Iyini i-burstin? Incazelo, imvelaphi nezakhiwo

"Kuyini ukucindezelwa?" Ingabe umbuzo ovame ukubuzwa njalo, futhi abantu abawucela, endaweni ethile ngisho nasezingeni elingenasisekelo bayazi impendulo kulo, okungenani leli gama kubonakala sengathi libajwayele kabi. Futhi lokhu akumangazi, ngoba bambalwa abantu abawake bazwa nge-amber, kodwa kuyoba ngaye.

Igama le-amber: livela kuphi?

Manje, lapho sekucacile ukuthi yikuphi okushiwo lokhu, ukuhumusha akudingeki, kubalulekile ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi leli zwi lisuswa ezilimini zase-Ukraine naseBelarusian. Kodwa okujwayele kakhulu igama lonke elithi "amber" lafika ngesiRussia kusuka eLithuania, kuzwakale sengathi i-gintäras futhi yaqala ukusetshenziswa kamuva. Kodwa-ke, akubona abantu baseLithuania abazitholile futhi baqamba leli gama elihle, laziwa ngabantu abaningi kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, futhi udumo lwebizo laso libizwa ngokuthi ama-Arabhu. Lapho lokhu kwenzeka, aziwa ngokuqinisekile, kodwa kwakungaphansi kwegama lesi-Arabhu elithi i-barbar ukuthi amaRoma ayibona njengesi-ambre, futhi ngemva kwesikhathi esincane, ashintshwe abe yi-amber, leli gama lafakwa kwezinye izilimi zaseYurophu.

Umsuka we-amber: kusuka ezinganekwane kuya kulungiswa kwesayense

Ngakho-ke, ekuhloleni ukuthi yikuphi iBurshtyn nokuthi kuphi igama layo livela, kufanelekile ukukhuluma ngokuthi ivelaphi, futhi kuyathakazelisa nakakhulu. Ama-Arabhu amnika igama ngokungathí sina ayekholelwa ukuthi ama-amber ayengelutho kodwa amazolo ayenzima elangeni emasimini eparadesi, awela ezulwini njengomvuzo wabalungile.

Umuntu wokuqala owaveza umbono wokuthi i-amber ngandlela-thile ihlobanisa ne-resin yemithi ye-coniferous yindoda "efundile" ye-Hellas yasendulo, i-Aristotle. Kamuva, umqondo wokuthi i-burshtyn yayiyi "itshe lezinkuni" wathathwa nguTheophrastus noPliny.

Kodwa-ke, akekho kubo owanikeza ubufakazi bokuthi, noma yikuphi ukulungiswa kwalolu hlobo, futhi akazange azame ukwenza kanjalo. Ngakho-ke akumangazi ukuthi eminyakeni engu-2000 konke lokho kwasala nje inguqulo, futhi izingqondo ezimnyama zeNkathi Ephakathi zazala futhi zandisa eziningikwanekwane. Ngokokuqala ngqa umbono owakhulunywa ngu-Aristotle wathola isiqiniseko sesayensi esivela phakathi nekhulu le-18, okwakuboniswa ngabantu abakhanyiswa kakhulu ngesikhathi sakhe uKarl Linney noMikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov.

Ukubonakala kwe-amber: kuyini?

Kungenzeka ukuthi akunakwazi ukuthi i-burstin ingakanani, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuthi angazi ukuthi kubonakala kanjani, wonke umuntu wake wakubona, wabamba ngezandla zabo, wazizama. Kodwa bambalwa kakhulu abantu abazi ukuthi kunezinhlobo eziningana ze-amber, ezihluke ngokuphawulekayo ngobuningi, ngokucacile, umbala nezinye izici eziningi. Ngokujwayelekile, itshe elingu-amber linamakhemikhali omzimba omzimba, okwakhiwa yi-ingress yomoya, okwenza kubonakale kungenangqondo, futhi uma kunjalo, kubiza izinga layo, nakuba libukeka lihle kakhulu.

Kunezinhlobo eziyisihlanu eziyinhloko zaleli tshe elimangalisayo, zonke zihlukile ngokuphelele komunye nomunye, noma zifana kakhulu kakhulu, kodwa nokho zifana nohlobo oludala lomuntu oluthandayo:

1. I-Bone - uhlobo oluphikisana kakhulu lwe-amber, lugcwele opaque futhi lubukeka kakhulu njengendophi lwendlovu, kusukela lapho libizwa khona.

2. I-bastard iyinsika yesibili kakhulu kunazo zonke, futhi i-opaque futhi ayikho inzuzo ekhethekile, kodwa iphelele ukupholisa futhi ihamba phambili phakathi kwabazalwane, kodwa kuphela ngezandla ezihlukahlukene.

3. Ifufula - itshe elihle kakhulu, kodwa futhi alibalulekile kakhulu, linesakhiwo esishintshashintshayo, esivame ukuba "imifino" enemibala nombala ogqamile, ocebile.

4. I-foamy iyinhle kakhulu kunazo zonke izinhlobo, ezihle kakhulu ngenxa yokungenisa okuningi kwemoya, okwenza kube okufana ne-pumice.

5. Okungafani - okuyigugu kunazo zonke kulezi ezingenhla, ezingenayo iminyango encane kunazo zonke, okuwukuphela kwazo zonke izinhlobo zama-amber, ezihlobene namatshe ayigugu ekilasini eliphezulu. Ngokuvamile emzimbeni wakhe kukhona izinambuzane zangaphambili, izibonelo ezinjalo ziyabaluleka ngaphezu kwakho konke.

Isicelo se-amber: izakhiwo nemikhiqizo

Manje akubaluleke nakakhulu ukuthi yikuphi okushiwo yi-burshtyn nokuthi iyini, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa ezweni lanamuhla, futhi kuyamangalisa ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani. I-Amber emhlabeni jikelele isetshenziselwa ukwenza kahle kakhulu, kodwa ngeshwa akuyona imisebenzi yezandla ezinde isikhathi eside, inkinga ukuthi uma uxhumane nomoya ovulekile inqubo yokuphikisana yokugwema. Lokhu ukubunjwa kubonakala kungavamile kulelo tshe, kodwa ungakhohlwa ukuthi namanje akulona i-crystal, ngokungafani namanye amatshe ayigugu futhi ayigugu. Kusukela obala obala kwenza ubucwebe obuhle, obuyigugu kakhulu njengezicwebe ezenziwe ngama-rubies namasafire. Imikhiqizo engaphansi kwekhwalithi ye-amber isetshenziselwa ukwenza i-haberdashery yokunethezeka nokucweba okunethezeka. Ngokulinganisela okulinganiselwe kusetshenziselwa ekwakhiweni kwe-elekthronikhi, sekuyisikhathi eside iyingxenye ebalulekile yemikhiqizo yezokwelapha kanye nempepho, kodwa yini eyithakazelisayo kakhulu, ngisho nembonini yokudla!

Amber imali: imiphumela ebuhlungu yesikhumba esiphelele

Eqinisweni, kunezindawo ezimbalwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, njalo ngonyaka izimpahla zayo ziphelile, futhi intengo yeLay Stone ikhula njalo. Ngokombiko wezazi, ukuphela kweminyaka engu-70 yokugcina izimayini ezingenakunqunywa ukuthi i-deposit yayo yawa ngamaphesenti angaba ngu-11, futhi lokhu kulahlekelwa okungenakulinganiswa kwezizukulwane ezizayo. Futhi akukhathaleki ukuthi kubizwa kanjani - i-amber, i-Bernstein, i-burshtyn, ukuhumusha akusekho okuzwakalayo - izimpahla zayo ziphelile. Kunezindawo ezimbalwa kuphela emhlabeni jikelele, okungu-80% azogcwalisa umakethe kulo matshe omuhle:

1. I-Russia - isifunda saseKaliningrad, esifundeni saseMpumalanga Ekude.

2. Ukraine - eRivne naseVolyn esifundazweni.

3. IGreenland iyisiqhingi saseChora.

4. I-Alaska yichweba likaBarrow.

Izindleko ezincane ze-amber ziyatholakala esiqhingini saseSicily, eBurma naseMexico.