Ngokuvikela isithunzi, udumo nedumela. Civil Code, Article 152

Gcwele ntu has isithunzi nodumo. Ziyakwazi ubuntu izimpahla nolimi. Izakhamizi ubuye ube nedumela futhi ibhizinisi. Kumiswa It is ngokuhamba nemisebenzi yabo kwezomnotho. Sokuthakazelelwa futhi sibe nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho. Konke lokhu izinzuzo avikelekile ngokomthetho.

Umqondo nobukhulu

Ukuze uthole ukuhlolwa ngabanye elisungulwe ngokwemigomo namazinga kwezenhlalo kanye nezimiso zokuziphatha. Ngemva igama elithile izimfanelo zomphakathi nezingokomoya. Kulokhu, inhlangano ngayinye has umqondo ayo ngokujulile ukubaluleka kwaso. Ibizwa ngokuthi isithunzi. It is obonwa isimo kuwo wonke amalungu we umphakathi ngokulinganayo. Imiqondo besithunzi nodumo kunqunywa sengqondo ngale ndaba njengoba okubaluleke kakhulu. Lezi zigaba khona ubuhlobo obuseduze naye. Buhle osebenza njengokuvimbelayo kuveza ezithile udumo njengesitsha kokuhlaziywa kwamathenda umphakathi ukwazi mayelana nale ndaba. Ndawonye, isigaba organic akhiwa integrally, kokunikeza okufakiwe yomuntu.

ibhizinisi idumela

Kubantu ke kunqunywa ezingeni neziqu professional, futhi izinhlangano ezingokomthetho - ngokuya ukukhiqizwa kanye neminye imisebenzi ngokwezomnotho ngokulandela isimo salo ngokomthetho ngo kohlaka ubudlelwane emakethe. Okuqukethwe elithi "idumela" ngokuyinhloko kuvumelana nencazelo udumo. Nokho, okokuqala sibonakalisa ikakhulukazi professional, amakhono ebhizinisi, kanti eyesibili - isikhalo sokuziphatha ngaphezulu.

ukwesekwa zokulawula

Izigaba ngenhla zihlobene nezinhlinzeko zomthetho. kuncike ngamunye unelilungelo yokuvikelwa udumo, kungenza ngihlonipheke futhi ibhizinisi idumela. Okuvumelekile noma ukulahleka lezi zinzuzo kuholele ukwehla isimo ukufakwa ubudlelwane bayo nabanye izinto. Kule ndaba, ukuvikelwa civil-umthetho udumo, kungenza ngihlonipheke futhi ibhizinisi idumela iyona esicini esibaluleke kunazo zonke inqubomgomo yezenhlalakahle isimo. Ngaphansi kohlaka uhlelo lomthetho, lezi zigaba ziphathwa njengoba izinzuzo angaphatheki , futhi njengoba amathuba akhethekile subjective.

ubuntu

Kuchaza e ngandlela-thile degree isimo sabantu emphakathini, ibonisa ubuhlobo babo esimweni. ngesihloko ngasinye sinikezwe ezithile, amalungelo ngokokuziphatha nangokomthetho, futhi kwezomnotho lezombusazwe. Zibonisa isimo salo zomthetho. Lamalungelo ukukhonza njengoba izakhi yomthetho. Yena, kuyinto impahla ethile ngamunye. Ilungelo lokuhlonishwa, nodumo nezinye izinzuzo angaphatheki babhekwa njengabantu ngokuphelele. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwaso bunikezwa kuyimfanelo isibalo esingavezwanga abantu. Kuyinto ukuba uyeke konke ukuhlaselwa phezu udumo, idumela elihle nesithunzi tesifundvo. Lo mthwalo livikeleke yomthethosisekelo kanye nezinye zomthetho. Endabeni ka ukwephulwa kwemithetho enikeziwe Noma kunalokhu kuvikeleka kwezomthetho udumo, kungenza ngihlonipheke futhi ibhizinisi idumela.

esibalulekile

Ilungelo ukuhlonipha, idumela nesithunzi, kanye nezinye izinzuzo ze-non-impahla asingethwe uMthethosisekelo, zibaluleke okusetshenziswa izifundo uma ukuhlukumeza hhayi kuphela, kodwa ngaphandle ebhekisele kuye ethi. Ngezinye Vesting kwanoma ethile noma ibhizinisi eline-amathuba isimo inikeza izindlela zokuzivikela ezanele uhlelo. Lwenza isimo lapho ukugcwaliseka nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo.

ngezigaba

Ngo komthetho we-civil isikhundla fixed ukuthi inkululeko inalienable namalungelo, izinzuzo angaphatheki zivikelwe kwezinkambiso zomthetho, ngaphandle uma kulandela kusukela zihlale ziphilile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Art. 150 we Code Civil ichaza uhlu lwezigaba futhi lubahlukanise ngemacembu 2. Ngokuvamile efakwe izimpahla ezingaphatheki ukuthi ithengwe force:

• lokuzalwa (abantu ngabanye) noma ukudala (izinhlangano ezingokomthetho);
• umthetho.

Umthetho wangaphambili libabiza ezempilo, isithunzi, ubuqotho, ukuphila, idumela, nodumo, umndeni kanye nobumfihlo siqu, ibhizinisi idumela. Lezi zigaba khona, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isiqondiso labo elisemthethweni. Ngokuvikela isithunzi, udumo nedumela mayelana nale ndaba, kanye nezinye izinzuzo okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla Kwenziwa kuphela endabeni ukuhlaselwa kwabo. Iqembu lesibili kuhlanganisa nokukhohliswa kukhethwa domicile futhi yokuhlala, ukuhamba ngenkululeko nokunye. Zenza amalungelo njengoba subjective endaweni maqondana ethile. Ngakho, alawulwa amalungiselelo angokomthetho.

I ngokucacile of ukuvikelwa okungezona impahla ingcebo

Kukhona imithetho ethize ukuthi imibandela elawula Ukuvikelwa udumo, kungenza ngihlonipheke futhi ibhizinisi idumela. Isihloko esikumagazini i ngazo esasingahlala, inquma inqubo isiyonke ukugcwaliseka iziqinisekiso isimo ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa lezi zinto. Ngokwesibonelo, lokhu kusebenza futhi nokusabalalisa ulwazi, a ukunyundela umuntu. Ngokusho Art. 152 CC RF, isihloko kungadinga ukuphikisa. Kulokhu, umuntu kudalulwe imininingwane zingase zikugweme ukuthululela ecaleni uma nje ingakwazi ukufakazela ukuthi ukwaziswa kulungile. Eqinisweni art. 152 we Code Civil, ikhono zidinga ukuphikisa kwenzeka kuphela maqondana ukumlulaza idatha. Kuhle kokusho ukuthi lolu vuko lwenzeka kungakhathaliseki indlela ukudalulwa. Ngesicelo abathintekayo ukuphikisa kungenzeka ngemva kokufa. Isithunzi akufanele idale umonakalo hhayi kuphela umuntu ngokwakhe, kodwa futhi nomkhaya wakhe, kanye nabanye ababambiqhaza of ubudlelwano. Sivumele isishaya-mthetho banephupho nenani elinganqunyiwe eliku-kubamangali elivumelekile, usebenzisa amagama evamile "ngesicelo abathintekayo."

Ngokucacile of Ukuphika

Ulwazi ayihambisani Empeleni, kungahle kushicilelwe abezindaba. Ngakho, kumelwe ngawo atholakala engenabufakazi. Uma lokho kwaziswa kunoma isiphi umbhalo, kufanele kuhoxiswe noma ushintshwa ngomunye. Icacisa oda okuchitha ulwazi kwezinye izimo ezihlobene izinqumo wamakhotho. Ngokusho Art. 152 we Code Civil, isihloko, maqondana nalapho idatha abezindaba ayihambisani ngokoqobo, unekhono ukushicilela impendulo, zaziyiswa. Kufanele kuqashelwe iphuzu elibalulekile. Kulesi kuyinsakavukela libhekisela Imininingwane enyundela nodumo, isithunzi, idumela nedatha, aphula amalungelo nezifiso isihloko. Esimweni sokuqala lwathola ukuthi indaba ecatshangwe ishicilelwe kwabezindaba efanayo, futhi okwesibili - umuntu unekhono ukushicilela impendulo yakho.

imithetho Jikelele

Ngokusho Art. 208 we Code Civil nezidingo ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo angaphatheki asisebenzi yisimiso ukulinganiselwa, ngaphandle kwalapho kunezimo eshiwo umthetho. Uma ungakwazi ukubona umuntu eqonda Imininingwane yokunyundela, isisulu ongafaka isicelo ukuqashelwa iqiniso layo. Uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka kuncike bebophekile ngesinqumo esithathwe esivuna isisulu, inkantolo ingakhipha sithi isigwebo yemali. Usayizi nokuhleleka iqoqo Kumiswa ngokuhambisana Ikhodi of Civil Inqubo. Umthetho ubuye umise ukuliliswa impahla kanye zokuziphatha ukuze isisulu, sekuvele ngenxa ukusabalala ukumlulaza idatha yayo.

okutholakele

Ngakho, ukuvikelwa udumo, kungenza ngihlonipheke futhi ibhizinisi idumela of isakhamuzi esiyolandelwa ngezindlela eziningana. Eyokuqala lingenta lokufuna ulwazi sokuhoxisa ukuhlambalaza. Luhilela ngokuletha abantu ofika phakathi kwabo ke kwakusakazwa, idatha ukuqashelwa iqiniso layo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvikela isithunzi, udumo nedumela eyokhokhwa by lokuqoqa kusukela isephulamthetho umonakalo zokuziphatha nezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngokuqonda ukuqashelwa ukuhlupheka ngokomzwelo nangokwenyama kuqala.

Izimpawu umonakalo okungezona yezimali

Ngaphansi umonakalo emthethweni civil ukuqonda imiphumela emibi ezinhle, bavikelwe ngumthetho. Umonakalo kungenzeka okungezona impahla kanye nempahla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwavela yokugcina akusho ukuthi akukho ukuhlupheka futhi isisulu nakho. Kulesi sici, lezi zigaba tiyasebentisana ngomqondo othile. Ngenxa yalokho banciphise isithunzi nodumo idumela abantu isifika umonakalo okungezona yezimali, futhi singaphansi isinxephezelo. Lo mthetho Kumiswa art. 151 CC. umonakalo okungezona yezimali kuhilela ngokomzwelo, imizwa ehlukene ngokuyinhloko zokuziphatha okubangelwa ukuhlukumeza. Lokhu umonakalo ngokuvamile ubangela ukuhlupheka libukhali kunanoma impahla. Ngaphandle kokudala umonakalo impahla sihilela usizi kakhulu engqondweni. umonakalo okungezona yezimali kuhambisana kuphula umthetho we-kwengqondo nenhlalakahle, ibhalansi ngokomzwelo lomuntu. Kule kusobala ukuthi kuhambisana ngokukhuthazelela ukuhlupheka ngokwengqondo noma ngokomzimba, kanye ukuvinjelwa inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, futhi ngenxa yalokho, asikwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle sphere zomthetho. umonakalo okungezona yezimali kuyakhulunywa imithetho ehlukahlukene komthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, it is elicacisiwe Art. 1099-1101, 152, 12, 151 CC. Kuhlola wezomthetho ubunjalo yalesi umonakalo iqinile e Art. 151. Ukucacisa ngalolu daba basesimweni Plenum yenomboro Ephakeme Isinqumo 10. Sec. 2 yale dokhumenti, ikakhulukazi, uthi ukulimala zokuziphatha kufanele sithathwe njengehlelo ukuhlupheka emzimbeni noma engqondweni ezisuka kusukela baphawula / izenzo aphula ama-izinzuzo angaphatheki atholakale lokuzithola ngenxa yomthetho noma yokuzalwa yikuphi ukwephula impahla yayo noma okungezona impahla (siqu) amalungelo. isimo esinjalo kungaba ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ubuhlungu kungase kubangelwe ukulahlekelwa izihlobo, ukungakwazi siqhubeke bahlanganyele ekuphileni komphakathi, ukulahlekelwa umsebenzi, imingcele yesikhashana / bancishwa inkululeko yakhe, ukudalulwa izimfihlo (yezokwelapha, umndeni), ukusakazwa kokwaziswa, okuyinto akulona iqiniso.

isinxephezelo ngokucacile

Nejoka osonile nxephezela umonakalo zokuziphatha okubangelwa kubo ngokuziphatha, uba elithile umthwalo. It has zokuvimbela (isixwayiso) Inani emkhakheni nokuvikelwa kobunikazi. Ngokuvikela isithunzi, nodumo ibhizinisi idumela by lokuqoqa umonakalo okungezona yezimali kungenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Umthetho, ngokukhethekile, sihlinzekela yokukhokha:

1. Ukuze yokwanda iqiniso, enyundela inhlangano. Le ndlela inikeza isimangalo. 7 Art. 152.
2. Ukuze nokusabalalisa ulwazi, ukuhlambalaza tesifundvo ngaphandle kwekubuka iphutha tortfeasor.
3. Uma wephula amalungelo ngokokuziphatha nangokomthetho, we yisakhamuzi noma ukuphulwa kwe-phezu izinzuzo angaphatheki etholakalayo kuye, kanye nezinye izimo osungulwe ngokomthetho.

Ukuqoqwa umonakalo okungezona yezimali senziwa kuphela imali. Isamba kunqunywa ngokuhambisana nohlobo ukuhlupheka ezingokomzimba nezingokwengqondo okwakukade kubangelwa umuntu, lowo okonile nezinga wecala ezimweni lapho siba njengendawo ngesisekelo isicelo le ndlela yokuvikela.

umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama

Uma ucabangela izici yokuvikela udumo, kungenza ngihlonipheke futhi ibhizinisi idumela, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi yokunquma inani isinxephezelo kufanele bacabangele izimiso wokulungile nokucabangela, lizinga ukuhlupheka ngokomzwelo nangokomzimba okuhlotshaniswa izimfanelo ngamunye mayelana nale ndaba, uyisisulu. Ukungakwazi setha ngokunembile lemali yemali noma elinye okulingana angase angenzi njengoba isithiyo yenza izinqumo ngokuqondene isinxephezelo umonakalo zokuziphatha. Ngokuhambisana nemithetho, isisulu ngokuzimela ukuhlola kobukhulu yomonakalo kuye futhi kubonisa nemali ethile e icala lakhe.

kokuqaliswa ezinqubeni

Umthethomgomo wenziwe esekelwe inadmissibility lihlasele ngokungadingekile yobumfihlo womuntu, isidingo sokuvivinya umzimba mahhala futhi ngaphandle kwezithikamezo yezihloko amathuba abo lwezomthetho ukuqinisekisa ekusimameni uma ukuhlukumeza. Ukuvikela amalungelo ezakhamizi uba isimiso esiyisisekelo, futhi okuqinisekisiwe nguhulumende. Umthetho uhlinzekela ethize izinyathelo gosprinuzhdeniya. Basuke nokuhloswe ngazo ukuvikela inkululeko izithakazelo yezihloko, nokuqedwa emibi zingaveli ukwephulwa yabo. Lezi zinyathelo ziyasetshenziswa ngendlela ekuqhutshweni civil. Amazinga ukusungula oda lapho izikhalazo kwenziwe nezicelo. Ukuze uqale umuntu olimele kumele ukufaka isimangalo. Ukuvikelwa udumo, kungenza ngihlonipheke futhi ibhizinisi idumela uba kungenzeka ngokomthethosisekelo subjective zomthetho. It is ukusebenza ngokusebenzisa isethi ezithile amandla. Ikakhulu, inikeza isikhalazo enkantolo ngokuvamile nasesikhathini senzakalo esicacile, ikhono athembele ukucabangela Inhloso yalo nezidingo isicelo, ukuze wenze izinqumo ezinolwazi nemithetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo ezakhamuzi wenziwa ukuze yesikhalazo bese Ephakeme ekuqhutshweni. Okunye futhi okubaluleke ngokufanayo lo ukuphoqeleleka isinqumo.

Ngokucacile wokwenza izimangalo

Ngokusho imithetho komthetho, nekuvikela sitfunti, nodumo ibhizinisi igama lakho kungaba into kunoma iyiphi nesifundvo ekhadinimbiko izinzuzo angaphatheki eyayihunyushwe uzibophezele kuhlasela. Kulokhu, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ulwazi umyalezo ukunyundela umuntu ngalo libhekisela, ngeke benze njengoba ukusakazwa lezi idatha. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ngokuvikela isithunzi, nodumo ibhizinisi idumela kungaba kwenziwe ngokuvumelana nemithetho umthetho lobugebengu. Ikakhulukazi, esikushoyo kungase uholwe izinhlinzeko zoMthetho Art. 130 we Criminal Code. Kulesi simo, kukhona begcina ngokungabi bikho yokwanda besithathu abathintekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, isephulamthetho yabonisa isenzo ezinenhlamba, wathumela incwadi isisulu ngezinhlamvu inhlamba nokunye. Lezi zenzo inciphe isithunzi somuntu kanye nelungelo ukukhiqiza hhayi kuphela injabulo zokukhiqiza, kodwa futhi ukuba isinxephezelo umonakalo zokuziphatha.

Ukuvikelwa kwempahla angaphatheki ku-inthanethi

Isikhala Imininingwane Kulula kakhulu kungonakalisa idumela, ukulimaza isithunzi nodumo tesifundvo. Isebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene. Lokhu futhi ezihlukahlukene izinkundla, izindaba izifunzo, umyalezo board. Kaningi enezindawo ukhuluma ukholo ezimbi izinhlangano ezithile, abampofu izinsizakalo eziyikhwalithi. Ngenxa ukujivaza idumela elahlekile labo abangase babe abathengi, kukhona ukulahlekelwa kwezimali. Okwamanje izinkinga ngempela okukhulu Ukuvikelwa udumo, kungenza ngihlonipheke futhi ibhizinisi idumela kwi-inthanethi. Ngokuyinhloko, lokhu kubangelwa ukungabi nayo ubudlelwane ecacile zokulawula in the sphere ulwazi. Ukusatshalaliswa kolwazi ku-intanethi ubhekwa ngendlela empeleni esasisesisha ukwenza umphakathi noma ngenye indlela. Ngakho-ke, akukho umkhuba anele ingxabano eqhamuka ngokuqondene ukushicilelwa olungalungile, ukuhlambalaza ulwazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ochwepheshe abanikeza usizo lwezomthetho ukuze izinhlangano ngokuvamile kukhona ezingasebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, e zemibango ummeli unelwazi ekuvikeleni izithakazelo umuntu zaphazanyiswa izindlela ezivamile, kodwa kungase kungabi umkhuba ngokwanele ukuba bahlanganyele ezinqubeni zecala ezihlobene yokwanda abeya kuhleloxhumano lwedatha. Ngenxa yalokho yezenzo emthethweni ukuhlala cishe abajeziswa.

Izikhala zokulawula nohlaka olubhekele

Ngokuvikela isithunzi, nodumo ibhizinisi idumela Inthanethi kumelwe ube ophumelelayo, esekelwe umthetho futhi enkundleni zokulawula. Nokho, akwanele ukuba ngimemezele ukuthi imithetho ephathelene yokwanda ulwazi kwabezindaba bendabuko, futhi uthathe isinyathelo ezisekelweni electronic. Lapho izingxabano kokuzwa kufanele uqaphele ukuthi uma izitatimende lahlanjalazwa yashicilelwa ku izinsiza bhalisiwe njengoba abezindaba, kumelwe siqondiswe yiwo imithetho efanele. Okungukuthi lawo malungiselelo, okuyinto Zilawula TV imisakazo izincwadi. Uhlu kwendlela "endala" abezindaba olushiwo Art. 2 zoMthetho Federal "Ngo-Mass Media". Ngakho, ngo-olulodwa idatha esiphelweni isici abangenalo PERIODICITY, isikhundla wathi isicelo awekho ngaphansi koMthetho. UMthetho Federal "Ngo mass abezindaba" izibopho okuqondene okuqhubekayo igama abezindaba shicilelo. Ukushintsha sihilela inqubo kunalokho xaka. Ukuze uthole website lula kakhulu - imithetho "zendabuko" azisebenzi lapha. Uma sikhuluma ngendlela nokuhlinzekwa kolwazi, nezidingo elawula maqondana nalolu singanikezwanga. Umthetho ekuchazweni abezindaba amaphuzu, ngaphezu bendabuko, kanye "nezinye izincwadi '. Leli gama lihlanganisa inkulumo hhayi kuphela inguqulo ye-electronic nomagazini ukubhala, kodwa ngaphandle kwamalungiselelo amafomu iphepha. Iqiniso ukuthi akhona kuphela ngendlela yedijithali akuvimbeli ekulinganisweni nabo esigabeni abezindaba. Ngakho kusukela ngenhla ukuthi oshiwoyo akusho ukuzixazulula ngokuphelele izinkinga ezivela nokusatshalaliswa kolwazi izinhlelo ebonakalayo.

umkhuba wokusebenzisa umthetho

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi yinkantolo yomthetho jikelele, kanye ukulamula umbango, ngokuvamile ninezinkinga ekuxazululweni ukuthi iphakame mayelana yokwanda ukwaziswa okukuyi-Internet. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akuzona zonke ummeli civil sizakwenza zokubasiza nendaba ethintekile. Phakathi kwezinkinga main kuyadingeka ukwaba yinkimbinkimbi yokunquma abantu abangase aphethwe nesibopho futhi kuyodingeka ukuba ukulungisa umonakalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona inkinga ukulungisa ubufakazi, ukuqaphela ubuqiniso balo nokwamukeleka. Kuyi-Internet, abantu bayakwazi ukuhlala bengaziwa. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukuhlonza abalobi isithunzi Imininingwane imithombo. Ukuze afakazele iqiniso ukusatshalaliswa ukunyundela imininingwane edingekayo ukuze afeze eziningi izinqubo ezinzima. Ngenxa yalokho, ngokuvamile kakhulu ukuhlonza isephulamthetho akunakwenzeka. Zonke lezi zinkinga kudingeka zixazululwe. Lokhu kudinga izichibiyelo afanele ngohlaka lomthetho okhona.