Isayensi imikhuba yezilwane libizwa ethology. Izikhombisi-main yocwaningo kanye nomlando

Ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu nezilwane waqala ukuthatha ukuma emuva lé ngawo ezikhathini komlando. Ukuze ukwazi imikhuba kanye nokuziphatha zezakhamuzi ezihlukahlukene iplanethi yethu sasibalulekile abantu siphila kuso leso sikhatsi ezikude. Ezinye zezilwane bebelokhu ayingozi kakhulu kangangoba kuthi umhlangano nabo ebhekene ngoba wayebona ukuthi usezokufa ngoba umzingeli zokunganaki. Kuphela ulwazi zezinqubo ukushayela lezi zidalwa ezinolaka, kungasindisa ukuphila nesimo esifanayo.

izikhathi bakudala

Ngaphambili, ukwelashwa kwezilwane kwakuhlukile ngokuphelele kuka namuhla. Lokhu kufakazelwa eminingi kule migede imidwebo kanye art bakudala yesikhathi. Uma umuntu wanamuhla uzibona umnikazi bezwe wathi soulless isilwane isisetshenziswa ukuthi kufanele isetshenziselwe izinjongo zabo, okhokho bethu iphathwa ngokwehlukile kakhulu nalolo daba.

Khona-ke izilwane ohlonishwayo, wafunda kuzo, abanye ngisho bakhuleka. Akukhona nje abantu Ushintsha umhlaba, uvumelane nezimo njalo ezishintshashintshayo zendawo eziphila kuyo. Evolution ingashintshwa ngokuphelele zonke izidalwa eziphilayo ukuze endaweni yazo. Ngokwesibonelo, izintuthwane bangafundisa inhlangano efanele zomsebenzi collective, futhi ngisho nemigomo yeNhlangano ekwakheni izakhiwo ezahlukene. Ama-beaver ukukhombisa isibonelo sendlela ingqondo nokukhuthazela Ungashintsha emhlabeni. Tiger - owa yengumzingeli omkhulu nge ikhaliphe kakhulu.

Ngalezo zinsuku kwadingeka isayensi yabo, ukutadisha ukuziphatha izilwane. Ngokwemvelo, base lula kakhulu, kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, baye kwaholela ekubambisaneni letihlomulisa. Ngokwesibonelo, izinja uxwayise mayelana esondela ongabazi, esikhundleni ukuthola okunye kokudla, ekhishwa abantu. Okubukwa kwezilwane zasendle ezakwazi ukuqhubeka ukunikeza ulwazi mayelana inhlekelele isondela. Akumangalisi ukuthi izinzwa abukhali ngendlela emangalisayo yezilwane yabangela nenhlonipho kanye nesifiso sokulingisa izimfanelo kubo.

Umlando yokuziphatha yezilwane yokucabanga izifundo

Lapho-ke waqala ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lesimanje ulwazi ukuthi study psyche isilwane? Singasho ukuthi lolu cwaningo Kuvezwe phakathi nekhulu XIX, sibonga Jean Baptiste Lamarck. Namuhla, isayensi yokuziphatha yezilwane libizwa ethology futhi inabalandeli abaningi emhlabeni wonke, kodwa ngalezo zinsuku ulwazi abanjalo cishe kwakungekaNkulunkulu nefilosofi kunokuba ngesayensi yemvelo. Lamarck lokuqala bachazela inkolelo yokuthi izinto eziphilayo ukushintsha ngaphansi kwethonya imvelo bangaphandle.

Abanamakhono engumFulentshi wayekholelwa ukuthi ukuguqulwa ezazenzeka physiology izidalwa eziphilayo, kubangelwa ukusabela isimiso sezinzwa njalo ezishintshashintshayo zokuphila. Kukholakala ukuthi sengqondo izinguquko isilwane wokuqala, ube esehosha edingekayo ukulungiswa kwekhwalithi ngazo adluliswa lokuxoxela izizukulwane ezizayo.

ukwenzisa oko- wamavukelambuso

Lamarck uye kuchazwe iziqondiso main ekuhloleni imikhuba yezilwane iminyaka eminingi ezayo ngenxa yalokhu. Wagomela ukuthi ingqondo kuncike isimiso sezinzwa futhi likhomba ezintathu isenzo engqondo main - ukucasuka, uzwela ukwazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, naye wayekholelwa ukuthi imizwelo engokwemvelo luthathe indawo ebalulekile ekuphileni izilwane, uvunyelwe ukwenza kahle, ngaphandle zokuchitha isikhathi sokuzindla futhi yokuzingabaza. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi Lamarck akayibekanga umuntu ngaphandle izilwane, njengoba uthanda ukwenza nozakwabo.

Yiqiniso, ngeke ukwazi ukukhuluma mayelana ethology, ngaphandle kokukhuluma uCharles Darwin. Umnikelo lo muntu ephawulekayo kwezesayensi ayikwazi babenesibindi esikhulu. Umsebenzi wakhe, enesihloko esithi "Ukubonakaliswa imizwa nezilwane," kubhekwa ukuziphatha eziphilayo, kusukela umbono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, eyasebenza njengodonga ngesisekelo elilodwa ukuze kuqhutshekwe nocwaningo yesayensi abafundi bakhe nabalandeli.

Darwin

Ethology - isayensi imikhuba yezilwane, kanye nezinye izimboni ezihambelana, zibonge uCharles Darwin. Le ndoda engavamile wazalelwa e-UK, lapho imfundo at iyunivesithi ephambili ezweni. Kodwa ezibanjwayo wakhe ezintsha babungenziwa laboratories nemitapo. Uneminyaka engu eziyisithupha ukuhamba emhlabeni, ubukele izilwane, ukufunda ukuziphatha kwabo futhi olwenzeka endaweni halo. Ukube bekungengenxa Darwin, owazi indlela ukuthuthukisa isayensi yesimanje.

Kwaba imibhalo uCharles Darwin BakaJehova afunda webantfu netilwane kusukela iphuzu yokuziphendukela kwemvelo umbono. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi izimfanelo ozakwabo kuchasiselwe kuphela ngabanye (ilukuluku, ukuqapha, uthando, mbumbulu), kukhona abafowethu abasebasha. Ngokuvamile, basuke sibuthakathaka, kodwa kwezinye izimo akusiyo eliphansi kuya indoda. Futhi, eziningi ukusabela okungokwemvelo, ezifana izinwele noma vzdyblivanie uyembulile aso esivela kokubili ezilwaneni. Kwaba imisebenzi kaDarwin waba isisekelo, lapho isifundo wabasunguli be ethology - Lorenz futhi Tinbergen.

KaDarwin okutholakele

Iziphetho eze lo mcwaningi ngokungakhathali, kuba bahluke kusukela nezimfundiso ezivamile isikhathi. Nguye owaqala umgomo kunokuba isifundo subjective of psyche. Isiqondiso eyinhloko isayensi yokuziphatha yezilwane ziye zashintsha sibonga bona ngekwabo kubalulekile kulendlela. Ngaphambili, ososayensi babekholelwa ukuthi umuntu okuthile okuhlukene nemvelo, ucabanga ukuthi imithetho yayo azisebenzi kubantu futhi akuphazamisi kubo. Yiqiniso, abanjalo iziphetho okungenangqondo kuphela bayabukana sengathi bafuna ukuhleka ukuziqhenya cwaningo, kodwa akazange ukuthuthukisa isayensi.

Darwin badela lezi ukukhohlisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, waphetha ngokuthi abantu futhi abe uhlobo lwenkawu olungavamile sinokhokho oyedwa, ngoba imizwelo engokwemvelo zabo zifana nomunye. Wakwazi ukubona imikhakha emithathu eyinhloko ukuziphatha - imizwelo engokwemvelo, ukufunda ikhono kanye lokucabanga. Ngokusho kwakhe, umehluko phakathi psyche womuntu kanye izilwane kwakungafanele zithweswe ngekhwalithi, kodwa ngezinga yentuthuko.

ethology

Isayensi imikhuba yezilwane libizwa ethology. Umsunguli wawo ubhekwa Konrada Lorentsa no-Niko Tinbergen. Kuyinto lezi Izazi unqume ukuhlanganisa indlela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye esiyimbangela ekutadisheni imikhuba yezilwane. Babefuna izizathu lapho isilwane wenza isenzo, yeka ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani ngokuba Ukuqhubeka kwalezi zilwane zikhona kanye nentuthuko yayo kwemvelo.

Ethology - isayensi imizwelo engokwemvelo. Ukuziphatha izilwane ngesikhathi esifanayo kubhekwe lutho ngaphandle kokucabangela endaweni yazo. Lorenz Tinbergen nabanye ososayensi abasebenza kulo mkhakha baqonde ukuthi kwamiswa imizwelo engokwemvelo njengoba ngomzamo umzimba ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zemvelo. Ngakho-ke, indawo yemvelo amafomu njengoba izici bokuphila kwezinhlobo, futhi izimpendulo zalo zokuziphatha.

izimiso ka ethology

Abantu abaningi abavamile alazi igama isayensi yokuziphatha yezilwane. A ethology, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kuyisiyalo esiyisa sina. Ososayensi of the umkhakha zisekela iziphetho zazo impahla lutholakala ngokubheka izilwane endaweni yazo yemvelo. ukuthuthukiswa Technology iye kakhulu lula inqubo. Manje ethologists kungaba thatha ukuziphatha izilwane kuvidiyo, ukwenza irekhodi. Lokhu kuvumela hhayi kuphela sihlolisise umzuzwana ngamunye emphilweni oluthile lwento ephilayo, kodwa futhi ukwabelana ngayo nosebenza nabo. Futhi, i-camcorder zingabuka ukuphila kwezilwane zasendle ngaphandle kokuphazamisa nabo.

Lokhu kwenza ukuba ososayensi yesimanje ukufunda izici eziyisisekelo ukwakheka imizwelo engokwemvelo, ukuze simbone ngendima yamaholo, lapho ukusebenzisa. Ethologists zama ukubazi kangcono indima izimfanelo isegazini futhi atholwe. Kwatholakala ukuthi abanye imizwelo engokwemvelo ukuthuthukisa, ngisho nalapho isilwane engahambisani ne umfutho banga them. Kazi ncamashi imizwelo engokwemvelo ukuqinisekisa nokuhlalisana obunobunye zabantu zenye ukusatshalaliswa yabo endaweni ethile.

Ukubaluleka ethology

Njengoba kakade, isayensi yokuziphatha yezilwane libizwa ethology. Leli zwi kujwayelekile, kodwa ukubaluleka kwesiyalo likhulu kakhulu. Okubukwa izilwane zasendle endaweni yazo yemvelo kusiza ukuqonda kangcono umhlaba ophila kuwo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kangcono zokubhekana naso. Ngoba konke emhlabeni kuhlobene, ngamunye zezinto eziphilayo, ngandlela-thile, kuthinta wonke ecosystem. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutadisha ukuziphatha izilwane, ungenza iziphetho ezithakazelisayo mayelana nathi, ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani abantu baziphathe ngale ndlela kungengokomunye.

Akuwona wonke umuntu uyazi igama isayensi yokuziphatha yezilwane, kodwa iningi lethu izithelo zaso. Ucwaningo kule ndawo bazokwazi nokwandisa uhlelo wemboni ezibalulekile ezifana imfuyo. Namuhla, le umkhakha kuyazenzakela, yaphenduka elihambayo kungaqedwa usebenzisa umqondo bakudala ka izidalwa eziphilayo. Imikhiqizo eziba umphumela kuyizipho zekhwalithi esabekayo, ingasaphathwa umonakalo kwenza abathengi. Ngeshwa, akunakwenzeka ukuba ucwaningo Injongo kulesi sihloko njengoba izinkampani wahlanganyela nemfuyo, ocebile kakhulu. Uma sisebenzisa ulwazi etholwe ethologists kwezolimo, ikhwalithi imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa ngempela ukwandisa.

amathemba

Isayensi imikhuba yezilwane libizwa ethology futhi ingenye izici ezibaluleke kakhulu kuze kube manje. Man eside kakhulu ukuxhaphaza imvelo ngaphandle ecabanga ngalokho ayekwenzela. Nokho, ulwazi etholwe ethologists, ungakwazi uqede ke. Isicelo sale ucwaningo ku umkhuba kuzosiza ukubuyisela izinto ezihlelwe ngayo ngokwemvelo emhlabeni. Ukuqonda indlela izilwane kwakhiwa imizwelo engokwemvelo, izokwenza sikwazi ukubheka esidlule zezinto eziphilayo ethu, ukuqonda izimo lapho okhokho bethu baphila futhi, ekugcineni, embula imfihlo umsuka indoda.