Isiqu yilokho? I-plant stem: isakhiwo, imisebenzi

Escape - ingxenye yangaphakathi kwanoma yisiphi isitshalo. Iqukethe ingxenye ye-axial - i-stem, kanye neshidi elilodwa. Yisitshalo esisebenzela njengendawo yenyama emkhathini kanye nokuthuthwa kwezinto. Yiziphi izici zesakhiwo ezivumela lesi sigaba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izitshalo zikhona yini?

Kuyini isiqu?

Isiqu siyi-axis ye-shoot, ingxenye ephakathi nendawo eyisisekelo. Ngendlela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kwavela njengento ebalulekile ekutshenzisweni kwezitshalo endaweni yokuhlala yasemhlabeni. Ngenxa yokubukeka kwezicubu zomzimba, izitshalo zitshalo zazikwazi ukutholakala endaweni. Uhlelo olusungulwe lokuqhuba izicubu lubangele inqubo yokuqhutshwa kwamanzi okuqhubekayo kusukela enhlabathini nasezinto eziphilayo ezivela ezingxenyeni ze-photosynthetic.

Imisebenzi ye-stem

Kodwa isitshalo akuyona nje isitho, okuyinto skeleton skeleton zezitshalo futhi inikeza currents ekhuphuka futhi wehla izakhi ezidingekayo. Isibonelo, ezitshalweni eziphakeme ze-spore, i-horsetails, i-chlorophylliferous. Futhi ku-cacti ukwandisa kakhulu usayizi, ukugcina amanzi. Inqubo ye-photosynthesis nayo iqhutshwa yilesi sitho, njengoba amaqabunga alesi sitshalo aphenduke izinaliti ukuze alahlekelwe umswakama omncane.

Esigabeni ngasinye akukhona amaqabunga kuphela, kodwa futhi nezinso. Lawa yizitho zesikhathi esizayo ezisencane. Ziyimifino futhi zikhiqiza. Owokuqala uveza izitho zemifino yezitshalo - amaqabunga namahlumela. Okwesibili uqukethe izakhi zomuthi okhiqizayo, oqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa ngokobulili - imbali.

Isakhiwo sangaphandle se-stem

Esimweni, nge-iso isobala, kulula ukubona izindawo lapho amaqabunga afakwe khona noma izibazi abashiya ngemuva. Abizwa ngokuthi ama-nodes. Futhi ibanga phakathi kwabo yi-internodes. I-stem neqabunga leqabunga lidala i-angle - i-axillary yeqabunga. Kuwo kukhona izinso ze-axillary (lateral). Ngenxa yabo, amagatsha okudubula. Ukuphakama kokukhula kunikezwa amahlumela we-apical esitshalo.

Emvelweni, ngokuvamile kukhona ukuguqulwa kwesitembu. Zinezici ezifanayo zesakhiwo, kodwa ngokubukeka zibukeka zihlukile. Isibonelo, i-rhizome ye-peppermint inezinhlobo ze-internodes ezanele futhi, uma ingaphansi komhlaba, igcina isitshalo sikhona isikhathi eside.

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi

Imisebenzi ye-stem ingenxa yezici ezibalulekile zesakhiwo sangaphakathi. Ngaphandle komzimba ukumboza amangqamuzana amathishu okumboza. Bangaphila (ikhasi) noma bafile (isikhala). Zivikela okuqukethwe kwe-stem kusuka ekulimaleni komshini.

Ikhasi likhona ezitshalweni ezincane, iminyaka engadluli ngonyaka owodwa. Kuwo kukhona izakhiwo ezikhethekile - stomata, ngenxa yalokho ukushintshaniswa kwegesi kwenzeka.

Kamuva lezi zicubu eziphilayo zifakwa esikhundleni se-multilayer cork, futhi i-stomata ithathelwa indawo encane ye-lenticulus. Njengoba lesi sitshalo sikhula, ubukhulu bayo buyanda. Ihlinzeka ngempumelelo umsebenzi wokuzivikela, ngoba amaseli ayo afile ayinalutho, umoya kuphela ukhona kuwo. Ngokubambelela komunye nomunye, bakha umkhawulo omkhulu ekubambeni izinto ezimbi ezingokwemvelo: izinsiza ezincane eziyingozi, uthuli. Ukuphefumula ngokweqile.

Isendlalelo esilandelayo simelwe amagxolo. Iqukethe amaseli we-sitoid kanye namaseli omngane ahlinzeka ukunyakaza nokugcina izinto. Emgqeni owodwa kukhona ama- bast fibers - izakhi zamathiskhi omshini, okwenza isitembu sibe namandla. Kuyimbonga kubo ngesikhathi sezinti zezihlahla ezinamandla kunazo zonke ezihlala zingalimala.

Okulandelayo yizicubu ezifundiswa kamuva ze- stem - cambium, ngenxa yokuthi isitshalo sikhula ngobuningi, ngezinye izikhathi sifinyelela ubukhulu obukhulu. Ikakhulukazi umsebenzi wabo entwasahlobo nasehlobo.

Ingxenye enkulu ye-stem yizinkuni. Ukuqhuba izinto zalesi sigaba izinto zokuthutha, imishini - inikeza amandla, futhi igcina main izinto ezidingekayo. Lolu ungqimba lukhulu kakhulu, lukhulu futhi lubaluleke kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwabantu emisebenzini yalo yezomnotho.

Phakathi nendawo kukhona amangqamuzana asemqoka, amakhulu futhi avulekile abenza umsebenzi wokugcina.

Izinhlobonhlobo

Ukuma kwe-axis yokuphunyuka futhi indawo yayo esikhaleni ingahluka kakhulu. Izitshalo eziningi ziye zakha iziqu. Bethandwa elangeni ngamathisikhi athuthukile athuthukile kanye nesimiso, esiqinisa isitshalo emhlabathini. Iziqu ezinjalo zingase zibe yi-lignified noma zihlale zihlaselwa yi-herbaceous.

Izidakamizwa nokunamathela izitshalo zivumela abanikazi bayo ukuba basheshe bahlakulele amasimu amasha, bachithe ezinye izitshalo. Zinezinto ezikhethekile zokukhiqiza izitshalo, isibonelo, isobhoji samadevu. Kodwa u-ivy ngosizo lwamathrekhi akhethekile angakhula ngisho nasezindaweni eziqondile kanye nezamatshe. I-stling stalk of hops ifaka noma yikuphi ukusekelwa, ukuqonda indawo ehloniphekile ye-photosynthesis.

Ukuma kwesibalo sabameleli bomhlaba wesitshalo kungahlukahluka. Ngakho-ke, ku okusanhlamvu kuhlanganisiwe, futhi ezindaweni ezinotshani yi-triangular. Abamele imindeni i-Umbrella ne-Pumpkin inesiqu esingenalutho.

Iyini i-trunk?

Kunezinhlobo zokuphila eziningana zezitshalo: utshani, izihlahla nezihlahla. Lezi zinsuku zihlukaniswa ngokukhona kwesimo esisodwa esithuthukile. Ukuhlukaniswa kwamangqamuzana eqoqo lamathisamu e-lateral yemfundo - i-cambium - iholela ekuqiniseni kwe-axis yokudubula nokubunjwa kwesiqu.

Amaseli e-Cambium ahlukaniswe njalo ngonyaka, enza uhlaka lwe-thickness ethile - izindandatho zonyaka. Ngombalo wabo, unganquma ukuthi iminyaka yesitshalo.

Okungaphezulu kakhulu

Esithombeni esingezansi - isiqu somuthi omkhulu emhlabeni - sequoia. Isiqu salowo omele umhlaba wezitshalo singafinyelela ukuphakama kwama-80 m.

U-Sequoia General Sherman naye uyisibindi eside. Cishe, ubudala bakhe cishe iminyaka engu-2500.

Iningi lazo zonke amanzi ligcinwe yisiqu se-baobab. Lo muthi ubukhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ebhincini lesiqu. Kodwa isiqu se-orchid sinamamitha angu-0.5 ubude, kanti sincane kakhulu.

Ukuguqulwa

Kuye ngokuthi yimiphi imisebenzi isakhi esenzayo, singathola izici ezintsha zesakhiwo, senze ukuguqulwa kwesitembu. Lezi zihlanganisa i-tuber tuber. Iqukethe isitshalo esiqinekile esinamaqabunga e-vegetative, okuthiwa i-ocelli. Ngendlela, izilimo eziyizigaxa akuzona nje komhlaba, njengamazambane okukhulunywe ngenhla kanye nezwe eliphansi - i-artichoke yaseJerusalema. Iklabishi kohlrabi yakha i-tuber engaphezu komhlaba, ecebile ngamaminerali abalulekile.

Ukuguqulwa kwesitshalo yi-wheatgrass, i-physalis ne-lily yesigodi. Zibizwa ngokuthi ama-rhizomes. Ezingxenyeni zabo ezide eside kukhona amaqabunga amaqabunga nezinso, okuvela kuzo izimpande ezitholakalayo namaqabunga aluhlaza amahlumela.

Isiqu futhi i-bulb ye-garlic, i-lily ne-tulip. Isithombo sabo esicubile nesingaphansi kokuthuthukiswa kuthiwa amaDonets. Uhlelo lwezitshalo zezitshalo ezinjalo luyakhathazeka, olumelelwa isisindo sezimpande zokufinyelela. Kusuka ezinsweni ezisezansi, amaqabunga akhula. Bangaba nezinhlobo eziningana. Ngakho-ke, ama-anyanisi anamaqabunga amnandi futhi anamafutha avikela omile futhi acwebezelayo. Futhi ngokufika kwezimo ezinhle, ihlumela elincane eliluhlaza likhula kusuka ezinsweni.

Ukuguqulwa nakho kusetshenziselwa ukusakazwa kwezitshalo zezitshalo. Isibonelo salokhu kuyamadevu we-strawberry. I-Antennae yekhukhamba isiza lesi sitshalo ukuba sinamathele ekusekeleni, okuvumela ukuba kube nesimo esihle kakhulu esikhaleni maqondana nelanga.

Indlela yokuvikelwa yameva, eliphakathi kwe-barberry ne-hawthorn. Lezi zihlahla zidumile ngezithelo zawo ezinombala okhanyayo, izilwane eziningi ezinjengokudla. Izihlahla ezihlabayo azivumeli ukuba zenze lokhu, kanti izithelo zihlala zivuthwa emagatsheni.

Isiqu singumzimba obaluleke kakhulu ekutshalweni kwemifino. Umuntu uyayisebenzisa emisebenzini yezomnotho, ngokhuni yenza izinto zasendlini. Ukuguqulwa okuningi kwehlumela kuyasetshenziselwa ukudla, kusetshenziselwa ukhiqizwa kwezitshalo, okwenza ukwanda kwezitshalo eziningi.