Ivan Goncharov: Life futhi Umsebenzi

Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov - umlobi odumile waseRussia, sasibanjelwe Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Ukuthandwa esikhulu kunazo zonke esitholakala ngokusebenzisa amanoveli ezifana "Vula" "Ordinary Story", "Oblomov" futhi umjikelezo traffic Tindzaba "frigate Pallada". Futhi-ke, wonke umuntu uyazi the tetemibhalo-ezibucayi sihloko Goncharov "zillion ukuhlushwa". Thina ukunitshela ngaloNkulunkulu umbhali omkhulu ngokuningiliziwe.

komlobi ebuntwaneni

Ivan Goncharov, okuphila kwakhe kanye nomsebenzi uzobe achazwe kulo magazini, wazalelwa Simbirsk e 1812. Abazali bakhe ingeyamakhosi ekilasini umthengisi. Ebuntwaneni owawusedolobheni Ivan Goncharov endlini encane enkulu, etholakala maphakathi nedolobha. Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, umtloli akutjela ngakho endabeni yakhe ngokuphila "Ekhaya", "Glaciers, izinqolobane zewayini, izinqolobane babe phama zigcwele impuphu, unyaluthi nazo zonke izinhlobo zezinsimbi amalungiselelo ezahlukene imikhaya yethu abendlu. Kwakungekhona nje izindlu, futhi lonke leli dolobhana. " Mangisho ukuthi lokho akubona kule ndlu, usungulwe intokazi Goncharov nentshisekelo nolwazi yenkosi yakhe, indlela yabantu bakhona yokuphila oyi-kabusha eRussia, okuyinto ngakho iqiniso futhi ngokucace wadluliswa e amanoveli akhe.

Lapho Ivan wayeneminyaka engamashumi 7 ubudala, uyise eshona, futhi imfundo Ivan wathatha ibhapathizwa - Nikolai Tregubov. Ngenxa seaman umhlalaphansi, ayevelele ngumuntu omuhle ukucabanga ngokuhlaziya futhi enomqondo ovulekile. "Sawubona itilosi" - ngakho Goncharov, ogama biography Kuyaziwa ukuba abalandeli, ngokuthi uthisha wakhe. Ivan Aleksandrovich wakhumbula: "Kwaze ukubonga Nicholas ngoba ekukhulisweni kwethu, umama ayenakekela zonke imisebenzi ku ukuphila nezikhathi izinceku zakhe Tregubova ahlanganisiwe nelethu, futhi ngaphansi kokulawula Ma, sesizokwazi waphulukisa umkhaya omkhulu.". ukunakekelwa Intelligent waya UNicholas. Indaba liyingxenye wabantu emahlombe umama - eqinile, ongumakadebona, umngenisi wezihambi omuhle.

kumiswa

Ekuqaleni, abasha Goncharov, ukuphila nomsebenzi is bayahlonishwa, wafundiswa ekhaya ngaphansi kokuqondisa Tregubova, sabe impesheni yangasese. Njengoba nje lo mfana engu-10 ubudala, wathunyelwa eMoscow ngoba ekufuna kukamama.

Ngakusasa 8 iminyaka, Ivan wafunda esikoleni kwezohwebo. Esikhathini esizayo, umbhali ngeke ukuchaza le minyaka njengethuba nzima futhi ungakujabulisi. Nakuba ukuthuthukiswa yakhe zokuziphatha nezingokomoya ngawo ugcwaliseka ngokugcwele. Umfana ufunda okuningi. izincwadi Domestic baba umeluleki wakhe kweqiniso. Goncharov (ukuphila nomsebenzi bachazwa kafushane kulesi sihloko), uyakhumbula: "Karamzin kwaba uthisha wami wokuqala e ukuthuthukiswa sphere gumaniteta nezokuziphatha iyonke. Njengoba ezinkondlweni, thina nabalingani reveled Ozorovym, Dmitriev, ngisho Derzhavin Kheraskov ekhishwa isikole ngoba imbongi. "

Thixo lokuqala

"Eugene Onegin" by Pushkin baba Goncharov nontanga yakhe kule ngcebo senkondlo. Wathi: "O Nkulunkulu wami! Yikuphi ukukhanya, lokho khathizwe magic livulekile, okuyinto isambulo kanye izinkondlo, kanye ukuphila, ngaphezu kwalokho, kucacile futhi yesimanje, odla izindwani aphume lokhu Lokhu simthande ngomthandazo anikeza ukuphila amandla! "Ngaphambi igama imbongi omkhulu Goncharov bakuzwa ukuphila.

Ukwamukelwa University

Amakilasi esikoleni baye baba babulawa-Ivan, futhi wabuza unina ukuthi afake isicelo ukususwa yayo. Kuleli qophelo, le nsizwa yayingumuntu nesishiyagalombili, futhi waqala ukucabanga ngekusasa lakhe. Futhi njengoba sekukhona njengoba ingane abanothando lokubhala ayiyanga ndawo, Goncharov, okuphila kwakhe kanye nomsebenzi kuthiwa okwakuthandelene phakade, sanquma ukungenela umnyango ngomlomo eMoscow University. Ngo-1831 yena ngempumelelo kudlule izivivinyo futhi babhaliswa khona.

iminyaka emithathu ukutadisha kwibanga elibalulekile emsebenzini wakhe. Umlobi esizayo wayecabanga ngokujulile - ngawe, ngabantu, ngokuphila. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, u-Ivan wafunda e-University of Aksakov, Turgenev, Lermontov, Stankevich, Ogarev, waseHerzen, Belinsky nabanye abantu abanamakhono abasha abangena igama lakhe emlandweni izincwadi Russian.

ngemva inyuvesi

Ngemva kokuphothula inyuvesi ngo-1834, i-Potters wangena Simbirsk bomdabu, lapho alinda khona lab 'odade, umama Tregubov. Ngakho ajwayelekile kusuka ebuntwaneni edolobheni Ivan wamshaya ngenhla zonke yiqiniso lokuthi iminyaka eminingi kwakungekho lutho washintsha. Kwakuyisikhathi edolobhaneni elikhulu bayozela.

Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba kokuphothula umbhali esizayo kuvela umqondo ukuba babuyele ezweni lakubo. Wancika ukuphila okukhulu okungokomoya capitals (Petersburg, eMoscow). Futhi nakuba isinqumo ukuhamba, wathatha, kodwa namanje akazange ashiye.

umsebenzi wokuqala

Ngalesi sikhathi, Goncharov, indaba emfushane ka ukuphila nomsebenzi okuyinto enkulu ohlelweni esikoleni, wathola umnikelo ovela umbusi Simbirsk. Wayefuna umbhali esizayo wasebenza nonobhala wakhe ngasese. Ngemva kokunqikaza kakhulu futhi kokungabaza Ivan Savuma, kodwa lo msebenzi oyisicefe futhi elingabongi. Kodwa waqonda mshini ekusebenzeni kwenqubo bureaucratic ukuthi liphumelele kuye kamuva njengendlela umlobi.

Ngemva kwezinyanga eziyishumi nanye, wathuthela Petersburg. Ivan wakhela ikusasa labo ngezandla zabo, ngaphandle kosizo ngaphandle. Uma efika lapho, wazinza njengoba umhumushi e-Ministry of Finance. Isevisi kwaba umthwalo futhi ikhokhelwe kakhulu.

Kamuva, waba nabangane nge Maikova umndeni efundisa amadodana amabili amadala, izincwadi Russian nangesiGreki. Indlu Maikova kuyinto isikhungo ezithakazelisayo kwamasiko Petersburg. Nsuku zonke sifuna abaculi, abaculi kanye abalobi.

Ukuqala lokusungula

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi Goncharov "zillion ukuhlushwa" okuyohlala kungenye yezinto imisebenzi athandwa kakhulu baba Okuxakayo ubheke cult romantic yobuciko esingokwemvelo Maikova ekhaya. 40s kungenziwa ngokuthi ekuqaleni kwenkonzo yakhe. Yingaleso sikhathi sibaluleke kakhulu kithi ngokuya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni imibhalo Russian kanye nomphakathi uwonke. Khona-ke umlobi wahlangana Belinsky. umhlaziyi Omkhulu ahlanganiswe kakhulu ongokomoya Mir Ivana Aleksandrovicha futhi yabonisa ukuhlonishwa ngokubhala isitayela, enomnikazi Goncharov. "Zillion ukuhlushwa" umbhali kwakwaziswa kakhulu Belinsky.

Ngo-1847, "Indaba Ordinary" esanyatheliswa "Contemporary". Kulesi inoveli, ukungqubuzana romanticism Nokubhekana Namaqiniso uvezwa uhlobo ukushayisana eningi zokuphila Russian. Waqamba igama lombhali yabhekisela yomfundi ukuze inqubo ejwayelekile, abonakala endalweni.

Umhlaba uhambo

Ngo 1852 Goncharova waba nenhlanhla uthole unobhala ukukhonza Iphini Umkhuzi Putyatin. Ngakho umbhali waya ukuhamba emhlabeni wonke phezu frigate "Pallada". Putyatin wayalwa ukuba ahlole ezibonakalayo Russian eMelika (Alaska) futhi babe nobuhlobo ukuhweba nezombusazwe neJapane. Ivan Aleksandrovich wayeseGibithe ilindele sebuningini nakho eziyocebisa umsebenzi wakhe. Goncharov "zillion ukuhlushwa" namanje ethandwa kakhulu, kusukela ezinsukwini zakuqala olwenziwa idayari enemininingwane. Lawa manothi aba isisekelo sencwadi yakhe kungafiki "frigate" Pallada "." Weza ngo-1855, lapho umbhali wabuyela Petersburg, futhi kahle etholwe abafundi.

Kodwa njengoba u-Ivan Aleksandrovich ubesebenza njengomshayeli ngomshini kumhloli wezincwadi e-Ministry of Finance, wayengumuntu esimweni esiyinkinga. Imikhakha okuqhubekayo umphakathi ehhovisi yakhe yayingahambisani wamukelekile. Umshushisi we umcabango khulula kuhlanganise nommeleli amandla wazonda - yilokho owawuqondene Goncharov kakhulu. Le noveli "Oblomov" cishe sekumi ngomumo, kodwa Ivan Aleksandrovich akuqedanga ke ngenxa yokungabi nesikhathi esanele. Ngako wasuka-Ministry of Finance kanye ligxile ngokuphelele phezu umsebenzi ngokubhala.

zezimbali lokusungula

"Goncharov inoveli" Oblomov "" - lokhu mbhalo kwakungumfowabo oqwembeni izincwadi eziyinkulungwane eziningana eshicilelwe ngo-1859. Isiphetho umlingisi phambili phendla hhayi nje njengomuntu abaningi abanawo, kodwa futhi njengendlela uhlobo ukuqonda yefilosofi uhlamvu kazwelonke. Umlobi elathola lolu daba kwezobuciko. Lokhu inoveli engena indaba emfushane ka nokuphila kanye nomsebenzi Goncharova njengoba imisebenzi yakhe evelele kunazo. Kodwa Ivan Aleksandrovich akafunanga ahlale angenzi lutho, futhi akujabulele. Ngakho-ke, ngaqala umsebenzi inoveli entsha - "Vula". Lo msebenzi kwakumelwe ingane yakhe, ayemvuse kakhulu ngendlela iminyaka engu-20.

Le noveli zokugcina

Isifo sengqondo kanye nokucindezeleka - ukuthi wayehlushwa nabo zokuphila kwakhe Goncharov, okuphila kwakhe kanye nomsebenzi zazikhiqiza kakhulu eminyakeni edlule. "Vula" - kuba wokugcina umsebenzi enkulu umbhali. Ngemva Ivan Aleksandrovich eseqedile ngaphezu kwakhe emsebenzini, waqala ukuphila nzima nakakhulu. Yiqiniso, wayefuna ukubhala inoveli entsha, kodwa kuye, futhi awukaqali. Wabhala onezinkinga futhi kancane njalo. Osebenza nabo ngokuvamile wakhononda ngokuthi akanayo isikhathi ukuqonda ngokujulile izenzakalo okusheshayo ogeleza zokuphila wesimanje. Wayedinga isikhathi Ukuqaphela kwabo. Womathathu umbhali kule noveli kuvezwa pre-Reform eRussia, okuyinto wayeqonda kahle. Izenzakalo ezayo Ivan Aleksandrovich waqonda sibi kakhulu, futhi wayengalungisanga lobudoda noma ngokomzimba isifundo somuntu ezijulile. Noma kunjalo, yena ngenkuthalo kwakuhambisana nezinye izazi zefilosofi, ababhali akuwenzanga umsebenzi wokudala.

Uye ebhaliwe Tindzaba eziningana: "Esikhathini empumalanga yeSiberia", "Journey eduze iVolga", "Literary Kusihlwa" kanye nabanye abaningi. Abanye abangu kokushona kwakhe. Futhi uzinake eziningi imisebenzi yakhe ezibucayi. Nazi imidwebo edume kunazo Goncharov "zillion ukuhlushwa", "Kungcono ngasekupheleni kuka neze", "Amanothi ku Belinsky", njll Basuke ngokuqinile angena emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke ukugxekwa Russian njengezibonelo zakudala yokucabanga etemibhalo tebuciko ..

ukufa

Ekuqaleni Septhemba 1891 Goncharov (ukuphila nomsebenzi Kubekwa kafishane ezichazwe kulesi sihloko) abandayo. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezintathu, lapho sisodwa, umbhali omkhulu wafa. Ivan Alexandrovich wembelwa St Nicholas emathuneni ka-Alexander saseNevsky Lavra (ngemva kwamashumi amahlanu somlotha komlobi bathunyelwa e-volkov Amathuna). Esikhathini "Journal of Europe" kanye umlandvomufi uvele: ". Njengo Saltykov, Ostrovsky, Aksakov, waseHerzen, Turgenev, Goncharov, uyohlale phezu izikhundla ehola ezincwadini zethu"