Yiziphi izitshalo? Nguwaphi emacembu izitshalo kutshalwa khona?

Imvelo zahlukahlukene kakhulu, kukhona izigidi zama-zonke izinhlobo eziphilayo e emakhoneni ezahlukene Zomhlaba. Ngokwe taxonomy, bahlukene zibe imibuso emibili: non-yeselula kanye neselula. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka kuhlanganisa amagciwane kuphela, kanti iqembu lesibili, esikhundleni salokho, ihlanganisa izizinda ezimbili: prokaryotes (eziphilayo kabani amaseli aqukethe nuclei, okungukuthi archaea namagciwane) kanye eukaryotes (nucleus likhona). Ajwayelekile kithi izilwane nezimbali basonta uhlobo lwesibili. Eukaryotes zihlukaniswe imibuso ezinhlanu: chrome, protists, izilwane, isikhunta futhi izitshalo. It is ngesikhathi esidlule futhi uzobe okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko.

Indima izitshalo

Ngaphandle kwawo akunakwenzeka ukucabanga ngokuphila emhlabeni. Izitshalo ukwenza umsebenzi obalulekile - photosynthesis lapho umoya-mpilo savela. Kuyinto ngenxa la magciwane, emkhathini woMhlaba baba esikwaziyo namuhla - nge wokuqukethwe lelisetulu oksijini-ozone ibhola, ukuvikela it kusuka emiphumeleni elimazayo emisebeni ultraviolet.

Futhi ukukhonza njengomdala umthombo obalulekile udaba eziphilayo. Izitshalo kungashiwo kufanele 'bondle "yonke le mbulunga, ngoba iyiphi eziwukudla, bayizithunywa isixhumanisi sokuqala.

ngezigaba yesayensi

Ngalinye ukwazi yiziphi izitshalo, ngakho asiqale yokuthi sicabanga ngezigaba zabo ngokwesayensi.

Bonke zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili amakhulu: ephakeme futhi aphansi. Lezi zingozi zihlanganisa ama ulwelwe (neminyango ezine: obomvu, ensundu, blue and oluluhlaza). izitshalo ephakeme zihlanganisa ukwahlukana eziyisithupha: lycopsids, Horsetail, ukusakaza Moss, Fern, gymnosperms futhi angiosperms (eziqhakazayo). Ukwahlukanisa izitshalo simi ngale ndlela: Front - ekilasini - oda - umkhaya - uhlobo lwe - zilwane.

Umlando ekuhloleni izitshalo

Khona-ke yiziphi izitshalo kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo abanesifiso abantu abaningi - kokubili ososayensi nobuntu nje ukwazi.

Ubizwa ngokuthi "uyise wezitshalo" kuyamfanela yasendulo usosayensi ngesiGreki uTheophrastus owayehlala iminyaka 370-285. BC. e. Wayengomunye ngowokuqala owaqala ukuhlola isihloko lapho kukhona izitshalo. Yena lubahlukanise ku amaqembu ehlukene ngokwendlela ukubukeka kwabo, zom isikhathi nokunye. D.

Futhi, isifundo esikhulu elihlobene ne izitshalo, olwenziwa isazi esingumRoma uDioscorides. Wayehlala BC ekhulwini lokuqala. e. Ungumnikazi umsebenzi, elichaza izakhiwo eziyisithupha amakhambi.

Usosayensi owadala ngezigaba wokuqala sazo zonke izinto eziphilayo, kwaba Karl Linney. Uma ucabangela ukuphila kwayo wawuqala 1708 kuya 1778 emsebenzini wakhe "Systema Naturae" futhi impahla ekhona lapho kukhona izitshalo. Zom yena systematized ngenani stamens kuzo.

Futhi abacwaningi oluvelele abaye bazinikela sabo sokutadisha lwemishikashika isitshalo, kwakuno-Augustin Pyramus de Candolle (1778-1841). Ungumnikazi umsebenzi "eyandulela yemifino zemvelo umbuso uhlelo", echaza mayelana 60 izinkulungwane zezinto eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene.

Futhi umnikelo omkhulu isayensi eyenziwe Adolf Gustav Heinrich osengowakwa-Engler (1844-1930), owayehlangene ngcono isitshalo ngezigaba. Wayenezinkomo imisebenzi efana "uhlelo lwemvelo zemindeni isitshalo", "umbuso yemifino", "Uhlelo zemindeni zezimila eziqhakazayo" adaliwe ngokuhlanganyela nezinye zezitshalo. Bachazwa ngokuningiliziwe okuyinto amaqembu izitshalo. Ngaphezu ngezigaba, osengowakwa-Engler uyabandakanyeka phytogeography. Babaziwa Ngokungenisa umsebenzi wakhe kule mboni yilezi "iZwe izimila" imiqulu nanhlanu, futhi "World of izitshalo East Afrika nesifunda ezungezile."

Funda mayelana amakilasi ezahlukene zezitshalo

UMnyango ngamunye sitshalo yizigaba. Lycopsids babe kuphela eyodwa igama elifanayo. Ngu Horsetail libhekisela ekilasini equisetopsida. Sabalalisa Moss ihlukaniswe sphagnum, enamaqabunga aluhlaza, Andreeva, politrihovye, tetrafisovye, takakievye wona. I umnyango Fern kuhlanganisa isigaba eponymous futhi salvinievye futhi psilotovidnye. Gymnosperms kuhlanganiswe ginkgovidnye, sagovnikovye, gnetophyta and kaphayini noma conifer.

Amakilasi zezimbali: dicotyledons futhi monocotyledons. Lokhu kuhlanganisa iningi flora zethu evamile. Ikilasi lokuqala lihlanganisa ubhontshisi, Rosaceae birch, ziyadliwa, ithanga, willow, isambulela, kanye neminye imindeni eminingi. Esesibili - lily, ama-orchid, okusanhlamvu, banana, onion, iris, entendeni nabanye.

Ukwahlukanisa izitshalo by isakhiwo izingxenye zawo vegetative

Ngasekuqaleni ngalendlela kunamaqembu amathathu: utshani, kwezihlahla notshani. Manje isitshalo kungenziwa ihlukaniswe eziyisikhombisa zokuphila. Lokhu utshani, amaSucculents (kakhulu esinamanzi sifanamsindvo, aqukethe esiningi amanzi, le nkulumo ihlanganisa cactus, Aloe, kalanchoe, okuthiwa i-agave, njll), imivini, ezihlabayo, nezihlahla, izihlahla.

Ezinye izindlela isitshalo ngezigaba

Lemisebenti ingaphindze ihlukaniswe kwamasiko, zasendle nokhula. Okokuqala - lezo zitshalo etshalwa umuntu ngenhloso ethile, kungabuye systematized. umcwaningi Akwaziwa NI Vavilov wabhala ngalokho iqembu izitshalo utshalwe kule ndawo. Lesi sihloko abanye ezithakazelisayo futhi eziningi. izitshalo kutshalwa zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu nantathu. On kubo kuzoxoxwa ngezansi.

Ngakho lapho iqembu izitshalo kutshalwa khona?

• Inulinonosnye. Izitshalo okuyinto aqukethe polysaccharide ngokuthi "inulin". Le into isetshenziswa kwezokwelapha, futhi asetshenziswa esikhundleni ushukela abanesifo sikashukela. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa dahlia, Chicory, iJerusalema i-artichoke.
• Zhirnomaslichnye. Lawa izitshalo ezisetshenziselwa amafutha ezahlukene. Lezi zihlanganisa sunflower, Sesame rapeseed, safflower, nokunye. D.
• Ukudla: sochnoplodnye, ukhuni tverdoplodnye kanye imbewu namanzi. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa ithini lamapheya, apula, plums, amabhilikosi, amagilebhisi, currants, hazel, cherry, isundu, nokunye. D.
• Amaphrotheni. Izitshalo nge okuqukethwe amaprotheni eliphezulu esithelweni. Lokhu soy, uphizi, ubhontshisi, lupins, nezinye izithako ezisetshenziswa yilezi zimila.
• Krahmalonosnye. Lokhu ngokuyinhloko amazambane, ummbila, i-oats, ukolweni, nokunye okufana nokolweni, irayisi, amabele, rye, amabele, okwenziwe ngento efana namazambane, ubhatata.
• Fibre. Izitshalo ezisetshenziswa ukwenziwa kwayo. Lokhu ukotini, Hemp, yefilakisi, Jute.
• Ushukela. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa kuphela kamoba futhi beet.
• Imifino. Lokhu utamatisi, ikhukhamba, squash, isitshalo seqanda, pepper, iklabishi, izaqathe, radishes, isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi, parsley, garlic, onion, isitshalo seqanda nokuningi.
• Ukugqugquzela futhi kwelashwa. Lokhu itiye, ikhofi, ukhokho, ugwayi, poppy abanye.
• Okuphakelayo. Lezi zihlanganisa i-clover, turnips, itheniphu, rutabaga, alfalfa.
• Injoloba. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa Hevea, umhlonyane, dandelion, milkweed.
• Izinkuni ubunjiniyela kanye imithi. Lezi zihlanganisa zikagamthilini, Cinchona, bamboo.
• Okuhlobisa. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa izitshalo iraba, rose, maples, izinhlobo ezithile Izinhlobo nezintende zezandla, futhi lapha kungenziwa zibalwa kanye houseplants.

Kulokho kutshalwa izitshalo, singafundani encwadini Zhukovskogo P. M. "izitshalo kutshalwa futhi izihlobo zabo," ebhalwe ngo-1964.