Life kanye umsebenzi Ostrovsky. Izinyathelo netimphawu lokusungula Ostrovsky

Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky - umlobi odumile Russian wemidlalo, waba elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni ethiyetha kazwelonke. Wasungula isikole esisha imidlalo enengqondo futhi wabhala imisebenzi eminingi emangalisayo. Lesi sihloko sizokusiza wenze uhlaka izinyathelo eyinhloko lokusungula Ostrovsky. Futhi izikhathi eziphawuleka kakhulu umsebenzi wakhe.

ebuntwaneni

Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky, isithombe zazo okwethulwa kulesi sihloko, yazalwa ngo-1823, ngo-March 31, e Moscow, endaweni Malaya Ordynka. Uyise - Nikolai Fedorovich - Nokho wakhulela umpristi emndenini, ephothula eMoscow Theological Academy ngokwayo, awazange akhonze ebandleni. Waba ummeli enkantolo, wahlanganyela kwezentengiselwano kanye zokwahlulela. UNikolai Fedorovich ephethwe wasukuma ukuze elisezingeni kumeluleki titular, futhi kamuva (e-1839) ukuze uthole ukuthinta izicukuthwane kuphela. Umama wemidlalo esizayo - Savvina Lyubov Ivanovna - eyindodakazi le sexton. Washona lapho u-Alexander wayeneminyaka eyisikhombisa nje kuphela ubudala. I umkhaya onezingane eziyisithupha esakhula Ostrowski. UNikolai Fedorovich wakwenza konke izingane zikhula ukuchuma imfundo esezingeni elifanele. Ngemva kweminyaka embalwa ngibelethe Lyubov ukufa washada futhi. Umkakhe waqala ukuba Emilia Andreevna isizinda Ticino, Baroness, indodakazi yenkosi Swedish. Izingane lucky kakhulu nge nosingamama wami: wakwazi ukuthola indlela kubo futhi aqhubeka bahlanganyele imfundo yabantwana babo.

intsha

Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky wachitha esengumntwana enhliziyweni Zamoskvorechye. Uyise wayengumGreki umtapo ezinhle kakhulu, sibonga umfana amaziyo esemncane izincwadi abalobi Russian futhi wazizwa Ukuthanda lokubhala. Nokho, uyise wabona umfana nje ummeli. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1835, u-Alexander wathunyelwa esikoleni Okokuqala eMoscow, ngemva kokuzwa ukuthi wayengumuntu umfundi eMoscow University. Nokho, ukuthola degree umthetho kusukela Ostrovsky ayiphumelelanga. Yena baphikisana uthisha wayishiya phansi iyunivesithi. On iseluleko uyise ka-Alexander ahamba ayokhonza e kumabhalane wenkantolo futhi besebenza kulesi isikhundla iminyaka eminingi.

ngepeni test

Kodwa u-Alexander akuwenzanga imizamo azibonakalise emkhakheni etemibhalo. Ngo kudlala yakhe yokuqala bekatsatsa accusatory, "zokuziphatha nezenhlalo" isiqondiso. Eyokuqala imisebenzi Ostrovsky yashicilelwa uhlelo olusha, "Yedolobha YaseMoscow iGazethi" ngo-1847. Lawa kwakungamadodana imidwebo for the comedy "Uphuthelwe okweletayo" futhi ngabe indzabambhalo "Amanothi Zamoskvoreche umhlali." Ngaphansi ukushicilelwa lisho "A. incwadi O "futhi" D. G. "Iqiniso lokuthi othile Dmitry Gorev sanikeza abasha wemidlalo nokubambisana. Kuye ningagudluzwa ekubhaleni omunye izigcawu, kodwa kamuva kwaba ngenxa Ostrovsky umthombo sezinkathazo ezinkulu. Abanye abagxeki wabe esethi of umqondo womunye wemidlalo. Esikhathini esizayo, kusukela ngothi u-Alexander II bayokhululwa eziningi kudlala enkulu, futhi akekho onesibindi sokungabaza ithalente lakhe. Okulandelayo uzobe wachaza ngokuningiliziwe impilo kanye nomsebenzi we Ostrovsky. Ithebula elingezansi ngeke nokumisa ulwazi.

Impumelelo lokuqala

Kwenzeka nini lokhu? lokusungula okudume kakhulu Ostrovsky wathola ngemuva kokushicilelwa e-comedy 1850 "abantu baKhe - zibaliwe". Lo msebenzi okubangelwa ukubuyekeza sihlonipheke emibuthanweni etemibhalo. Ivan Goncharov nokudlala N. V Gogol sika wanikeza ukuhlolwa omuhle. Nokho, kule emgqonyeni uju kanye got impukane umxhwele lamafutha. abathengisi onethonya eMoscow, ucasuke we ekilasini wakhononda namagunya aphakeme kwi wemidlalo kwakwakhiwa. Umdlalo ngokushesha uvinjelwe ekwakhiweni, umlobi waxoshwa samahhovisi wahambisela isisebenzi ngaphansi esiqinile amaphoyisa kwezobunhloli. Kwathi ku-oda siqu koMbusi Nicholas Yokuqala. Ukugada uyekwa kuphela ngemva ihlala esihlalweni sobukhosi, uMbusi u-Alexander II. A comedy yaseshashalazini izilaleli wabona kuphela ngo-1861, ngemva wavulwa ku ekwakhiweni yayo.

kudlala ekuseni

Early Isebenza A. N. Ostrovskogo wasala zingagadiwe, imisebenzi yayenziwa ezinyatheliswe ngokuyinhloko "Moskvityanin" magazini. Wemidlalo ngenkuthalo wabambisana lolu hlobo futhi njengoba umhlaziyi futhi umhleli eminyakeni 1850-1851. Ngaphansi kwethonya 'abasha yokuhlela abasebenzi "umagazini kanye ideologist oyinhloko kulo mbuthano, AA Grigoriev, u-Alexander wabhala play" Ubumpofu ongenabo ubugebengu, "" ukuhlala isihlibhi akho "," ukuhlala hhayi ngendlela ongathanda ukuba. " Izihloko lokusungula Ostrovsky kule nkathi - the idealization ka wezinzalamizi amasiko Russian lasendulo kanye namasiko. Lezi zisho amazwi komtshina uthulisiwe bokubanga accusatory somlobi. Nokho, umsebenzi walesi umjikelezo iye yandisa amakhono okukhulu kuka-Alexander Nikolayevich. kudlala bakhe baye baba ezidumile ethandwa.

Ukubambisana ne "Contemporary"

Kusukela 1853, isikhathi engamashumi amathathu, u-Alexander Nikolayevich udlala isizini ngayinye siboniswa Maly (e Moscow) kanye Alexandrinsky (Petersburg) ebhayisikobho. Kusukela 1856, umsebenzi Ostrovsky sika njalo embozwe ephephabhukwini "Contemporary" (imisebenzi ephrintiwe). Phakathi nezinxushunxushu nomphakathi kuleli zwe (ngaphambi ukuqedwa serfdom ngo-1861), imisebenzi komlobi waphinda waba onqenqemeni accusatory. Esikhathini play "Ngo ongaziwa idili Hangover" umbhali idale isithombe esihlaba umxhwele Bruskova Thithu Titych, okuyinto owawusekelwe force okwe emnyama despotism yasekhaya. Lapha okokuqala kwakuzwakala igama elithi "engumashiqela", ulungise kamuva lonke igalari izinhlamvu Ostrovsky. Esikhathini ahlekisayo "A Thumela Kuyazuzisa" baba kuyinsakavukela usulu izikhulu prodazhnichestvo. Drama "Le umfundi" kwaba umbhikisho ophilayo ngokumelene udlame olubhekiswe umuntu. Kuzobakhuthaza ezichazwe ngezansi kanye nezinye izinyathelo Ostrowski art. Kodwa impumelelo phezulu kwalesi sikhathi umsebenzi wakhe etemibhalo kwaba idrama ethi "Ukuduma" zenhlalo-ngokwengqondo.

"The Storm"

Kulesi play, "BYTOVIK" Ostrovsky ngesineke umoya zibuthuntu idolobha yesifundazwe zenzisa yayo, asebenzise isihluku, kusho igunya okunjalo "eziphezulu" abacebile. Umehluko ophakathi kweziqu zwe elingaphelele zabantu Alexander limelela isithombe okuthakazelisayo iVolga nemvelo. Ukubona Catherine kubhebhethekiswe ubuhle nezikulu charm elibuhlungu. Ukuduma elifanekisela bekhungathekile ngokomoya Heroine, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo limelela umthwalo wokwesaba, abantu abavamile ehlala phansi kwazo unaphakade. Umbuso balalele ngaphandle kwezizathu ukuqeda nge Ostrovsky, amabutho amabili: ingqondo, ngubani akushumayelayo play Kuligin futhi umphefumulo okumsulwa Katerina. Ngo wakhe "Ray yokukhanya ebumnyameni" Dob umhlaziyi ngokuhunyushwa isithombe umlingiswa oyinhloko njengoba iwuphawu umbhikisho ezijulile, kancane kancane ukukhula kuleli zwe.

Ngalesi play lenyukele ku i lungafinyeleleki ukuphakama lokusungula Ostrovsky. "The Storm" Alexander Nikolayevich benza wemidlalo edume kakhulu futhi ohlonishwayo Russian.

izizathu zomlando

Engxenyeni-1860s yesibili, u-Alexander waqala ukutadisha umlando we Isikhathi Nezinkinga. Waqala ukuxhumana mlando esaziwayo futhi isishoshovu kwezenhlalo UNikolai Ivanovich Kostomarov. Ngokwalolu cwaningo emithonjeni omlobi wemidlalo sina ukuthi lwenziwe Yihhovisi uchungechunge zomlando: "Dmitry le Pretender futhi Vasily Shumsky," "Kozma Minin Zaharich-Sukhoruk", "Tushino". Izinkinga yomlando Russian bachazwa Ostrowski ngobuqili futhi enokwethenjelwa.

nezinye kudlala

Alexander kwaba namanje abaqotho nesihloko esithandayo. Ngo-1860s ebhala eziningi "kwansuku" amadrama kanye nemidlalo. Phakathi kwabo: "Izinsuku Heavy", "Ndawo", "Jokers". Le misebenzi ivikelekile kakade wathola izisusa umbhali. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1860s umsebenzi Ostrovskogo kubhekene inkathi ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo. Ngo idrama yakhe avele izithombe netingcikitsi we eliphuma izinguquko Russia "entsha": wabenza, abathengayo, idlulele moneybags ngamadoda kanye abathengisi "Europeanized". Alexander wadala uchungechunge okhazimulayo amahlaya satirical, okuxosha inkohliso okuthunyelwe-izinguquko izakhamuzi, "Easy Imali," "Zezıhlabane Inhliziyo", "Izimpisi Sheep", "iZihlobo Zasehlathini". Zokuziphatha wemidlalo ekahle kukhona umphefumulo okumsulwa, ababenengqondo: Paracha we "inhliziyo efudumele" Aksyusha ka "Amahlathi". Ostrovsky umfanekiso injongo yokuphila, injabulo kanye nesibopho obusingethwe play "Labor Isinkwa". Cishe yonke imisebenzi u-Alexander II, ebhalwe ngo-1870, eyanyatheliswa ngo "Amanothi we lawobaba."

"Snow Maiden"

Ukubukeka Kuleli vesi play kwaba okungahleliwe ngokuphelele. inkundla encane ngo-1873 savalwa ukulungiswa. abadlali wakhe wathuthela esakhiweni we Bolshoi Theatre. Kule ndaba, iKomitjhini YaseMoscow theater Imperial Ukuphathwa Sinqume ukudala show lapho ezintathu qembu beyobe behileleke: opera, i-ballet nemdlalo. Bhala isiqephu efanayo wathatha Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky. "Snow Maiden" eyabhalwa wemidlalo esikhathini esifishane. Isisekelo umbhali wathatha indaba Russian Folk tale. Nakuba abasebenza play, wakhetha ngokucophelela Ubukhulu zezinkondlo, welulekana archeologists, izazi-mlando, izazi eziningi zasendulo. Umculo abhalelwa play P. abasha I. Chaykovsky. play premiered ngo-1873, May 11, isiphi isigaba sayo yonke le Bolshoi Theatre. K. S. Stanislavsky wakhuluma 'Snow Maiden "njengoba inganekwane, iphupho, watshela izinkondlo elikhulu futhi omuhle kakhulu. Wangitshela ukuthi umuntu okholelwa entweni ekhona okwangempela futhi BYTOVIK Ostrovsky wabhala lokhu play sengathi kuze kube yileso sikhathi akukho isithakazelo, ngaphandle romance okumsulwa kanye izinkondlo.

Sebenza eminyakeni yamuva,

Phakathi nale nkathi, Ostrovsky wabhala comedy abalulekile zenhlalo nezengqondo nemdlalo. Kusitshela ngokugcwele ukuthi kwenzekani edabukisayo umuzwa ezicashile abesifazane onamakhono emhlabeni baphikise self-abanentshisekelo, "Amakhono kanye abayithandayo", "Umlobokazi '. Lapha wemidlalo ithuthukiswe amasu amasha yokukhuluma waseshashalazini, owayazi ukuthi lo msebenzi Antona Chehova. Ukulondoloza izici idrama yayo, u-Alexander wafuna ukuba bathole "ahlekisayo esihle wobuhlakani" "impi engaphakathi kuye" namaqhawe.

imisebenzi yangaphandle

Ngo-1866, u-Alexander wasungula Circle abadumile yobuciko. Kamuva wanika isigaba eMoscow abadlali abaningi abanamakhono. Sahambela Ostrovsky DV Grigorovich, Ivan Goncharov, I. S. Turgenev, P. M. Sadovsky, AF Pisemsky, G. N. Fedotova, M. E. Ermolova, P. I. Chaykovsky , L. N. UTolstoy, ME Saltykov-Shchedrin, IE Turchaninov.

Ngo 1874 idaliwe Society of abalobi Russian amadlingozi opera bomculo eRussia. usihlalo Association Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky sikhethwe. Izithombe ungumuntu odume zomphakathi kwakwaziwa wonke fan of yaseshashalazini eRussia. I Wezinguquko Kwakuwuhambo umzamo umthetho yaseshashalazini ukuphathwa yabukezwa esivuna abaculi, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kakhulu ngcono isimo sabo sezimali kanye nomphakathi.

Ngo-1885, u-Alexander waqokwa inhloko ingxenye repertoire yeshashalazi eMoscow futhi waba inhloko idrama esikoleni.

Theatre Ostrovsky

Aleksandra Ostrovskogo lokusungula kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa kumiswa ethiyetha Russian ngomqondo walo wanamuhla. Wemidlalo nomlobi oye wakwazi ukudala nkundla yakhe esikoleni siqu kanye wonkhe umcondvo zesiteji ekhethekile yamakhonsathi ezigcawugcawu.

Izici lokusungula Ostrovsky yaseshashalazini kukhona ukuntuleka esiphikisayo oyibamba nemvelo futhi ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu ku isenzo play. Esikhathini imisebenzi ka-Aleksandru Nikolayevich zenzeka izenzakalo evamile nabantu abavamile.

Imibono oyinhloko ukuguqula:

• nkundla kufanele esekelwe netimiso (ukwethula ongabonakali "udonga lesine" ehlukanisa izibukeli kusukela abadlali);
• uma usetha play izinga akufanele kube phezu umlingisi owaziwa, futhi iqembu sizwisisane abaculi;
• ubudlelwane nokungaguquguquki abadlali kulimi: izici inkulumo kufanele baveze cishe zonke izinhlamvu amelwe play;
• abantu beza ethiyetha ukubukela umdlalo we abadlali, hhayi ukuze bajwayelane play - bakwati kufundza ekhaya.

Imibono ukuthi necebo umbhali Ostrovskiy Aleksandr Nikolaevich, kamuva Ushintshe M. A. Bulgakovym futhi K. S. Stanislavskim.

ukuphila Siqu

ukuphila komuntu wemidlalo yayingekho ngaphansi ezithakazelisayo kuka umsebenzi wakhe wobuciko. Ku-civil union nge middle class owesifazane elula aphansi ayephila ngoba cishe engamashumi amabili Ostrovskiy Aleksandr Nikolaevich. Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo futhi imininingwane ubuhlobo bomshado yomlobi futhi kumkakhe wokuqala namanje vusa abacwaningi.

Ngo-1847, e St Nicholas Vorobinovskom alley eduze nendlu lapho ayehlala Ostrovsky, wahlala udadewabo ngonyaka nantathu ubudala, intombazanyana - Agafya Ivanovna. Wayengasebenzi umndeni, abangane. Akekho owaziyo lapho ayehlangana nabo nge Aleksandrom Nikolaevichem. Nokho, ngo-1848 abantu abasha, wazala indodana, u-Alex. Kwezimo yokukhulisa izingane siyobona ukuthi kwakungeyona neze, ngakho umfana ibekwe okwesikhashana endaweni yezintandane. uyise Ostrowski sika wathukuthela wagan 'uthukuthele ukuthi indodana yakhe hhayi kuphela waphonsa eyunivesithi ephakemeko, kodwa futhi sihlobene aphansi middle class owesifazane elula abahlala komakhelwane.

Nokho, u-Alexander ukuboniswa ukuqina futhi, lapho uyise nosingamama waya impahla isanda kuthenga Shchelykovo esifundazweni Kostroma, ixazululwe nge Agafya Ivanovna e indlu yamapulangwe.

Umlobi futhi ethnographer SV Maksimov Entela ebizwa kumkakhe wokuqala Ostrovsky "Umfazi uMarta likahulumeni," ngoba kwakuthandeka umbhali ezikhathini ubumpofu obukhulu nokuswela okukhulu. Ostrovsky abangane Agafia Ivanovna kwachazwa ngokuthi indoda ngokwemvelo uhlakaniphile kakhulu futhi inhliziyo. Kuyinto ephawulekayo wayeyazi imikhuba namasiko zokuphila yomthengisi zisithonye ngokuphelele emsebenzini Ostrovsky. Alexander ngokuvamile kuboniswane naye mayelana nokudalwa kwemisebenzi yabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Agafya Ivanovna, umngenisi wezihambi omuhle futhi basamukela. Kodwa emshadweni esemthethweni nge Ostrovsky wakhe hhayi esikhishwe ngisho nangemva kokuba kokufa kukayise. Zonke izingane ezizalwe kule nyunyana, wafa esemncane kakhulu, kuphela indodana endala, umama Alex, kafushane obhekana nazo.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, Ostrovsky kwadingeka nezinye izinto zokuzilibazisa. Wayengumuntu inkanuko ethanda Lyubov Pavlovnu Kositsky-Nikulin, ababedlala Catherine at kudlalwé "Storm" ngo-1859. Nokho, maduzane nje, bekukhona ikhefu siqu: actress wajikijela wemidlalo ngoba umthengisi ocebile.

Khona-ke u-Alexander Nikolayevich kwakukhona ukuxhumana umculi osemusha Vasilyeva-Bakhmet'eva. Agafya Ivanovna ngalokhu, kodwa ngesibindi wazala isiphambano sakhe, wakwazi ukugcina ukuzihlonipha Ostrovsky. Washona ngo-1867, ngo-March 6, ngemuva kokugula isikhathi eside. Alexander akuwenzanga embhedeni wakhe kuze kube sekupheleni. Endaweni yokungcwaba inkosikazi yokuqala Ostrovsky engaziwa.

Eminyakeni emibili kamuva washada wemidlalo-Bakhmet'eva Vasilyeva, wamzalela namadodakazi akhe amabili amadodana amane. Nale owesifazane Alexander ahlala khona waze washona.

umbhali Ukufa

Inkathi nomphakathi kanye nemisebenzi yokudala ayikwazanga ezithinta impilo umbhali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, naphezu iqoqo ezinhle nemidlalo kanye nomuntu impesheni yonyaka ka $ 3 ayizinkulungwane, imali Alexander Nikolayevich njalo siswele. ukukhathazeka Bazophela amandla njalo, umzimba yomlobi ekugcineni kuhlulekile. Ngo-1886, 2 Juni, umbhali washona ngo impahla yakhe Shchelykovo eduze Kostroma. UMbusi u-Alexander III anikezwe wemidlalo emngcwabeni 3000 ruble. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwathi lapho umfelokazi umbhali, wamisa impesheni in inani ruble ayizigidi 3, futhi emfundweni yezingane Ostrowski - ngisho 2400 ruble ngonyaka.

Ukulandelana kwezenzakalo ngokohlelo lwezikhathi

Life kanye lokusungula Ostrovsky kungenziwa kafushane uboniswa itafula kwezenzakalo.

Izenzakalo zigcwele ukuphila futhi lokusungula Ostrovsky. Ithebula olukukhombayo sigameko ezinkulu emphilweni umbhali, kuzosiza baqonde kangcono yomlando wakhe. ifa Omangalisayo Alexander Nikolayevich babenesibindi esikhulu. Little Theatre kodwa lapho ukuphila umculi omkhulu sika sabizwa ngokuthi "ikhaya Ostrovsky," futhi-ke kusho okuningi. Ukudala Ostrovsky, incazelo emfushane okuyinto ebekwe kulesi sihloko, kubalulekile ukuba silifunde ngokuningiliziwe.