Ithiyori nencazelo ye-informatics

I-Informatics iyisayensi encane. Kwavela phakathi nekhulu lokugcina. Yayiziphi izinto ezidingekayo ukuze kwenzeke? Kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kuyinani elikhudlwana lemininingwane yolwazi oluye lwahlasela abantu. Okulandelayo, sizocabangela ukuthi yiziphi i-informatics, incazelo yale sayensi, imigomo yayo.

Ukubukeka nokuthuthukiswa

Ngakho, nikeza incazelo ye-informatics. Kunzima ukwenza lokhu ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lesi sayensi sibonakala ngokufika kwekhompiyutha eyenza njengendlela yezobuchwepheshe ekwazi ukuthuthukisa ikhono lomuntu nokwenza amanani amaningi kolwazi. Njengoba lokhu kuseyisayensi encane kakhulu, ososayensi basaphikisana ngencazelo, izinkomba zokuthuthukiswa, kanye nendima yalo emphakathini. Konke lokhu kukhuluma kuphela ukuthi le sayensi ikhula ngokushesha kakhulu.

Isizukulwane sethu sabona ukuvela kwesayensi yobuchwepheshe besimanje, esekelwe kolwazi. Kuyini ulwazi? E-computer yesayensi, incazelo yaleligama inezincazelo ezingaphezu kweyodwa. Kuyinto imithombo entsha yobuntu, ukujoyina ezinye izinsiza eziyaziwayo: amandla, yemvelo, abantu. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi usuku nosuku luyakhula kuphela.

Ulwazi

Kuyini ulwazi? E-computer yesayensi, incazelo yeli gama ingachazwa kanje: kuyisethi yempawu ezibonwa ubuchopho bomuntu noma isimiso sezinzwa zesilwane esebenzisa izinzwa nezinhlelo ze-software ezibonisa ezinye izindawo zezinto, kanye nezimo ezihlobene nomsebenzi womzimba. Ubuhlobo balezi zibonakaliso kufanele kufaka amandla okugcina, ukuthumela, nokuguqula noma ukuwacubungula. Isayensi ehlola zonke lezi zinqubo yilokho i-informatics. Incazelo yalesi sayensi iqukethe imiqondo enjengokuthi "ulwazi" kanye "nokuzenzekelayo".

Leli gama lafakwa ekujikelezeni engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu leminyaka eledlule eFrance, ukuze kuchazwe ukuqhutshwa kolwazi ngezindlela ezizenzakalelayo. Incazelo ye-informatics eRussia okokuqala yayisho idokhumenti, ukugcinwa kocwaningo, umsebenzi welabhulali. Futhi manje lesi sayensi kakade sisho indawo ehlukile ngokuphelele futhi ingena kuwo wonke imikhakha yokuphila komuntu. Ihlanganisa izindawo ezihlobene nokugcinwa kwezinhlelo zolwazi, okufaka imishini, isofthiwe.

Imiqondo ye-Informatics

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi incazelo ye-informatics ingokwemvelo futhi ayifuni ukuba yimuphi uhlobo lokunciphisa. Phela, kusekelwe ezinhlokweni ezijwayelekile njenge "idatha", "izinto", "izibonakaliso", njll. Kodwa lezi zici kanye nezincazelo ze-informatics zichazwe kalula.

Izimpawu zindlela eguquguqukayo yokwaziswa okudluliselwayo (ezothunyelwa) kude nokusiza kwabathwali bempahla, okuthiwa iziteshi zokuxhumana. Isayensi yokuxhumana yilapho i-informatics ikhona.

E-computer yesayensi, incazelo yedatha yilezi: ifomu le-static yolwazi elidluliselwa ngesikhathi ngesikhathi ngosizo lwababathwali bezinto ezibonakalayo. Babizwa ngokuthi amadivayisi wokugcina.

Uma ubonisa inqubo yokudlulisa ulwazi ngokucacile, ingahlukaniswa zibe izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko:

1. Umthombo wolwazi.
2. Isiteshi sokudlulisa ulwazi.
3. Umamukeli wolwazi.

Ukusebenzisana kwalezi zakhi ezintathu kudala ulwazi, okungukuthi, uhlobo lomyalezo. Ngomugqa owodwa ngolwazi, umuntu angafaka imiqondo "yolwazi" kanye "nedatha".

Ukwaziswa kuyincazelo yesayensi ye- computer yesayensi. Ziyolwazi oluphezulu, olubizwa nge-semantic. Ngesizathu salo, ngosizo lokucabanga okuzwakalayo, iziphetho ezithile zezibalo zitholakala, futhi kuthiwa yi-semantic.

Izinhloso

Izincazelo eziyisisekelo ze-informatics yizona "hlelo", "imodeli" kanye ne "algorithm". Imodeli isifaniso esinemibandela yento enezakhiwo ezithile. Inhloso yesimodeli ukutadisha le nto. I-algorithm iyindlela yokuthola ukuphuma kunoma yisiphi isimo sezinkinga. Ichaza ngokucacile ukulandelana kwazo zonke izenzo ezidingekayo. Lolu hlelo luyi-algorithm ngokwalo, echazwe kwelinye lezilimi zokuhlela. Umgomo oyinhloko we-informatics njengesayensi ukufuna ulwazi kuzo zonke izigaba zomsebenzi wesintu ngosizo lwamakhompiyutha.

Ngaphambi kwalesi sayensi kusethwe imisebenzi ehlukahlukene. Okubaluleke kakhulu okulandelayo:

• Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe okwenza ulwazi.
• Ucwaningo lwezinqubo ezehlukene zolwazi.
• Ukwethulwa kwamakhompyutha kuzo zonke izindawo zokuphila komuntu.
• Ukudala ubuchwepheshe obusha, obuthuthukisiwe obucubungula ukusakaza okukhulu kolwazi.

I-Informatics yisayensi engeke ikhona ngokuhlukile kwabanye, ngoba injongo yayo yukudala ubuchwepheshe obusha bokuthola ulwazi oluzosetshenziselwa ukuxazulula izinkinga ezihlukahlukene.

Izikhombisi-ndlela

Izikhombisi-ndlela eziyinhloko zokuthuthukiswa ziyasetshenziswa, i-informatics ne-technicalatics.

I-Informatics esebenzisiwe yenza umsebenzi wokwakha ulwazi, izindlela zokuthuthukisa ukukhiqiza ukukhiqiza. Ngesikhathi samanje, lokhu kuyisisekelo esiyinhloko sokuthuthuka kwesayensi nezobuchwepheshe. I-informatics esebenzisiwe igcwalisa yonke imikhakha yomsebenzi ngolwazi.

Ikholi ye-informatics ye-theory yukuthuthukiswa kwezinkambiso ezijwayelekile zokusesha, ukucubungula nokugcinwa kolwazi, ukuhlonza ukuthembela ekudalweni nasekuguqulweni kolwazi, ukucwaninga kokuxhumana kwabantu namakhompyutha, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe.

I-Computer Informatics igatsha elifaka izinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo zokucubungula ulwazi, ukudala amamodeli amasha kwezobuchwepheshe bekhompuyutha, ukuhlakanipha okusebenzayo, ama-robot, njalonjalo.

Isakhiwo, ifomu nokulinganisa kolwazi

Izici ezibaluleke kakhulu ulwazi olunezo zakhiwo nezakhiwo. Ukwakhiwa kolwazi yilokho okuchaza izixhumanisi phakathi kwezakhi ezakha ukwakheka kwazo. Impahla eyinhloko yolwazi ihlelekile.

Isistimu iqoqo elinempahla engabonakali kunoma yiziphi izakhi ezifakiwe kulo ngokwehlukana.

Amafomu okumelela ulwazi ahlukile:

• Binary (ulwazi olumelelwa ikhodi yomshini).
• Umsindo.
• Imidwebo (izithombe, imidwebo, imidwebo).
• Umbhalo nophawu (izinhlamvu, izinombolo, izimpawu).
• Ividiyo.

Uma kwenzeka ukuthi ulwazi olufanayo lumelelwa amafomu amaningana, lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi isethulo se-multimedia.

Isimiso sesilinganiso sokwaziswa kuyinto into engabonakali, engaba emazweni amabili ahlukene. Into enjalo ibizwa ngokuthi idambambili noma idambambili. Iqukethe ulwazi lwe-1-bit. Kuvela kuleyunithi yokulinganisa kolwazi ukuthi kune-byte emikhulu, ama-kilobytes, ama-megabytes nokunye okunye. Basebenzisa i-computer yesayensi. Ukunquma inani lemininingwane namuhla kungenye yemisebenzi esemqoka.

I-Informatics neTheknoloji

Ukucabanga ngokushintsha indima ulwazi oluqala ukuyenza ekuphileni kwabantu kungatholakala ezenzweni zesayensi nezenganekwane. Lezi zinguquko zivezwe kanjani?

• Emashumini eminyaka edlule, umuntu angakwazi ukubona ukusheshisa njalo ngesilinganiso sokwanda kolwazi. Ulwazi lwaluthiwa yiwo kuphela umthombo womphakathi ongazange uhambe. Ngenxa yalokho, isivinini esithile sibonakala ezinhlelweni zokucubungula. Ngezinye izikhathi akukho mqondo nje wokuqoqa nokugcina ulwazi, njengoba kungenakwenzeka ukuyiqhathanisa nokuyisebenzisa ngokulinganayo.
• Inani lezinkinga zokuxhumana liye landa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imininingwane enqubo yokudlulisa iphikisiwe noma ilahlekile.
• Kukhona ubunzima obukhulu ngenxa yezindawo, izilimi, izilimi, ukuphatha nezinye izithiyo.
• Ngokuvamile akunakwenzeka ukusebenzisa ulwazi ngomkhuba ngoba kuhlakazeka ngezikhathi ezahlukene emithonjeni ehlukene.

Ezinye izincazelo zesayensi

Umsebenzi owenzelwe ukuxazulula zonke lezi zinkinga kwaholela ekwenzeni isiyalo esizimele sesayensi - isayensi yekhompyutha. Isihloko salo kwakuyisakhiwo semininingwane, ukuziphatha kolwazi ezinkambisweni ezihlukahlukene, izindlela zokuqoqa, ukucubungula, ukugcina nokudlulisa. Isayensi ehlukahlukene kakhulu - yilokho okushiwo i-informatics. E-computer yesayensi, incazelo yalokho konke okushiwo ngenhla kubizwa ngokuthi ubuchwepheshe be-information. Lokhu kwakha akuyona yedwa kuphela. Kukhona nencazelo elandelayo ye-informatics: kuyisayensi ehlola incazelo, ukumelela, ukwakheka nokusetshenziswa kolwazi oluthathwa yi-computer technology. Umgomo wayo ukuthola ulwazi olusha.

Ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "informatics", elichaza insimu yolwazi lwesayensi, akubonakali yonke indawo. E-United States, isibonelo, le nsimu ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-computer yesayensi.

I-Informatics ne-Society

Ubuningi bobuchwepheshe bezokwaziswa yi-sphere ehlukile yesicelo sabo. Lokhu kubangelwa ngokuyinhloko kumuntu wonke jikelele. Uhlangothi oluphambene nalesi sizukulwane yizinkinga eziphakama lapho izincazelo zenziwa khona.

Umphumela wokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bezokwaziswa yizinqubo eziholela ekuqaliseni umphakathi jikelele . Lokhu kusho ukuthi abantu abaningi kakhulu bahileleke emisebenzini ehlobene nomkhakha wolwazi. Emashumini eminyaka edlulile, kuye kwaba nezinguquko ezinamandla ekwakheni i-hardware ne-software yemakethe yezinto zokusebenzisa i-computer. Ivela emakethe yamasevisi nemikhiqizo ibe emakethe yobuchwepheshe.

Konke lokhu okushiwo ngenhla kusikisela ukuthi incazelo ye-informatics iningi kakhulu. Kuyinto isayensi ukuthi ekugcineni abe into ngaphezulu.