Amanani nezici zohlelo lolimi: izici nemithetho

I-morphology yolimi lwesiRashiya ihlanganisa izigaba eziningi ezithakazelisayo. Lesi sihloko sizinikele ekucatshangweni kwesimemezelo njengengxenye yenkulumo. Izici zohlelo lwe-grammatical , izici zazo, indima emshweni - konke lokhu kuhlanganiswe kulokhu okushiwo.

Isi-Pronoun

Uhlu lwamasiko olimi lwesiRussia indawo ebalulekile ingokwesimemezelo. Lona yingxenye yenkulumo engathatha indawo noma yiliphi ingxenye yokukhuluma, ngaphandle kokubiza izimpawu ezithile zegama. Isimemezelo, izincazelo kanye nezici zohlelo lolimi oluzoboniswa ngezansi, amaphuzu kuphela ezintweni noma ezenzakalweni, ngaphandle kokuzinikeza igama eliqondile. Isibonelo, igama lingasuswa esikhundleni sesimemezelo, isibalo semashumi amabili - ngegama, isichazamazwi esibhakabhaka - ngesimemezelo somunye uhlobo nokunye.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezimemezelo ngexabiso

Kunezinhlawulo eziningana. Ngakho-ke, ngesisekelo sencazelo yokuthi igama lithwala, izibizo zomuntu siqu ( yena, wena, thina ), uqobo ( i-yakho, yakho, yethu ), izinkomba ( ukuthi, lokhu, okunjalo ), ukukhomba ( wonke umuntu, iningi, wonke umuntu ), ukubuza imibuzo- Ubuhlobo ( obani, obani, obani ), obungapheli ( omunye, omunye, okunye ), omubi ( lutho, lutho, cha ) kanye ne-return pron itself . Izimfanelo zesigama zesimemezelo kuboniswa ngesisekelo sencazelo yaso.

Umuntu siqu, uqobo, unengqondo, uveza

Okuvame kakhulu yizimpawu zomuntu siqu, ezibonakalayo nezokubonisa. Izibonakaliso zegrammatic of pronouns siqu kukhona ukuba khona isigaba somuntu, ikhono lokushintsha icala, ukuba khona isigaba ubulili kubantu 3. Isibonelo: Lapho edoba, wayekhulile. Emshweni kukhona isimemezelo somuntu siqu (y) sakhe , esinezici ezinjenge-3 abantu (ngendlela yokuqala - yena), icala lobugebengu, ubulili besilisa.

Izibonakaliso zegrammatical zezimpawu zokubonisa (kanye nezinto eziziphetheyo) zifana nezesiphakamiso: zihluka uma kwenzeka, inombolo kanye nobulili. Isibonelo, Le ndlu iphupho lakhe. Emshweni kukhona isimemezelo sokubonisa lokhu (singamunye, ubulili besilisa, futhi) sichaza (isibalo esisodwa, ubulili besilisa). Isimemezelo sokubuya asishintshi, sinomkhuba ojwayelekile, wendabuko - uqobo .

Okucacile, okungapheli, okungalungile, okuhlobene nombuzo

Izibonakaliso zesigama sezimemezelo zezilimi zilandelayo: inombolo, ubulili kanye necala, kuxhomeke kulobizo. Lezi zingxenye zenkulumo zifana nezimemezelo eziphathekayo, kodwa zikhomba uphawu olujwayelekile. Umusho uhambelana negama. Isibonelo, Nsuku zonke kwafudumala. Isimemezelo ngasinye sihambisana nesobuningi enombolweni, ubulili, icala.

Izimemezelo ezihlobene nezimpendulo zisetshenziselwa imibuzo kanye nemisho eyinkimbinkimbi njenge-binder. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, igama elifanayo lingaba isimemezelo sokubuza imibuzo ngomongo owodwa nesihlobo kwesinye: Bathi ngani ngamagajethi amasha? (Ukubuza imibuzo) - Watshelwa ukuthi bakhuluma ngamagadgets amasha (isihlobo). Izimemezelo ezinjalo azishintshi, yilobani nokuthi yisiphi isigaba sendaba.

Izimemezelo ezingenamkhawulo zibonisa ukungaqiniseki kokuthile futhi zakhiwe kusuka ekubuzeni imibuzo ngokungeza iziqephu ze-non- nezinye- noma izixhumi - into , - ukuthi , noma-ke . Ngakho-ke, izimfanelo zesigama zesimemezelo zixhomeke ekushiwo kwayo. Amafomu wezinkulumo ezicatshangelwayo esiwacabangayo nawo akhiwa kusukela ekubuzeni imibuzo, kodwa asetshenziselwa ukungabi nandaba. Isibonelo: Abanye umsindo ongaziwa wezwakala. Emshweni amabili izimemezelo: ezinye - ezingenamkhawulo futhi azikho - ezingalungile.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezimemezelo ngezici zelgrama

Ukushintsha lokhu noma leyo ngxenye yenkulumo, lesi simeme sihambisana nanoma yimuphi wabo. Ngakho-ke, izibizo-izibizo, izichasiselo kanye nezinombolo zikhethiwe, okungaqondile ngokubiza into, imfanelo noma ubuningi.

Amagama ngamabizo angashintsha igama, okungukuthi: izimemezelo zomuntu siqu, ukubuza imibuzo kanye nokuthi yini eyakhiwe kubo ayibi, ibuyiswa. Baphendula imibuzo yamabizo. Iziphakamiso kaningi zihlanganisa noma izihloko. Izimpawu zesigama segama lesibizo-magama zikhonjiswe ngesisekelo sokwabiwa kwayo kwesinye noma esinye isigaba ngenani. Isibonelo, izigaba zomuntu siqu zinobuso, inombolo, icala, futhi okungalungile, amagama angabhalwa futhi angaqediwe-amagama-magama awajwayeleki ngokujwayelekile.

Izimpendulo ezizenzekelayo yizo eziphendula imibuzo yezichasiso futhi zenze indima yokwenziwa kwencazelo. Leli qembu elikhulu lezizingxenye zenkulumo, ezihlanganisa zonke izinto eziphathekayo, ezinye izinkomba ( ezifana, lokhu, lokho kanye nabanye), ezinye izimpendulo ( okungukuthi, obani ) futhi ezenziwe kubo azicacile futhi zibi. Izibonakaliso zegama lesi-grammatic zamagama ezivela kuleso sigaba zifana nalazo izichasiselo, okungukuthi, zinemikhakha engapheli yecala, ubulili, inombolo.

Kuzo izimemezelo-izinombolo yimibuzo umbuzo, okungenani njengegama elingapheli, kanye nama-pronume angapheli awakhiwe kuwo. Kwezici zohlelo, ukushintsha kuphela ezimweni kufakwe kuzo.

Indima yokusebenza yamazwi

Ngokwesilinganiso sokunikeza isigaba esithile ngenani, kulula ukucacisa izimfanelo zesigama zesimemezelo. Izingxenye zenkulumo lapho lesi simemezelo esihlotshaniswa khona kwenza kube lula ukukhomba indima yayo yokwenziwa. Ngakho-ke, emshweni " Wabhala enye incwadi", kunezikhalazo ezintathu ezenza imisebenzi ehlukene: yena (siqu) uyisifundo, kungukuthi (umuntu siqu) ukwengeza, enye (a determinative) incazelo.

Kulungile ukubiza ilungu lomusho, elichazwe yisimemezelo, kusize izindaba. Isibonelo, akekho ohlala endlini yakho ngaphambili? Umbuzo ubuzwa ukuthi ubani? - Akekho oyisifundo, yiphi indlu ? Incazelo yakho. Zikhona iziphakamiso ezibandakanya izibizo kuphela: Yizi . Yilokho okushiwo, yilokho okushoyo. Kukhona amaningana awo : wabo - ukuhlanganisa, amaningana - isihloko.

Izimo zokuziphatha eziphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwezibizo

Ekhuluma ngemigomo yokusetshenziswa kwesigama semishwana noma imisho, okokuqala kudingekile ukuqaphela iphutha elivame kakhulu. Lezi yizimpendulo eziphathekayo ezintathu , zona, zona, ezivame ukusetshenziswa kabi. Isibonelo, wakhe , wakhe, nowabo yiphutha elikhulu lolimi lwesiRashiya.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezimemezelo yena, yena futhi njalo udinga ukufakwa kwencwadi "n" ekuqaleni kwegama: yena ngaphandle kwakhe, usekude naye, banabo . Lokhu kuyadingeka emva kokushombisa. Uma kungekho-preposition, khona-ke incwadi "n" egameni ayidingeki: bayibona, bayibuta, bayibona .

IsiSwidi nesiBongo

Amabizo ayenziwa emisho nasemibhalweni yomsebenzi wokufaka esikhundleni. Lokhu kuhilela ezinye izinto ezingalungile zohlelo lwegrama. Isibonelo, uBaba waya edolobheni. Wayesekude. Ingabe uyise noma idolobha lalikude? Umqondisi weza ehhovisi, elisendaweni yesihlanu. Ihhovisi noma umqondisi esiteji sesihlanu? Ngokuvamile ukungaqondakali kubonakala lapho usebenzisa isimemezelo sokubuya kanye nesimemezelo se-possessive: Inhloko yabuza umphathi ukuthi aye ehhovisi lakhe (ihhovisi lakhe: umphathi noma umphathi).

Ubiza umsebenzi wokuhlola

Emsebenzini wokuhlola olimini lwaseRussia kunemisebenzi lapho udinga khona ukwazi izimpawu zesigama segama, isenzo nesiphakamiso. Izilimi zivame ukufakwa emisebenzini ngokwephula imigomo yegrama. Ithebula elingezansi libonisa izibonelo zemisebenzi efanayo.

Ngokuvamile isimemezelo senza umbhalo owenziwa indima yendlela yokuxhumana phakathi kwemisho. Emsebenzini wokuqinisekisa kukhona imisebenzi yokunquma izindlela zokuxhumana kwemisho kulo mbhalo. Isibonelo, kuyadingeka ukunquma ukuthi iziphakamiso zihlobene yini: Vasily waya edolobheni njalo ngesonto ukuthenga. Ukusuka kuwo, waletha izithelo, okusanhlamvu namaswidi. Impendulo: Izibizo ezimbili zomuntu siqu. Noma esinye isibonelo: Namuhla kwaqala ukuwa. Lokhu akulindelekile. Lezi ziphakamiso zenziwe ngosizo lwesimemezelo sokubonisa.

Ngakho-ke, izici zohlelo lolimi, isimiso somqondo wokusetshenziswa kwazo, kufanele saziwe ngokuphumelela kokuhlolwa kolimi lwesiRashiya.

Ulwazi olunentshisekelo mayelana nesimemezelo

Umlando wokwakheka kwezimemezelo njengezingxenye zenkulumo kuyathakazelisa futhi kuyingqayizivele. Isibonelo, ngingumuntu siqu womuntu wokuqala oyedwa. Kwavela ngolimi lwase -Old Slavic, okungenzeka lubonise incwadi yokuqala yezinhlamvu zamagama - az. Izimemezelo zomuntu wesithathu ngolimi zakhiwe kamuva kunabo bonke. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngaphambilini kwakunezimemezelo zokubonisa futhi, mina, e, okubhekiswe kumuntu wesithathu. Futhi isimemezelo samanje sesithathu somuntu sathuthuka ngokushintsha kwamagama kusuka kwesinye isigaba kuya kwesinye: kusukela ku-index kuze kube yedwa. Umlando wolimi lwesiRussia uyazi isikhathi lapho kwakukhona khona izinhlobo ezintathu zezikhangiso zokubonisa. Zasetshenziswe kuye ngokuthi ubude bendaba kusuka kusikhulumi: c - eduze nesiphakamiso, t - eduze nomxhumanisi , yena- engekho engxoxweni. Isikhundla sezimemezelo ze-possessive sisakhiwa: kukhona amafomu elula (possessions , mine ) kuwo, kanye ne-interrogative ( obani? ), Futhi ongapheli ( omunye ), futhi ongalungile ( akekho ).