Ithebula Kwezikhathi Zawo Turgenev. Life kanye Works of JS Turgenev: itafula lokulandelana kwezikhathi zomlando

Turgenev isiphetho nesithakazelo esikhulu abacwaningi ngoba izenzakalo elihlale angavamile kuhlobane ngokuqondile isiphetho eziyinkimbinkimbi njengezitha zezwe lokhokho. Ngenxa yethalente enamandla wembhali umbhali emhlabeni wonke bakwazi bajwayelane imisebenzi emangalisayo futhi ongenakulibaleka ukuthi langena emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke yomlando. Kwacishe kwaphela ikhulu leminyaka nengxenye esinalo ukumbonga nangokuthuthumela ugcine ezandleni izincwadi ozithandayo ngokuzifaka Turgenev futhi bafunde kuye babe nekhono lokuqonda futhi uzizwe ubuhle benarha lwakhe lwendabuko, inhlonipho ngedumela nokubaluleka inkululeko, njengoba isipho ophakeme.

Ukusetshenziswa itafula lokulandelana kwezikhathi zomlando

Ngo kakhulu kwisifundo sanoma imuphi okuqinisekile zomlando, izigaba impucuko noma lokusungula yobuciko kuvakashe ummeleli wendlunkulu umcwaningi ukuhlela ngempela kudingeka itafula kwezenzakalo. Turgenev okokuqala sesiqala ukuhlola esikoleni, amakilasi izincwadi. Ebangeni lesi-5 - Yindaba umunyu Gerasim futhi Mumu, 6 th - indaba emfushane "Bezhin edlelweni", bese - "The Bear", "Asya", "" First Love "futhi" Tinkondlo e Eyiqiniso ".

Eminyakeni eyalandela thina mbeni ezimbi ngaphezulu okusebenza - amanoveli owanikhipha inkazimulo izincwadi Russian futhi ngek uthando abafundi angaphandle. Yiqiniso, esigabeni ngasinye ukutadisha biography of umbhali, sezwa ngayo amaqiniso ezisiza ukuqonda umsebenzi lo muntu okungavamile kangcono. usizo Esisemqoka kungaba lapha etafuleni biographic ngokulandelana kwazo zonke izenzakalo Turgenev, okuyinto ikuvumela ukuba ahlele idatha, ukuhlonza amaphuzu abaluleke kakhulu nokubonisa Dynamics izenzakalo.

Njengoba imisuka

Turgenev itafula lokulandelana kwezikhathi zomlando lapho sisebenza naye ekilasini esikoleni, yebo, iqala umcimbi main emphilweni phi ntu - kusukela ekuzalweni kwakhe. Lokhu - ukuqala zonke isiphetho olwengeziwe. Wazalelwa umbhali edolobheni lasendulo Russian of orel, October 28 (Novemba 9) e 1818. Okhokho balezi nababe phakathi esidala kunazo zonke ezaziwayo, izikhulu ngofuzo, kanye nendima emlandweni wezwe. okhokho nal futhi akazange ihluke a kwamadoda asebukhosini, kodwa ayecebile. ithebula Kwezikhathi Zawo Turgenev kumelwe nakanjani futhi zihlanganisa inkomba esidlekeni umndeni - Spasskoe- Lutovinovo, eyaba umbhali umthombo uthando olukhulu eRussia kanye inzondo abanothando ukuze serfdom.

Esakhula

umbhali Diaries ukugubha indima ekhethekile empilweni Ivan Sergeyevich unina, Varvara Petrovna Lutovinovo. Lapho ihlanganiswe ithebula iBhayibheli ngohlelo lokulandelana kwezenzakalo Turgenev, tshela kafushane kithi ngalokhu owesifazane kokuvamile impikiswano kuyadingeka. Phela, iningi izici ubunjalo baso, ngisho eziningi izenzakalo zokuphila bukaJehova kubonakala namaqhawe etemibhalo - inkosikazi "Mumu" Glafira Petrovna ka "Isidleke Noble", ugogo "Punin futhi Baburin." Ubunikazi uyise, futhi, ayeyifake ukuphila umbhali uphawu ongenakucimeka wokulingwa. Ngenxa ithebula iBhayibheli ngohlelo lokulandelana kwezenzakalo Turgenev aqambe kafushane mayelana nobuhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwabo, ngoba kutholakala reflection kwezobuciko kwelinye engcono amanoveli lyrical - "Othandweni Okokuqala".

Ezemfundo kanye kuqala izinyathelo kudalwa

1827 - idethi ezibalulekile ezivela okuyinto zashintsha isigubhukane Biography Turgenev. ithebula Kwezikhathi Zawo kuzomele sifake ngoba kulo nyaka umndeni umbhali wathuthela eMoscow. Futhi emva ukuphila komthwalo Manor, nge isendleleni ezimisiwe wokuphila, indilinga lencane labangani asondelene nabo, imfundo ekhaya, kukhona eyokuhlanganyela Ivan Sergeyevich ekubeni khona entsha - edolobheni elikhulu, ezikoleni boarding yangasese, lapho ngaqeqeshelwa yaseyunivesithi.

1833 - Ukwemukelwa University of eMoscow, 1834 - kwisi Petersburg uMnyango ngamazwi ubuhlakani zefilosofi. Phakathi nale minyaka, lo mfundi osemncane iqala ukuzama yena izinkondlo nemdlalo. A lokuqala umhlaziyi yayo Piotr Pletnev iba nisondelene Pushkina. Ukuqhubeka umfundi biography Turgenev (ithebula iBhayibheli ngohlelo lokulandelana kwezenzakalo ke elungisa) kakade phesheya, eJalimane, lapho uthunyelwe 1838. Akukhona nje nefilosofi, kodwa futhi kwesihloko Amathrendi zezombusazwe Western, ujwayele ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo social futhi nokuhlalisana kwabantu ukwenza intuthuko yangempela kumiswa ubuntu Turgenev sika. Holland, eFrance nase-Italy futhi baye kwaba nethonya elikhulu ku-umbhali esizayo. Ukuze le nkathi fanele, nesithombe Turgenev Ivan Sergeyevich wenza isithombe kuye futhi amelwe ukuba ukunakwa kwakho ngezansi (K.A.Gorbunov umbhali, 1838-1839.).

Ukuqashelwa lokuqala

Amazing, izivivinyo for isiqu esiphezulu, isifiso ukufundisa - konke ewela ekuqaleni 40s. Turgenev - uprofesa wefilosofi, kodwa eRussia it is Nicholas uvinjelwe. Futhi ngakho-Ivan Sergeyevich iba olusemthethweni. Futhi ngo-1843 wanyathelisa ezibhalelwe inkondlo "Paracha" - umsebenzi weqiniso Turgenev lokuqala, futhi isivele Okunechashazi okuhleliwe emangalisayo uhlamvu zesifazane, iwine igama kwezincwadi "Turgenev intombazane".

Photo Turgenev Ivan Sergeyevich kuyinto daguerreotype, eyalotshwa cishe eminyakeni mi 1840. Olukhuni, amehlo oneso brows furrowed futhi emseleni ezijulile phakathi kwawo kubonisa ukucatshangisiswa. Ngoba ngokushesha kakhulu, ngo-1847, izindaba, sekuqala ukuvela, okuyinto ke bakha ukuqoqwa owanikhipha nodumo nokuqashelwa umlobi - "Imidwebo", "Mumu" nabanye. Ngakho qiniseka ukuthi uphawu lolo suku nasemgqeni wesikhathi! Phela izindaba Turgenev - encyclopedia wangempela abantu ukuphila, umfanekiso ukuphila ezweni okukhulunywa ngaye, ukudalulwa ubuqili Psychology indoda elula Russian.

Xhumanisa Spasskoye

Igama Umlobi ethathwa umlisa owayebheka serekhodi, futhi wathunyelwa ekudingisweni izindlu umkhaya kuze kube sekupheleni ekwindla 1853. WaseHerzen Akusikho lutho ngokuthi izindaba Turgenev sika "Ukumangalelwa ka serfdom." On isiphetho abagogekile, wabhubhisa amathemba aphazamisa ukuphila etha "Okusajingijolo Water" kanye "Ermolai futhi Miller." "Singers" ubuhle Amazing ngokomoya futhi ithalente abantu kwembulwe umsebenzi. mathonya alimazayo ka serfdom esiyitholayo zonke indaba.

"Amanothi we Hunter" waba umnikelo sokuqala esibalulekile yembhali umzabalazo kungaqedwa ngokumelene ebugqilini okuyihlazo. Ngakho ukuze uthole ukuqaliswa "Hannibal isifungo", lokhu okwamanje Turgenev ebusheni bakhe. Futhi elinye iphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu. Kulezi izindaba kakade wazizwa isandla zeNkosi - Umculi esihle bemvelo Russian, kanye nesitayela amazing, ulimi olucacile, lapho abacwaningi obizwa nangokuthi 'Turgenev. " Enye VG Belinsky baziswa kufanele ithalente kwezincwadi umbhali.

"Unqenqema komunye isidleke"

ukuphila Turgenev sika - yokusesha okuphakade iqiniso, isifiso ukuqonda "ongaqondakali umphefumulo Russian abantu." Anakho ithalente esiyingqayizivele: ukuqaphela, ukuzizwa imibono nje abasafufusa yokucabanga komphakathi, ukubona izinhlamvu ezintsha ukuvela esigabeni emzabalazweni kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe, futhi sizibonise imisebenzi yabo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kumelwe singakhohlwa mayelana logic ngokwengqondo temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba Turgenev futhi izinkondlo of ngendlela yakhe lelandzisako. Nokho - ngothando.

Isihloko uthando ingenye abaluleke kunawo wonke kulo amanoveli yomlobi, kwamaningi amanoveli akhe. Ngiyayithanda ihlola ukubaluleka izinhlamvu zabo, ukuhambisana yabo ne osesikhundleni esiphakeme umuntu. Ngu izimpilo siqu izinhlamvu zawo, Ivan Sergeyevich ziwumthwalo nezidingo elawula kunazo. Kungani becabanga kanjalo? Mhlawumbe, ngoba ukuphila siqu Turgenev savela ngempela kakhulu. Polina Viardo, isiFulentshi opera umculi, baba muse yakhe, iphupho engenakufinyeleleka, nomndeni wakhe kanye ukuphila - ". Isidleke alien" umndeni wakhe kanye nomuzi wakhe, kodwa emaphethelweni Ukuze wakhe ebengalidluliselanga wenza. indodakazi Ngisho lalobhalako, ozalwa egcekeni amantombazane emuva esikhathini ubungqabavu bobusha bakhe, wakhulela emndenini Viardot. Ngokwezinga elithile empilweni Turgenev lahlukaniswa laba halves ezimbili - nangaphambi kokuba ahlangane Paulina nangemva. Ngakho, 1843 kufanele ekhonjiswe umugqa wesikhathi ngisho kule ndaba, isenzakalo esibaluleke kunazo zonke-Ivan Sergeyevich.

Cooperation kanye ikhefu ne "Contemporary"

ithebula ngokulandelana kwazo zonke izenzakalo zokuphila Turgenev sika kufanele kuqhutshwe izibalo ezifana ngawo-1850 - ukuqala umsebenzi Nekrasov "Contemporary", ubungani nokubambisana ngemibono obuhle nezazi yeningi: Nekrasov, Dobrolyubov, Chernyshevsky nabanye. 1855 - ngokubhala "Rudin" inoveli, 1859 - ukuvela "Isidleke Noble", 1860 - ukudalwa kwezinhlobo "olwandulela"; 1862 - nokukhululwa kwe- "Obaba and Sons" inoveli.

Ngamunye imisebenzi wethulwa emphakathini - impendulo yombuzo ngalokho zingaba umlingisi zamanje, ezinhle isibalo somphakathi. Ngo imibono yabo zezenhlalo nezombusazwe umbhali zazivame ukuba Liberals, naye wayekholelwa ukuthi ukuphila eRussia ishintshwa ngokusebenzisa kabusha uhulumeni kanye revolution akazange ayithathe ngobudlova izisulu. Literature, ikakhulukazi Turgenev waphikelela ngokuthi alinaso kwesokudla ukubiza "eRussia ngembazo." On art abasebenzi sinomthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu, ngoba bathuthukisa kumiswa ukwazi komphakathi. A revolution ukwesaba ngeke nilingenise lutho ezinhle kubantu. Kulesi sisekelo, ngo-1860, ubudlelwane nobuholi "Contemporary" ube umbhali sishubile kakhulu, futhi ngo-1861 wayeka ngokuphelele. lolu suku kufanele ngempela eqondiswa iBhayibheli ngohlelo lokulandelana kwezenzakalo isikali Biography of Turgenev.

Ukuphila phesheya

I iphoyinti kwesikhathi entsha emphilweni Ivan Sergeyevich - 1863. Wahamba waya kude, eFrance, uhlala nomkhaya wakhe Viardot, yena ibambisane nomyeni wakhe e-yabezindaba. Kukhona zilotshiwe izinto zakhe engcono yokugcina - inoveli "Intuthu" futhi 'Inhlabathi Virgin, "futhi indaba" Spring Water ". Ekhaya, ngezinye izikhathi eza entwasahlobo, siphawula nokudabuka ashiya insalela isiko esedlule yezikhulu. Kwaba kuphela 1870s, lapho igagasi elisha itjhaphuluko yezenhlalakahle savuka-thakazelo kukho nobabili phakathi umbhali nabafundi bakhe Russian eRussia. Ukufika Ivan Sergeyevich zibonakala emihlanganweni njalo nentsha, udumo lwakhe at kusihlwa tetemibhalo, umenywa ukuba abuyele ekhaya ukuze okuhle. Turgenev sokucabanga ngale ndaba.

"Tinkondlo e Eyiqiniso" futhi ukufa

Phakathi nezinyanga zokugcina 4 iminyaka yokuphila kwakhe ebhaliwe Ivanom Sergeevichem emincanyana encane lyrical eqoqwe iqoqo ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "Tinkondlo e Eyiqiniso". Lesifinyetiwe, yobuciko emfushane, yokucabanga ukujula kakhulu, futhi ukuphelela yokukhuluma. Babé uhlobo isivumo umbhali, idayari yakhe siqu, ukucabanga lembhali, umuzwa, isimo Turgenev. Ngo 1882, umlobi wathola isifo esibi - umdlavuza sokukhubazeka komgogodla. Futhi ngo-August 22, 1883 (Septhemba 3rd) e Buzhevile wayesefa. Buried umbhali eRussia, Petersburg. Lezi idatha ebhalwe phakade nasemgqeni wesikhathi oluchaza.