Into e kazibuthe. magnetic field nokuxhumana ngalolu ketshezi

Zingaki izenzakalo simbe nemikarisomraro ezingaxazululeki ukufihla iplanethi yethu! Kodwa izakhamuzi Earth observation komunye ekhulwini ukufunda imithetho, ulinge, baziqambela, sifinyelela iziphetho nokukusebenzisa ngezenzo zabo. Izimfihlakalo cosmos futhi nemvelo njalo ezikhanga abantu, ukusunduza kubo bonke ucwaningo olusha kule ekufuneni iqiniso futhi izici ezinikeza umkhondo. Enye yalezi izimfihlakalo kuyinto ukuziphatha into e kazibuthe.

Kokuma lokuqala kazibuthe

Ngokwe-legend, umalusi yasendulo egama layo lingu Magnus kanye wathola ukuthi abasebenzi bakhe wanamathela ohlangothini metal rock. Yena (itshe) futhi lunikezelwe ukutholakala. Ngokusho omunye umbono, igama elithi "uzibuthe" ngolimi lesiGreki lisho "itshe Magnesia", ngomuzi Magnesia, lapho kazibuthe ziye zatholakala. Ngisho namakhulu ambalwa eminyaka ngemva BC, amaShayina baye baqaphela ukuthi amanye amatshe labetibambile ndawonye ngendlela yokuthi bangakwazi uphendukisa ngokukhululekile, njalo ujike indlela ethile.

Indlela ikhampasi benza

Eyokuqala ikhampasi ngokomthetho ka magnetite spoon ngenduku iDemo ezingasetshenziswa ajikelezwe kwisiyingi. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ngemva turning spoon, wayeka, futhi enkabeni yalo ubelokhu bakhomba enyakatho. Kodwa awo acekela encane ukuze bakwazi uphendukisa kuphela ikhampasi alengayo enamathiselwe.

Kamuva amatilosi ifakwe inaliti magnetic straw bese efakwa endishini ngamanzi. Utshani kubonisa njalo isiqondiso enyakatho - eningizimu. Isizathu salokhu, lomkhuba ke namanje nhlobo - uhlobo ensimini emhlabeni Earth, okuyinto unekhono kuthinte izinto kulo, futhi ukunquma isiqondiso sabo.

sphere Magnetic emhlabeni Umhlaba

Umhlaba wethu sphere zizungezwé eziqasha abasebenzi, amabutho kazibuthe, igama layo - magnetic field. Nakuba version ngemvelaphi it is hhayi kuqinisekisiwe, kodwa Geophysics ngokuyisisekelo uvumelana nesitatimende ukuthi kukhona amandla kazibuthe ngenxa yokwakheka core yensimbi kule planethi yethu. Ukujikeleza Zomhlaba kunomthelela kwetinhlavu oncibilikisiwe metallic core ukugeleza esiqhubekayo amacala kagesi, okuyinto zisenza sibe polya.Zemlya kazibuthe azungeze kubo, ngaleyo ndlela wenza uzibuthe omkhulu, okuyinto basabela futhi ikhampasi.

Izakhiwo kanye nohlobo odonsa

Odonsa, ezifana labo uthanda ukuhlobisa esiqandisini noma ubambe inothi ekhishini, abe izindawo kunalokho ezithakazelisayo. Ukuziphatha izidakamizwa e kazibuthe incike izinto ukuqamba lezi izinto. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi odonsa unamathele insimbi noma steel into. Futhi kungani kunjalo? Njalo uzibuthe has izigxobo ezimbili. Uma wenza kanjalo ukuhlolwa bese ugcine yebhangqa odonsa eduze eceleni komunye, kuvela ukuthi pole enyakatho omunye edonsela okuphambene - eningizimu - isigxobo lomunye. Nokho, uma phaka odonsa efanayo pole, bayoba njalo dudula nomunye. Electron, okuyinto lumayelana nuclei athomu abe necala negative kagesi. Ukusakaza izinhlayiya icala ukhiqiza kazibuthe egoba izihibe esikhulu sibahaqile.

Ngokwesibonelo, lapho isibani luthungelwa, kagesi eshayela phakathi kwezinye wiring yayo, futhi ama-electron, ukuhambisa kusuka athomu eyodwa kuya kwenye, futhi emhlabeni wiring kuphakama ensimini ababuthakathaka kazibuthe. Ngokufanayo, namandla amakhulu kazibuthe ivela high voltage izintambo. Ugesi kanye uzibuthe yizici ezimbili senza njengoba umugqa wemiyalo. electron ngasinye ehamba izungeze axis awo sengathi iplanethi ukuthi sivuleka orbit yakha iluphu elincane kagesi kudala kazibuthe ngoqobo yayo. Into e kazibuthe iziphatha ngendlela ehlukile.

Indlela yamandla kazibuthe omhlaba nokuxhumana ngalolu ketshezi

Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphansi isenzo kazibuthe kwenzeka kwi plastic ufake inkambu miniature kazibuthe ngayinye athomu iwukudambisa nomunye ngoba izigxobo zazo iqondiswe bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene. Kodwa ngo-athomu ensimbi ahlelwe ngendlela yokuthi okubalulekile abazokwazi uzibuthe. Athomu kuzo ziqoqwa ngamaqembu futhi zibizwa ngokuthi izizinda kazibuthe. isizinda ngasinye ezincane yakhiwa izigidigidi izinhlayiya nge yonke imikhakha yabo kazibuthe, okuyizinto luhamba luye ohlangothini olulodwa, bese iba uqobo uzibuthe amancane. Izingcezu yensimbi ngokwabo Domains ekhombe bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene, ngakho khansela nomunye, futhi ngaphandle insimbi ingahlangani abonise izakhiwo kazibuthe. Ukudala uzibuthe zonke izizinda kumele itholakale kwelinye direction ke ucezu iron magnetize futhi kwaheha zonke izinto zensimbi eduze. Indlela yokwenza insimbi izizinda kahle ngekulandzelana efanayo? Mane: kufanele abeke isiqephu yensimbi kazibuthe. Ukurhemisa enye ngemva kwenye, ezizindeni efakwe ohlangothini ensimini. Ngakho ngeke ukuheha athomu nezinye izizinda, okwandisa ngosayizi.

Kungakabiphi, abaningi kulezi zingxenye kuzodala umugqa, kanye ucezu yensimbi luba uzibuthe uyokhanga kuyona yonke pin, nail noma ezinye sufaka kule ndawo. Ngakho kukhona magnetization ka amandla kazibuthe kwezingxenye zanda kakhulu. Kodwa njengoba besho, kangcono ukubona kanye kuka ukuzwa kayikhulu. Iyathinteka futhi esiwuhlolayo lomkhuba. Kanjani ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi?

Amandla kazibuthe kanye magnetization zezinto angabhekwa isibonelo ekhaya. Kwanele ukwenza olula. Thatha nail encane yensimbi awubeka esiqandisini nge uzibuthe. izizinda yakhe iyahambelana ngokushesha, futhi isikhashana nail ngokwalo liyoba yinto uzibuthe, ngayo nefunda ngayo kuyoba lula ukuthi siphakamise pin.

Ukunqunywa kazibuthe

Ukuze ukufunda kazibuthe asendabeni wafunda ezimbili izinhlobo imisinga - makrotoki futhi micro. Makrotokami yibo wadala ukunyakaza icala emizimbeni macroscopic. Microcurrent ngokuthi imisinga yokuhamba electron athomu, molecule ion. Amandla kazibuthe asendabeni ukudala izinkambu ezimbili: sangaphandle makrotokami wadala futhi yangaphakathi - microcurrent kwakhiwa.

izidakamizwa Iningi kazibuthe

Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi ngokwemvelo kukhona uzibuthe real - a Lodestone amaminerali. Kodwa ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi ezinesibopho ensimini yayo kazibuthe, namanje eyayenziwe wadala umuntu. I esiqine lena iyilabo ukuthi bamele ingxubevange ye neodymium, lensimbi nangomthofu boron. Futhi lokho kungukuqiniseka kazibuthe namuhla? Ososayensi baye bakwazi ukuphendula lo mbuzo. Iqembu zesayensi kusukela Minnesota wadala izinto ezintsha ehlanganisa 16 ama-athomu ensimbi futhi 2 ama-athomu nitrogen, okuyinto libhekene permeability kazibuthe kuyinto 18% kunakunoma enamandla kunazo - neodymium - uzibuthe.

Yiziphi odonsa

Amandla kazibuthe asendabeni, ngamafuphi, kuncike odonsa. Ukubeka yimuphi kubo kazibuthe edonsa nozibuthe endabeni. Izinhlobo odonsa Ulandela: diamagnetic, paramagnetic futhi ferromagnetic izinto. Amasimu amakhulu kunawo wonke ukudala ferromagnets, ngoba babe okusezingeni eliphezulu izakhiwo kazibuthe. Izinto ezinjalo zihlanganisa yensimbi, nickel, ayibe, ezingavamile emhlabeni izinsimbi kanye Alloys zabo, kanye chromium futhi Alloys manganese. Wabo ukwenza odonsa unomphela, ngoba emkhakheni ferromagnetic ingabe usekhona ngemva kokuqedwa kazibuthe.

Paramagnetic ifa permeability okuyinto kancane ngenhla ubunye emazingeni okushisa okuvamile. Izinto ezinjalo e kazibuthe uzibuthe ezimbi, kodwa nokuncipha lokushisa, izakhiwo kazibuthe wabo ziyanda. Ngu paramagnet zihlanganisa, isibonelo, i-oksijini, i-platinum, aluminium, umhlaba ezingavamile izinsimbi.

Diamagnetics - olunye uhlobo lwezinto, le permeability ka okuyinto kancane kancane kunobunye, izakhiwo zabo kazibuthe sibuthakathaka. Ukuze labo lilinganise izinsimbi eziningi ezifana bismuth, nesiliva, negolide, nethusi, kanye namanzi kanye organic compounds. Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo ukuthi izakhiwo ferromagnetic zinyamalale, nezinsimbi futhi babe paramagnetic demagnetized lapho ukufuthelana lokushisa ethile (Curie iphuzu).

Ukusebenzisa amandla kazibuthe

Abantu baye bafunda ukusebenzisa kuzobazuzisa sezindawo okukhulunywa kwezingxenye kazibuthe: ferromagnets azinakusilela womshini kagesi nekhompyutha zobunjiniyela. Bona ingatholakala Transformers, izinjini, kanye namadivayisi ahlukahlukene wokulinganisa, bavumela ukuba wandise amandla kazibuthe ngaphandle kokushintsha samanje kwekhoyili.

Ukuthunyelwa izinto ezinjalo kungaba kakhulu ukunciphisa amandla ukusetshenziswa. Basuke esetshenziselwa ukuqopha kazibuthe kanye nokuhlolwa, nsimbi sigqoka. Namuhla imithi isebenzisa odonsa uphethwe kanye nokwelashwa kwezifo ezihlukahlukene. Ngokuyinhloko, umsebenzi imishini zokuxilonga kusekelwe isenzo odonsa unomphela. Ngokwesibonelo, ocular tonometer inkomba idinga ukubona ukufiphala ngendlela efanele usaqala. Ezisetshenziswayo ekuhlinzeni ngaphandle futhi microsurgery, amadivayisi kazibuthe zokususa metal kusukela isinqamu womuntu. yokusebenza yabo isimiso lusekelwe futhi property odonsa ngaphandle ukuxhumana kwenethiwekhi. imiphumela Okubanzi zokwelapha ehlukile ngebhandeshi kazibuthe kanye applicators. Bona okudambisa ubuhlungu futhi bayeke inqubo ukuvuvukala, kanye nezifo eziningi ziphathwa by umphumela kazibuthe ku izingxenye asebenzayo zomzimba womuntu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi Cleopatra esetshenziswa jewelry kazibuthe, ukuthuthukisa ukugeleza kwegazi futhi ukubambezeleka ukuguga.

Inani amandla kazibuthe embulungeni

Amandla kazibuthe linendima ebalulekile empilweni yale planethi. Okokuqala, it iyisivikelo ngoba abakhileyo Earth iziphuphutheki kusukela nomthelela ezingaphephile zemizimba cosmic. Ngaphansi kwethonya magnetic field ekushintsheni trajectory yayo. Abacwaningi bayavuma ukuthi ezinye iplanethi ungenalo core sensimbi, futhi kungakho magnetic field, okuyinto kwehlisa isibalo kungenzeka amaplanethi sikulungele ukuba kuphilwe kuso. Earthlings nasengozini yokubanjwa inyumbazana ngaphandle ensimini ukuvikelwa. Kodwa ukusho ukuthi lokhu kuyokwenzeka nini, futhi Geophysics kungukuthi kuthathwe. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-160 eminyakeni izigxobo kazibuthe - nasenyakatho naseningizimu - ezihlukahlukene phakathi mayelana kayikhulu. I last sehlo eyalwiwa eminyakeni 720.000 edlule, Nomhlaba ehlaselwa izinhlayiya emkhathini. Omunye umbono echaza ukushabalala izibankwakazi, uthi lezi zihlahla ezinkulu zinyamalale nje ngenxa yalesosizathu.

Amandla kazibuthe kuba ohlabayo

Geophysics, ehlaziya izakhiwo kazibuthe, wathola ukuthi kukhona avele ukuqhela ezingaphephile ezingafakwanga eqoshiwe ngaphambili. EseNingizimu Atlantic kazibuthe ungqimba kancane kancane thins. Kule minyaka engaba ngu-150, emkhakheni lapha kwaba amaphesenti ntekenteke eziyishumi. Ososayensi bathi shift pole kuzokwenzeka ngokushesha ngokwanele, ingakapheli iminyaka engu-100 kusukela ekuqaleni kombhala. Yini isizukulwane uyogcina lokhu mkhuba futhi kuyothonya indlela izakhamuzi Umhlaba, ke ayikaziwa, kodwa kukhona isitatimende ukuthi lungenzeka ushintsho olunjalo zezingongolo kuyoba nomthelela ongemuhle unjiniyela kagesi.

Iziphepho Magnetic kanye umthelela wabo abantu

Ngezinye izikhathi ensimini eMhlabeni magnetic is ubuyophazamiseka - kuyinto iziphepho magnetic, kuyinto encike ngqo kwi ilanga. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka anda umsebenzi solar kukhona ukukhululwa omkhulu wamandla, okuyinto enomthelela kumiswa ka ama-solar. Kulokhu, ukusakaza giant izinhlayiya icala ivame ukuba Umhlaba ngesivinini - 500-1000 amakhilomitha ngomzuzwana, ukudala namandla amakhulu kazibuthe. Lokhu kusakaza ufinyelela iplanethi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa nje. Ukubhekana ensimini enamandla ezimbili kazibuthe, futhi ekugcineni siyabhubha kazibuthe omhlaba. Indoda ejwayele evamile ukuba amandla kazibuthe, kanye neziphepho kazibuthe, impilo yakhe iyashintsha.

Abantu babe ezahlukene ukuzwa kazibuthe, ithonya isiphepho womuntu kazibuthe incike esimweni saso zempilo. Ukuwohloka kwempilo, ubungqabavu kuyehla, uwela ekhubazekile, kukhona ubuthakathaka, ikhanda elibuhlungu, ubuthongo thuthuva, sawohloka operation isimiso sezinzwa (inani amaphutha ukwanda kwenani sokwehluleka nezingozi inyuka). Mayelana ukubukeka kobuso ugesi ngezinsimbi ngezinsuku ingaba esephule umsebenzi wabo.

Basabela kanjani izilwane kazibuthe

It is wafakazela ukuthi izinyoni uzizwe kahle amandla kazibuthe Umhlaba ngisho ukukubona. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi izinyoni - nezidalwa esiyingqayizivele ngale ndlela: ibutho kazibuthe kuyabasiza ukuthola amakhaya abo ngesikhathi izindiza phezu amabanga amade kakhulu.

Amandla kazibuthe isetshenziswa njengophawu izimfudu Itilosi ulwandle. Izilwane nge high kazibuthe Ngokwesibonelo amakati kusengaphambili aphendule izinguquko magnetic field umfutho. UKwenza iZinto ngeNdlela eNgakajayeleki isilwane yokuziphatha okuphawulwe phambi iziphepho nokuzamazama komhlaba. Ukuze ubone ukuthi i-tsunami isondela noma ekuzamazameni komhlaba eJapane ngo okugcinwa ezinkulu ziqukethe namaqhubu ukuthi ngaphambi izibhicongo ifike kwamanzi futhi ukhathazekile, uzizwa perturbations okunamandla kazibuthe.

esikhundleni isiphetho sendaba

Ithonya kazibuthe naphezu kwabakhileyo iplanethi yethu ayikahlanganiswa wafunda ngokugcwele, ososayensi emhlabeni wonke nje, uvele wavula kwesihenqo imfihlakalo kweplanethi ewuMhlaba nakho ukuzama ukuthola izimpendulo zemibuzo ebaluleke kakhulu. Kodwa intuthuko akusho yima, isayensi okhula ngokushesha kulezi zinsuku, ngakho owazi, mhlawumbe isizukulwane esilandelayo niyolazi impendulo zeminye imibuzo eminingi lapho elwa izingqondo engcono lesintu.