonkolo noma ukhonkolo nge esikhulu ubukhulu engayitholi imisele yamanzi. Photo ikhombisa phambi odongeni kuvula ungene ebhishi.
• izinhlelo Fluvial ifakwa ogwini mnene futhi ekupheleni izindonga ezahlukene, elihunyushwe emlanjeni.
• Floating pontoon isakhiwo kukhona isikebhe esinesinqe esibanzi sokuthwala impahla noma umshini wokuphehla futha ngawo amanzi asuka emfuleni futhi ngomtshingo waya ogwini.
• Ibhakede uhlelo engayitholi ukukha amanzi echibini esisogwini ogwini ebhakedeni.

zokulawula

imisele yamanzi Wokulawula - Iyini? Ngenye indlela, bebizwa imiklamo vypravitelnymi, njengoba zikuvumela ukuba alawule ukugeleza emifuleni. Lokhu kungafezwa ngokwakha struenapravlyayuschih kanye nokunciphisa izakhiwo esiteshini futhi ngasogwini lomfula ichibi. Ngenxa izinhlelo ezifana Ukwakheka kwezitho ukugeleza komfula ukuze oluhamba Isivinini iphansana futhi ngaleyo ndlela isiteshi isekelwa nge predetermined ubuncane abakuzuzile ububanzi, ukujula futhi ugobile. Popular lezi zakhiwo wokubacindezela, izinhlobo kanye ngezigaba zazo yilezi ezilandelayo:

• inhlokodolobha isakhiwo, bayingxenye uhlelo jikelele ukulawulwa emifuleni futhi ezihlose eside;
• ukwakhiwa engasindi, okuyinto ngenye abizwa ngokuthi okwesikhashana futhi isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko imifula ivolumu amancane naphakathi.

Izakhiwo zokuqala aqukethe amadamu, izihlahla ukuvikela, amadamu ngokuphelele ukubhekana ngokuphumelelayo ubhidliza futhi wethonya elonakalisayo amanzi. Khanyisa izakhiwo zokulawula - ke sika amakhethini, ezicijile sezinsaba, okuyizinto nje ngqo noma ukululaza kudivayisi ukugeleza.

Irrigation imisele yamanzi

Izinhlobo kanye ngezigaba kuhilela kuhlukane khona amadamu - noma DAM edamini. I izinhlelo zokuqala ezihilela ukudalwa isiteshi yokufakelwa, ezisabalele kusukela emfuleni engela ezithile futhi kuthatha ingxenye ukugeleza kwamanzi. Ukuze inzika kusuka phansi ungatholi eyogcinwa emgodini wokunisela ukwakhiwa okunjalo zitholakala ezingxenyeni ngilugweda of ogwini. Uma amanzi agelezayo kuyaphawuleka, ke ukwakhiwa edingekayo kwamadamu, okuyinto, lingabhalela nobuzenzisi noma ezijulile.

culverts

Culverts imisele yamanzi - kuyinto izinto yomugqa, okuyizinto namadamu akhiwe phakathi emifuleni kanye amasango ezikhukhula. Lezi izinhlelo zilawulwa noma isenzo othomathikhi. Nge Spillway phinda amanzi okweqile kusukela kwesigubhu, kanye weir uhlelo lapho amanzi kuthululwe ngokukhululekile ngokusebenzisa isakhiwo amanzi ikamu emvula. Kuye izici ukuhamba kwamanzi, izinhlelo ezinjalo kungaba ngaphandle kwengcindezi noma ingcindezi ikhanda.

-Injongo ekhethekile

Phakathi injongo ekhethekile imisebenzi wokubacindezela yilezi: Hydropower, ngenkasa izakhiwo, amanzi, ngenkasa izinhlelo kanye nezinhlaka ezokuthutha amanzi. Cabangela le mininingwane design:

• Hydropower izikhungo zakhelwe, yisiteshi, edamini noma derivational. izinhlelo ezinjalo aqukethe amanzi emvula izindawo, flowlines, ophephela ugesi, okuyinto osenyameni amapayipi valve ezinhlobo ezehlukene. HPP okudingekayo ukuguqula amanzi ukugeleza kwamanzi zibe amandla kagesi.
• Amanzi yezokuthutha: lwalezi nhlelo aqukethe izingidi, isikebhe ngamakheshi, izindawo port, zazo ogibele phezu kwemifula, imiselekazi nge amazinga ehlukene yamanzi kubo.
• Sokufuna: lwalezi nhlelo ukuvumela ukuba sicabangele izinyathelo ezihlose ngcono ezinkulu ezweni. Njengengxenye sokufunwa Kwenziwa amanzi kanye neensetjenziswa izindawo. Nge isimiso sokukhuculula likhanyelwe ngokweqile amanzi kanye neensetjenziswa simiso siqinisekisa esifike ngesikhathi ukuthambisa ndawo. Amanzi izinhlelo kungenzeka enezingqimba noma mpo.
• Fish-: idatha imisele yamanzi ukunikeza izinhlanzi lasakazeka lisuka kumuntu ephansi kuya elingenhla ezingeni amanzi ikakhulu ngesikhathi zidala yayo ukufuduka. Lezi zinhlelo ezimbili zama: owokuqala kuhilela ezimele izinhlanzi nokuwela ekhethekile izinhlanzi isitebhisi, kwesibili - ngokusebenzisa ekhethekile rybohodnyh kuphuma futhi amalele.
• Inzika: Bangabantu ngemoto ekhethekile, okuyinto kanje ukukhiqizwa futhi effluents ezimbonini.

Kwezinye izimo, izakhiwo jikelele futhi ekhethekile ehlangana, ezifana uhlelo Spillway ibekwa endlini amandla. izinhlelo ezinjalo ihlanganiswe abizwa ngokuthi ISIZINDA izakhiwo wokubacindezela.

Iyini ingozi?

Kukhona division of izakhiwo wokubacindezela ngokuvumelana degree kwabo ingozi: lokhu kungaba phansi, maphakathi, high noma ngezinga eliphezulu kakhulu ingozi. Ngokuvamile, eziyinhloko ezithinta ingozi TCA, kukhona ukucindezeleka yemvelo kanye nomthelela, ukuguquguquka design isixazululo nemithetho, ukwephulwa kwemibandela yokusebenza izakhiwo, noma imiphumela umonakalo ngenxa yengozi. Noma iziphi izici nemiphumela ezingalindelekile kungaholela ekubhujisweni izakhiwo, kwaleli chibi ukuphumelela.