Isithuthi - kuyini? Izinhlobo kanye nezimoto injongo

Ukuhamba kwabantu nokuhanjiswa kwezimpahla - isidingo ngokuphelele ngenxa umphakathi. Eyisebenzisa, kukhona amathuluzi akhethekile - ezokuthutha. Kuyini yena uthanda ngisho ingane uyazi. Noma kunjalo, lokhu kwakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi kudinga ukuqonda ngokuphelele.

Umcabango

Ngokombono indlela olunzulu, ngokuthi umqondo kungabonwa kanje:

1. Uquqaba izindlela akhona ezihambayo.
2. Wemboni komnotho ukukhiqizwa.
3. System Kuhlangana kwawo onkhe izindlela zezokuthutha kanye nengqalasizinda ehlobene.

Ngomqondo generalized zokuthutha kuba:

• isixhumanisi phakathi emadolobheni, amazwe futhi amazwekazi;
• ingxenye eyinhloko ezingumphumela womkhiqizo;
• kusho ukuhamba kwabantu, kanye nokunikeza nabo izimpahla ezibalulekile.

Njengoba ukukhiqizwa umkhakha, kuba:

• into zomsebenzi - traffic uqobo;
• kusho zomsebenzi - kaloliwe;
• umsebenzi okuqhubekayo - ukuphathwa.

imisebenzi

Ikhumbula isidingo ngokuphelele ngoba, Ezokuthutha wangena yonke imikhakha yempilo. Kuyinto esivela ezihlukahlukene nemisebenzi:

1. Economic. Kusebenza njengomnyombo izindlela zomsebenzi ekukhiqizeni nokunakekelwa namaminerali isimo: uwoyela, igesi, amalahle, imikhando namatshe ayigugu. Senza sikwazi futhi iyatholakala ukukhiqiza ezikhethekile kanye ukubambisana kwazo. Kuyinto isixhumanisi labalulekile eluLwimi ukuhweba ezifuywayo international zanoma yiliphi izwe.
2. Komphakathi. It kuzibonakalisa amathuba ukuphila, basebenze badlale izingxenye ezihlukahlukene kuleli dolobhana, izwe, kuleli zwekazi, iplanethi kanye yokuncishiswa umuntu ukusebenza.
3. ukubaluleka Cultural yikhono bashintshisane nakho kanye namagugu, vakashela noma yiziphi izindawo elicebe ngamasiko, ukwengeza imisebenzi emisha yobuciko.
4. Iqhaza sezombusazwe ukusungula kwamaZwe nokurhwebelana.
5. Military - ukuqinisekisa ibutho kungenzeka ukunyakaza okunokuthula futhi ahlomile, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kanye nokudla.

Ngakho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi hlobo nezici, ezokuthutha kuyingxenye ebalulekile kuhulumeni kanye nomphakathi.

ngezigaba

Zonke izindlela ezikhona yezokuthutha zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili main: medium imisebenzi esemqoka, endaweni service.

Kuye imvelo, kukhona amaqembu elandelayo nezinhlobo:

1. Ground: wesitimela, isondo.
2. Underground (ongaphansi komhlaba).
3. Air (emoyeni).
4. Isikhala.
5. Amanzi futhi kwamanzi.
6. Pipeline.

Ngu ubunjalo emkhakheni service, ababonakali ngezikhundla:

1. Ezokuthutha umphakathi.
2. Ekhethekile Yesikhathi injongo izimali.
3. ukusetshenziswa siqu Real.

yezokuthutha umphakathi inikeza iqoqo kaloliwe for ukuhamba kwezimpahla kanye nabagibeli, okuhloswe ngaso ekusebenziseni ethize ukuze imisebenzi yabo kwezomnotho, ezenhlalo, amasiko, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kwezombusazwe.

Imihlobo ebaluleke kakhulu ongakhetha zokuhamba zomphakathi zibandakanya wesitimela, umgwaqo, amanzi, umoya kanye ezokuthutha iphayiphi. Kuyini ngamunye amaqembu limelela, sizobheka esilandelayo.

Elidonswa kanye nehhashi ezokuthutha

Cartage tranport angabhekwa sibonelo kuzo zonke izimoto umhlaba. Kusukela endulo ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX, ke wenza yonke imisebenzi elihambisana wamanje ezokuthutha wemboni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wakhonza khona njengenceku Umfutho ngezindlela ezingaphezu ubuchwepheshe isihambile futhi ithele ukuhambisa yizimpahla futhi abagibeli.

Kuye izici indawo, eziqhutshwa amahhashi, izimbongolo, izinkabi, izindlovu, izinyamazane, izinja, namakamela. Izilwane esetshenziselwa ogibele noma usetshenziswe kokuthutha amaloli, izinqola, amakalishi.

Horse ezokuthutha esetshenziselwa off-road (izintaba, izingwadule, ehlathini) - izilwane nge amaphakethe ezinkalweni zabo kwakungokomnikelo ngezintambo.

With ukuthuthukiswa ujantshi komgwaqo, kancane kancane laphuma operation yomphakathi ngokuya ezingavamile ukusebenzisa kwangasese.

ezokuthutha amanzi

Amanzi olwandle ezokuthutha - futhi waqala endulo, ebhekisela emuva III-II yeminyaka BC .. e., futhi kuyindlela kuphela nokuqhuba ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba kanye namazwe ukunqoba kwezilwandle.

Namuhla, it is basakaza phezu kolwandle emfuleni. zako zifaka:

• amandla engabizi kuka e ujantshi komgwaqo;
• asikho isidingo ukuze kwakhiwe tindlela tekuchumana;
• kungenzeka ezokuthutha non-esiphuthumayo imithwalo besiyoba sikhulu olude, kanye, lapho kuba ukwakhiwa eziyinkimbinkimbi noma kwayona kwamabhuloho.

nemibi:

1. Kuye izimo sezulu.
2. Speed okuphansi.
3. Izindleko eziphezulu zokuthola izidingo ukwakhiwa kwamachweba kanye echwebeni.
4. Amathuba anqunyelwe cross-emfuleni emifuleni.

Isici esibalulekile ekuphatheni imisebenzi kuyinto isidingo ukubandakanywa izindlela eziningana ezokuthutha kwelinye port izindawo, okungukuthi, imigwaqo emikhulu nojantshi bezitimela.

izitimela

Ingabe yizimpahla futhi abagibeli, ogxile ukuhamba kaloliwe ku izindlela wahlomisa ngokukhethekile - komzila. zako:

1. Universality, kungakhathaliseki izimo zezulu, nokwethembeka.
2. wezimpahla High nomgibeli umthamo evumela ekubonile ukunyakaza notshwala enkulu in ngezikhathi ezincane isikhathi.
3. The kungenzeka ukudiliva ngqo kusuka umenzi, esifanele ukufinyelela imizila.
4. isivinini Good.
5. Comfort umgibeli uhambo.

Uma sicabangela izinhlobo ezokuthutha wezimpahla, ujantshi ethuthuka izikhundla okuholela zokuthutha akuyona eyigugu, wezimpahla oversized, kuhlanganise izinkuni, okusanhlamvu, amalahle, izinto zokwakha, imikhiqizo ye uwoyela umkhakha. Uma kudingekile, faka i-containerization.

nemibi:

1. Sokutshalwa nokuba yinkimbinkimbi ukwakhiwa ubunjiniyela kwemizila, impahla kaloliwe.
2. Isiqondiso elinganiselwe Railways aqondisa futhi ukunyakaza ngesikhathi esisodwa ukwakhiwa eziningana.
3. Cishe njalo kudinga ukubandakanyeka kwangaphambilini noma okwalandela izimoto ibonakala izindleko sezizonke.
4. Ubunzima yokulayisha athula.
5. zokuthutha International ngokuvamile thiya umehluko ithrekhi ububanzi.

Cargo inzuzo ezomhlaba 40-50% eRussia kanye 15-20% - ezimakethe zomhlaba. Okufana umgibeli eRussia ingu-30%, kanye 10 - bonke emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke, esebenza kahle futhi enokwethenjelwa zokuthutha.

Uyini esitimela umusi - aziwa okhokho bethu. Namuhla, ngekusasa lakhe - ngoba kukagesi nojantshi bezitimela. Yesimanje Railways, impahla kaloliwe kanye isingeniso olunzulu nobuchwepheshe ngesivinini - ukuba nombono ongafani ngeke ezinzile ukwandisa inzuzo umkhakha.

imoto

izithuthi zomphakathi embonini yezimoto - kakhulu mobile, tech futhi eziqhutshwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kuba izimoto siqu, akhethekile zeminyango kanye nengqalasizinda wabo. I isabelo Russian yizimpahla emgwaqweni kuyinto% 4-6 kuphela zomhlaba - 8-10%. Tekutfutsa bagibeli eRussia hlala 30-40% azo zonke okuqhubekayo, kuyilapho emhlabeni - 70-75%.

Izinzuzo:

1. Mobility, kungenzeka ukudiliva ngqo, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa Lesisemkhatsini zinhlobo ukunyakaza.
2. Inzuzo e ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla eyigugu, usengozini futhi ezibhubhayo, kuhlanganise amavolumu encane.
3. Indlela kwezidingo kokudla, kuhlanganise e zindawo ezikude.
4. A ezihlukahlukene izimoto kwi ethwele amandla nomzimba hlobo.
5. isivinini Good, izindleko ongaphakeme kanye kalula umgibeli ukunyakaza.
6. Ubulula izindlela.

nemibi:

1. Amandla ngegalelo, umthelela omubi kwezemvelo.
2. High zokukhiqiza izindleko.
3. A umthamo ezincane, lapho beqhathaniswa nalabo ababefundiswe yezinye izinhlobo.
4. Izinga ubuncane umgibeli induduzo.
5. Iziqu abalulekile zokukhandleka bohlu kweqa.
6. Bethembela ukuhambisana ukuphepha traffic. EBukhoneni izingozi Ukuphumula futhi ezengeziwe dolobha ukulahlekelwa ezihlobene.

Tekutfutsa bagibeli cishe isigamu imelelwa imoto. Uhlala enguye umholi phakathi ongakhetha ukunyakaza ngaphakathi endaweni kanye nezwe. Ukuze ngamazwe, futhi InterContinental ikakhulukazi esetshenziswa loliwe, emanti noma emoyeni.

emoyeni

Airplanes nezindiza ezinophephela emhlane - impumelelo eliphakeme yomuntu, kokubili ngokoqobo futhi ngokomfanekiso, kakhulu lula isixazululo imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ezinye zazo yilezi: ikhambo olude ngesivinini, ukulethwa kwemithi nosizo zosizo izindawo nezinhlekelele zemvelo nezingozi, ukuqaliswa imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi ukwakhiwa, nemililo, ukuthuthwa kwabantu ngenxa yengozi, ezolimo njalonjalo.

Izinzuzo:

1. esinejubane.
2. Izinga ehloniphekile enduduzo abagibeli.
3. The kungenzeka ethutha izimpahla eziwusizo kanye okonakalayo.
4. Akudingi ukwakhiwa zokuxhumana.

nemibi:

1. Ukuphepha okuphansi.
2. Isidingo ziqu eliphezulu kakhulu abashayeli bezindiza futhi abalawuli.
3. Meteozavisimost.
4. Capital olunzulu futhi ukukhiqiza izindleko.
5. I ukulinganiselwa yezokuthutha.

Ngaphezu izingozi abalulekile kanye nezindleko high, u-20% emhlabeni jikelele umgibeli traffic.

iphayiphi

I iqoqo imigudu ijabulise nokuhamba uketshezi futhi gases "izimpahla" ungumuntu eside ibanga iphayiphi ezokuthutha. Ngalo, ukunikeza ukunikezela inter-zesifunda, ngamazwe InterContinental uwoyela negesi. Umsebenzi wenziwa esebenzisa umehluko ingcindezi ohlelweni nomthethonqubo yayo, ngokulandelana, abasebenzi ezokuthutha emelelwa abaphathi kanye netindvuna izinto.

Izinzuzo zihlanganisa manufacturability, ukusebenza nokutholakala ngaso sonke isikhathi. I yokuntula - izimfuno eliphezulu kwezokuphepha kanye nokuhambisana, ukulawula okuqhubekayo of focus ewumngcingo kohlelo.

Ingabe kudingekile kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuphila okunethezekile sabantu, ngenxa ukusebenza kwawo kuxhomeke kulokho kungenzeka ukupheka lula, kanye nezinga ezifudumeza izindlu phakathi nenkathi ebandayo.

Uhlelo ezibaluleke kakhulu kunoma yimuphi umphakathi izithuthi. Sinjani isimo ngaphandle endaweni kanye labantu, ngaphandle umkhakha, amagugu amasiko kanye namathuba travel? He is ngaphakathi kweengazi zanoma yiliphi izwe nezwe lonke. It izinhlekelele zemvelo, kodwa futhi ukuthi kungenzeka sokusindisa isintu.