Isimo sezomthetho mayelana Nelungelo labantu ngaphansi Iqiniso Russian. izici Jikelele Yeqiniso Russian kanye nekubaluleka kwalo emlandweni umthetho Russian

Iqiniso isiRashiya kwakuwulimi iqoqo lokuqala kwemithetho Rus Ancient. Umqulu wayo uqala ukuvela phakathi nokubusa iSikhulu Kiev Yaroslava Mudrogo engxenyeni yokuqala ka-XI leminyaka. WayeyiZwi Initiator of Russian Pravda. Iqoqo kwakudingekile ukuze uhlele ukuphila ezweni lapho Namanje wahlulela futhi ixazululwe izingxabano amasiko engabhaliwe okwakudingeka. Bonke ziyabonakala emakhasini leli qoqo kwemibhalo.

Incazelo emfushane Iqiniso Russian uthi itjho inqubo nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana, kwezomthetho nakwezomnotho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqoqo liqukethe izinhlobo eziningana amazinga umthetho (ifa, isigebengu, ngenqubo kanye nokusimama kwezohwebo).

izimfanelo

Injongo eyinhloko yawo okuyinto wafakwa Yaroslav Mudry iqoqo - kutfola ngesimo esingokomthetho sabantu ngaphansi Iqiniso Russian. Ukuvela imithetho eyabekwa evame ukubuzwa yibo bonke imiphakathi medieval European. Ngakho efanayo kwaba ngo Frankish isimo "Salic umthetho". isimiso amabhuku abo avela ngisho ngesihluku uthi enyakatho kanye eBritish Isles. Umehluko nje itholakala lokuthi ukuthi eNtshonalanga Yurophu, le mibhalo zadalwa emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka ngaphambili (kusukela ekhulwini VI). Kwakuhlangene yokuthi Russia uvele uthi kamuva izinduna lamaKatolika. Ngakho-ke, ukudalwa kwezinkambiso zomthetho lwamaSlav empumalanga okwenzeka ngemva kokuba ama namakhulu ambalwa eminyaka ngemva.

Ukudalwa Iqiniso Russian

Iqiniso sidilizwa noma Iqiniso Yaroslav, uvele 1016, lapho ekugcineni kwaba namasimu eKiev. Nokho, le dokhumenti yayihloselwe hhayi eningizimu yenhloko-dolobha, futhi Novgorod, kusukela ukuthi kulapho Prince yaqala ukubusa kwakhe. Kulolu shicilelo nezihloko ikakhulu ezihlukahlukene lobugebengu. Kodwa-ke kuba ngale uhlu 18 izihloko waqala ukudalwa Russian Pravda.

Ingxenye yesibili yale ncwadi yanyatheliswa eminyakeni embalwa. Lalibizwa ngokuthi Iqiniso Yaroslav (izingane Grand Duke) lokungawo futsi navuswa ubudlelwano obusemthethweni phakathi izakhamuzi isimo. Esikhathini 30s kwakukhona izihloko uzondla virnikov. Lezi zingcezu khona inguqulo mfushane.

Nokho, iqoqo kulekelelwa futhi ngemva kokufa Yaroslav. Ukudalwa Iqiniso Russian baqhubeka umzukulu wakhe uVladimir Monomakh, ngubani ephethwe yokuhlanganisa kafushane fiefdoms (esondela ngenkathi kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo) futhi aqedele Charter yayo. Wangena iQiniso eside yokuhlela. wokubuyekeza Olubanzi kwathinta izinkinga eziphathelene ilungelo impahla. Lokhu kwakubangelwa yokuthi eRussia ukugqugquzela uhwebo ubudlelwane yemali.

amakhophi asekhona

Kuyaziwa ukuthi liye lalondolozwa we amakhophi Russian Pravda. historiography Domestic wathola amakhophi kamuva lapho bathola futhi wafundelwa Vasily Tatishchev. Ikhophi zokuqala uhlu ubhekwa afakwe ekhulu lokuqala Novgorod Chronicle XI. Yaba umthombo wokwaziswa kubacwaningi.

Kamuva, amakhophi nohlu wadala ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini xv zitholakele. Fragments wabo ayesetshenziswa Kormchaia ahlukahlukene. Russian True saphela olufanele okukhishwayo Sudebnik Ivan III ekupheleni kwekhulu xv.

umthetho lobugebengu

umuntu leli cala ngokuningiliziwe kuveziwe embikweni okhuthaza Amakhasi equkethe Russian Pravda. Article silungise umehluko phakathi ubugebengu obenziwa futhi engahlosile. Futhi abelana umonakalo ibuthakathaka futhi ezisindayo. Ngenxa yalesi isilinganiso ukunquma ngokwezinga elingangani isijeziso lowo okonile ukuthi agwetshwe.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo lwamaSlav Namanje abaqhuba Vendetta, ukhuluma Russian Pravda. Isihloko sithi umuntu unelungelo ukuba zijezise umbulali kayise, mfowethu, indodana, njalo njalo. D. Uma isihlobo akazange akwenze lokhu, isimo umemezele umvuzo 40 hryvnia ikhanda lobugebengu. Lawa kwakungamadodana Echoes umbuso ubudala, okuyinto sekungamakhulu ngamakhulu eminyaka zikhona. Kubalulekile wazi ukuthi iRussia isivele wabhapathizwa, kodwa kukhona zisekhona izinsalela yobuqaba inkathi begazi.

izinhlobo izinhlawulo

umthetho Criminal sihlanganisa inhlawulo. AmaSlav ayebizwa viroy. Inhlawulo weza eRussia kusukela amalungelo zaseScandinavia. It Veera ekugcineni indawo ngokuphelele Vendetta njengoba isilinganiso isijeziso zobugebengu. It is kulinganiswa ngezindlela ezahlukene, kuya ngokuthi izikhulu yomuntu yesisindo ukoniwa. Analogue Russian of Vira kwaba imali igazi. Kwakuyisikhathi isigwebo yemali, ebekiwe emthethweni sidilizwa zamaJalimane ezizweni zamaJalimane.

Ngaphansi Yaroslav viroy ngokuthi isigwebo kuphela ekubulaweni kwendoda owayephelele khulula (okungukuthi, angabi isigqila). Ukuze uthole ongumlimi kwaba 40 hryvnia esihle. Uma isisulu uyindoda, owayeneminyaka enkonzweni isikhulu, isigwebo is kabili.

Uma khulula indoda imbangela yokulimala noma owesifazane wabulawa isoni kwakudingeka akhokhe poluvire. Okungukuthi, intengo lehla ngesigamu - kuya ku-20 hryvnia. amacala angekho nzima kakhulu, ezifana nokweba, esithola esihle ezincane, okuyinto kunqunywa ngamunye yinkantolo.

Golovnichestvo, abe yingcugco

Kwabe sekuthi ngo-Russian lobugebengu umthetho definition uvele golovnichestva. Kwakuwusuku wesihlengo umbulali kwakudingeka ondle umndeni oshonile. Usayizi yokuthumela inqunywe isimo isisulu. Ngakho, isigqila umndeni esihle ezengeziwe kwaba hryvnia 5 kuphela.

Yingcugco - olunye uhlobo isijeziso, eye wasungula iqiniso Russian. Ilungelo isimo ngesijeziso ukuxoshwa lobugebengu kwahambisana kumuntu osonile futhi ekuthathweni kwempahla. Futhi, ungase uthumele isigqila. Kulokhu, impahla laphangwa (kungakho igama). isijeziso nhlobonhlobo kuncike eminyakeni yobudala. Futhi impango iqondiswa benecala noma wokhelwa othile. Kukholakala ukuthi kwaba amacala abucayi kakhulu.

isakhiwo Komphakathi

INhlangano yayisisebenzisa izigaba eziningana. Isimo sezomthetho mayelana Nelungelo labantu ngaphansi Iqiniso Russian bathembele ngokuphelele ezintweni zakhe isikhundla emphakathini. I stratum eliphakeme kwakubhekwa nazi. Kwaba Prince Amakhosi ayephelezelwa yakhe Lesiphakeme (boyars). Ekuqaleni, bangamasosha abangochwepheshe enizibekezelelayo amandla. Yilokho igama isikhulu kunesithembiso enkantolo. Futhi ukuba kambe zonke izinhlawulo amacala. Izinceku sezikhulu boyars (Tiunov futhi ognischane) futhi kwadingeka ithuba elihle emphakathini.

In the isinyathelo esilandelayo we amadoda khulula babe. I-Russian Pravda kwaba eside esikhethekile kule isimo. It kwakuhambelana nokuka igama elithi "umyeni". Ukuze abantu khulula kukhona leliqembu labaqaphi bokuzibeka abasebasha, abaqoqi izinhlawulo, kanye abahlali bezwe Novgorod.

imikhakha engaphansi umphakathi

Okubi kakhulu isimo esingokomthetho sabantu ngaphansi Iqiniso Russian kwadingeka abantu nasekuthengeni. Ayehlukaniswe ngezigaba eziningana. Smerdy babe abalimi engaphansi (kodwa iziza zabo), abasebenza Boyar. izigqila Zokuphila Konke zabizwa ngokuthi. Babengenazo impahla.

Uma umuntu wathatha ezikweletini futhi akazange abe nesikhathi ukukhokha, wazithola ifomu ekhethekile lobugqila. Lalibizwa ngokuthi ukuthenga. kwencika enjalo iba yindawo yoMkhandlu umboleki nje kwamzuzisa izikweletu zalo.

isikhundla Russian ukhuluma iqiniso, futhi isivumelwano efana nenombolo. Ingabe isihloko isivumelwano abantu engaphansi ngokuzithandela waya ngaphansi okuyinto ukukhonza uJehova. Babizwa ngokuthi bangabantu ryadovichami.

Zonke lezi zigaba kube yizakhamizi ezimbalwa ngesikhathi kakhulu phansi isitebhisi nomphakathi. isimo esinjalo zomthetho sabantu ngaphansi Iqiniso Russian cishe Zibaqeda isithunzi ukuphila, engaphansi ngomqondo ongokoqobo yegama elithi. Izinhlawulo ngokubulala laba bantu babe omncane.

Ekuphetheni singasho ukuthi umphakathi eRussia kwakuhluke kakhulu yakudala imodeli izinduna esemancane eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Emazweni Katolika ngekhulu XI isikhundla okuholela kakade elalihlala abanikazi bamazwe ezinkulu, ngokuvamile ngisho sinake igunya central. ERussia kwakuhlukile. Ichopho lwamaSlav kwaba squad Prince, okwadingeka ukufinyeleleka kwimithombo eziyigugu kakhulu futhi eziwusizo. isimo Legal sabantu ngaphansi Iqiniso Russian kubenza abantu amakhulu kunawo wonke endaweni isimo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ekilasini abanikazi bamazwe ezinkulu ziye ungakabi kwadingeka isikhathi yakha.

umthetho wangasese

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, Russian Pravda Yaroslava kufakwe izihloko ku umthetho wangasese. Ngokwesibonelo, ucacisile amalungelo kanye nenzuzo yokuba ekilasini umthengisi, owawungumnyaka injini wezohwebo umnotho.

Somthengisi ungase uhlanganyele usury okungukuthi ukuboleka. Isijeziso kubo nakho ikhokhwe ngesimo enana, ezifana nokudla kanye nemikhiqizo. Ubiza inzuzo eyeqile imatasa amaJuda. Ekhulwini XII, lokhu kwaholela nokuqubuka eminingi ye kwamaJuda futhi ezimpini. Kuyaziwa ukuthi uma, ngo 1113, uVladimir Monomakh weza ukubusa e Kiev, waqale wazama ukuxazulula inkinga yemali ebolekiwe amaJuda.

iqiniso isiRashiya, umlando okuhlanganisa eziningi izinguqulo, sithinta izindaba ifa. Charter ivumela abantu khulula kokuthola ngentando ephepheni.

enkantolo

kwebalingisi Okugcwele Yeqiniso Russian awukwazi miss isihloko eziphathelene nomthetho zenqubo. amacala obugebengu tifundziswe inkantolo kwesikhulu. Yena iphatha a oqokelwe iziphathimandla. Kwezinye izimo, yakhetha ngxabano, uma la mazwe amabili Tete-a-Tete ukufakazela ukuthi akanacala. Futhi liye oda isigwebo sokuthola okweletayo ebekiwe.

Umuntu angahamba wona enkantolo uma elahlekelwa into. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuvamile esetshenziswa abathengisi wahlushwa ukweba. Uma zingakapheli izinsuku ezintathu izinsuku ukulahlekelwa wakwazi ukuthola kumuntu onikezele ke, waba ummangalelwa enkantolo. Wayefanele bathethelele ubuye unike bufakazi ubumsulwa. Uma kungenjalo, ukuze alikhokhe.

Ukufakaza enkantolo

ofakazi Ingase ithanyelwe enkantolo. Ubufakazi babo wabizwa ngokuthi acquis. Lona leli gama ukuze inqubo search sishoda. Uma-ke kwaphumela ekuqhubeni ngaphandle komuzi noma umphakathi, isela wavuma umsolwa wokugcina. Wayefanele ilungelo bathethelele igama labo. Ngenxa yalesi, yena ngokwakhe afeze iqoqo futhi uthole umuntu uzibophezele nokweba. Uma akazange aphumelele ukubuyisana nomkakhe, it is esikhulu ke inhlawulo.

OFakazi babehlukene beyizizwe ezimbili izinhlobo. Vidocq - abantu babone ngamehlo abo ukuba enze ubugebengu (lokubulala, ukweba, njll ...). Posluhi - ofakazi ngubani e ubufakazi bakhe, kubika amahemuhemu ezingaqinisekisiwe.

Uma ungenalo ukuphatha ukuthola ubufakazi obuphathekayo ka ubugebengu ke yakhetha esilinganisweni zokugcina. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-isifungo ukuqabulana esiphambanweni, lapho indoda bafakaza bakhe enkantolo, hhayi kuphela amandla phezu kwesikhulu, kodwa futhi kuNkulunkulu.

Futhi wasebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwamanzi. Kwakuyisikhathi ifomu kwesahlulelo sikaNkulunkulu lapho ubufakazi lwahlolwa ukuze indandatho iqiniso dostavaniem kusukela amanzi abilayo. Uma ummangalelwa abakwazanga ukukwenza, elahlwe. ENtshonalanga Yurophu, lokhu mkhuba ubizwa ngokuthi kuleso sigameko. Abantu babecabanga ukuthi uNkulunkulu wayengeke ubuhlungu indoda ngenxa kanembeza.