Indoda Economic - incazelo emfushane. Model yomuntu kwezomnotho

Ukuziphatha kwezomnotho wabantu abathile namaqembu abantu emakethe kudala isidingo. Ngokuba Chile zezimali yomthengisi kubaluleke kakhulu ngendlela esifike ngesikhathi ukubikezela ivolumu isidingo esikhathini esizayo futhi ukucacisa uhlu eziyinhloko ezingathinta ke. Ngakho-ke kudingekile ukuba baqonde umqondo "imodeli yomuntu kwezomnotho" futhi ngokuxhuma ku izici kwezomnotho, zokusebenza kwengqondo nemicabango komphakathi, ukuze uqale ukusebenzisa lolu lwazi ukwenza. Ziyakwazi efanele izinkampani esebenza emakethe ohlangothini ukuthengisela, futhi abantu abavamile, okuyinto uma buhlanganiswa bunikeze nesidingo emakethe.

"Homo" -modelirovanie noma singobani?

Sekuyisikhathi eside zezomnotho wazibuza ukuthi umuntu wenza ukukhetha ngaphandle isiqondiso futhi kanjani lilinganise okuyizidingo eziseqhulwini. With ukuthuthukiswa ubudlelwane emakethe uye savela, futhi umuntu ngokwakhe. Masikhumbule zinhlobo eyaziwayo "homo".

imodeli Human ngokuya biology noma Homo biologicus:

• Homo habilis noma abantu abanamakhono wafunda ukubasa umlilo futhi ukusungula izindlela zomsebenzi;
• Homo erectus ekugcineni kwaba, noma umuntu waba qotho, wema engqongeni imilenze yomibili, hands-free;
• Homo sapiens noma Homo sapiens, yazuza ikhono lamukele inkulumo futhi ukucabanga ezingahambisani nezivamile.

Ukuvela abantu kusuka isikhundla somsebenzi futhi uyisidalwa esiyimbangela, izigigaba noma Homo Eventus:

• Homo economicus, noma indoda kwezomnotho, ngokuziphatha izici rationality futhi ukuzuza izinzuzo kungenzeka ngokuya kwemali elinganiselwe;
• Homo sociologicus noma umuntu social ofuna ukuxhumana nabanye abantu kanye ukwamukelwa yendima yayo emphakathini;
• Homo politicus noma abantu zezombusazwe, ushukumiseleka ukuba uqinise negunya lalo kanye bethola amandla ngosizo zikahulumeni;
• Homo religiosus noma abantu benkolo ukuthi uchaza ukwesekwa ekuphileni kwakhe futhi isisusa eyinhloko "izwi likaNkulunkulu" futhi ukusekela emandleni aphakeme.

Incazelo emfushane uhlobo lomcimbi emelelwa amamodeli lula ubonisa ohlelweni womuntu phakathi kwezinto eziza futhi uchaza izisusa ngayekwenzile endaweni ethile - kwezomnotho, izici zezombangazwe, zenhlalo zenkolo. Ngamunye ethile kungase kube kumuntu "ezahlukene" kuncike Ukudidiyela uhlelo, okungukuthi imvelo esebenza kuwo futhi uchazwa.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuqhathanisa amamodeli okuqala amabili kwenzeka kubantu: umuntu kwezomnotho singumuntu, ezenhlalo - kuncike kakhulu kwi collective umphakathi. Umhlaba avumelane nezidingo zomnotho indoda, njengoba kubonakala umthetho ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona, futhi umuntu social yena uvuma ezinhlotsheni Amathrendi yezenhlalakahle zezwe, ukuze ugweme ngokwahlukana yayo esixukwini.

Rationality njengoba ngesisekelo kahle

Modeling kuhilela ezizathwini ezithile uhlelo, ngakho abantu ubudlelwane kwezomnotho rationality, ukuthi uyakwazi ukwenza isinqumo esifanele kule migomo ehlongozwayo. On the rationality yomuntu kuthonywa:

• ukutholakala kolwazi ku amanani kanye imiqulu ukukhiqizwa;
• ulwazi Human mayelana nemingcele eziyisisekelo ukukhethwa;
• ezingeni lelisetulu intelligence zamakhono womuntu ezanele ekugcwalisekeni ukukhetha kwezomnotho;
• abantu benze izinqumo ngaphansi kwezimo wokuncintisana ephelele.

Isilinganiso ezizathwini kuboniswe ngenhla kuholela yokuthi rationality kungaba izinhlobo ezintathu:

1. Gcwalisa, okuhilela ukuqaphela komuntu olunzulu mayelana emakethe nekhono layo ukwenza isinqumo, uthole inzuzo esiphezulu ngenani aphansi.
2. Limited, okusikisela ukuntula ulwazi oluphelele kanye ezingeni enganele temakhono womuntu, ngenxa yalokho, efuna ukuba kwenyuswe inzuzo, kodwa nje ukuhlangabezana nezidingo eziyisisekelo bona ngezindlela eyamukelekayo.
3. rationality Organic inkimbinkimbi imodeli yomuntu kwezomnotho ngokwethula eziguquguqukayo ezengeziwe ezithinta imikhuba yayo: enqabelo zomthetho, imingcele ngokwenqubo yendabuko kanye namasiko, Ubukhulu social lokuzikhethela.

Buka yomuntu njengoba isihloko okunengqondo ngezidingo zabo nezisusa ziye zaveza kanye nezikole kwezomnotho. Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo onobuhle amane eziyisisekelo womuntu. Ziyahlukahluka kuye:

1. I degree of Abstraction Ngokubona ukwahlukahlukana izici zenhlalo, ngokwengqondo, ezenkolo, ezamasiko nezinye zobuntu abantu.
2. Izici imvelo yileso simo kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe emhlabeni umuntu.

I. I imodeli kwezomnotho indoda - izinto ezibonakalayo

Umqondo "Homo economicus" laqanjwa ekhulwini XVIII ngaphansi British nokufundisa esikoleni classical, futhi kamuva lifuduka ezimfundisweni marzhinalistov kanye neoclassical. Ingqikithi imodeli itholakala lokuthi ukuthi umuntu efuna ukukhulisa Umbuso bona ethengwayo ngaphakathi kwemithombo yemvelo elinganiselwe, lowo oyinhloko esebenza imali yayo. Ngakho, maphakathi imodeli kukhona imali futhi isifiso womuntu kwandzisa lwati. indoda Economic uyakwazi ukuhlola zonke izinzuzo ukunquma ukuba yigugu ngamunye futhi iwusizo bona, ngoba lapho ukhetha waqondisa kuphela izinzuzo + zabo siqu, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo qakala izidingo zabanye.

Kulesi imodeli, ngenkuthalo kuzibonakalisa "isandla ongabonakali" wemakethe ka u-Adam Smith. Abantu emisebenzini yabo ngenxa nje yokuthi ezazizozuzisa yena: umthengi ivame ukuba bathenge izimpahla eliphezulu kakhulu, futhi umakhi - ukunikela emakethe umkhiqizo ukuyoba futhi ukuze uthole inzuzo kakhulu. Abantu esebenza izinjongo zakhe siqu, ukusebenzela okuhle ovamile.

II. Model yomuntu kwezomnotho - izinto ezibonakalayo rationality elinganiselwe

Abalandeli JM imibono Keynes futhi institutionalism wavuma ukuthi ukuziphatha komuntu ithonywa hhayi kuphela ukuphishekela ingcebo yezinto ezibonakalayo, kodwa futhi eziningi izici zezenhlalo nezingokwengqondo. Incazelo emfushane imodeli yokuqala ivumela ukuba siphethe ngokuthi umuntu ku amazinga lolusisekelo mbhoshongo izidingo Maslow. Imodeli yesibili umuntu ehamba emazingeni aphezulu, kusale kuqala ohlangothini zokuphila ezingokwenyama.

Ukuze sisekele lokhu imodeli yomuntu esimweni yakhoibrium edinga zomphakathi ezanele.

III. Model yomuntu kwezomnotho - collectivist

Uhlelo paternalistic lapho isimo eqala indima umalusi, ekuhumusheni isikhundla wezimvu abantu umhlambi ngokuzenzakalelayo, kanjalo umuntu kwezomnotho. ekukhetheni kwaKhe abuseyona ukuze nje izici yangaphakathi nemibandela zangaphandle. Uhulumeni enquma ikusasa umuntu ethunyiwe ukufunda ukusatshalaliswa by axube emsebenzini othize, abanikezela ngezimpahla ezithile kuphela kanye nezinsizakalo. Ukungabikhona kokuncintisana nesithakazelo umphumela zomsebenzi kuholela ukubukeka ukungathembeki ukulutheka futhi ukuhlala ngempoqo umuntu emazingeni aphansi mbhoshongo izidingo, lapho kufanele saneliswe okuncane futhi musa silwele ukwenza okusemandleni.

IV. Model yomuntu kwezomnotho - i idealist

Kulesi imodeli, umuzwa wokuthanda umuntu kwezomnotho: umcondvo rationality nezinzuzo ngaye ngokusebenzisa iphrizimu aphakeme izidingo ezingokomoya. Ngenxa yalokho, umuntu angase sibe esibaluleke ngaphezu iholo kanye nezinga ukwaneliseka emsebenzini wabo, ukubaluleka umsebenzi wayo ngenxa umphakathi, bulukhuni umsebenzi futhi ezingeni ukuzethemba.

Umehluko omkhulu kusuka onobuhle owedlule kusikisela ukuthi indoda entsha kwezomnotho, cabanga ngokulinganayo futhi uzizwe, lokubekwa eqhulwini kodaba lokuvulwa ngokuhambisana esimweni saso yangaphakathi.

Lapha, umuntu has uhla egcwele izidingo physics oluyisisekelo umoya ephakeme, ebaluleke kunazo zonke okuyinto isidingo iSilekeleli Sokwazisa. Man - umfuziselo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngokuziphatha kwayo kuncike ezintweni eziningi, okungase wabikezela kuphela yephutha elithile nokwabelana.

izici ngokwengqondo ukuziphatha indoda kwezomnotho

Zonke izinkinga zomnotho ezihambisana nokukhetha abantu kuzilungiselelo kwemtfombo kungagcini. Futhi lokhu kukhetha kakhulu ukuthonywa nokusebenza kwengqondo. Ebhekisela futhi izidingo oshiwo ngenhla mbhoshongo, ungabona ukuthi yini indima izici angaphatheki endleleni yabantu yokuziphatha. Isivivane siqukethe kumazinga alandelayo:

• Eyokuqala (eziyisisekelo) - izidingo bokuphila izindlu, ukudla nesiphuzo, ukwaneliseka ngokobulili, ukuphumula;
• Esesibili - isidingo ukuphepha ngokombono bokuphila nengqondo, bayanda abantu abakholelwa ukuthi izidingo eziyisisekelo esikhathini esizayo uyokwaneliswa;
• Okwesithathu - izidingo zenhlalo: siphile ngokuvumelana emphakathini, ukuze kube yingxenye yanoma yimuphi iqembu zenhlalo yabantu;
• Okwesine - isidingo nenhlonipho, ukuze aphumelele, ukwabiwa umphakathi ngezizathu sibhamu;
• Owesihlanu - nolwazi izidingo isifundo esisha nokusebenzisa ulwazi practice;
• Okwesithupha - le yobuhle izidingo ukuvumelana, nobuhle nokuhleleka;
• Seventh - isidingo yokuzibeka, ukugcwaliseka egcwele amakhono abo futhi amakhono.

Indoda Umphakathi

Ukubonakaliswa ingxenye yezenhlalakahle endleleni yabantu yokuziphatha kungaba kubathinte emnothweni, breaking ukuqonda evamile nokuxhumana ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona. Ngokwesibonelo, into ezifana umkhuba imfashini kuhilela ukususwa izimpahla ezithile ephakeme intengo uhla, ukusonta ibhalansi intengo nekhwalithi.

Okunethezeka izimpahla zihlale ngokufunwa, kodwa nize nizuze kulesi sigaba kwezimpahla akuyona ukwanelisa izidingo ezibalulekile kanye nokugcina isimo ngabanye, ukwandisa ukuzihlonipha.

Le ndoda - ibhizinisi kwezenhlalo, ngakho ngaso sonke isikhathi senze ngokuvumelana noma ngokumelene imibono yabanye. Ngakho-ke, ezweni lanamuhla kwakukhona indoda izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho, nakho kwenza ekhethelo kwa izimo kwemithombo yemvelo elinganiselwe, kodwa unombono izidingo zabo zengqondo kanye ukusabela umphakathi.

Ukubonakaliswa "indoda bezomnotho" obutholakala ngezinhlelo abantu yesimanje

Cabanga ngesibonelo sika-indoda kwezomnotho, zimisele imisebenzi yasendlini.

Inkinga: Ake oyisazi sezomnotho Ivanov uhola ruble 100. ngehora. Uma ukuthenga izithelo emakethe ruble 80. kg ngamunye, bese udinga ukuchitha ihora ukuhambahamba emakethe ukukhetha umkhiqizo engcono emgqeni. Esitolo uthengisa izithelo asezingeni elifanele futhi akukho emigqeni, kodwa ngentengo ruble 120. kilogram per.

Umbuzo: Yini umthamo walokho okuthengile Ivanov uyelulekwa ukuya emakethe?

Isixazululo: Ivanov kuyinto izindleko ithuba ngesikhathi sabo. Uma ubuchitha ukusebenza ehhovisi, uzothola ruble 100. Okungukuthi, ukuze enomqondo ukuchitha le uhambo lwamahora emakethe, ngesikhathi umehluko phakathi price imali kumele kube ruble okungenani 100. Ngakho-ke, ezwakalisa ivolumu yokuthenga X, inzuzo yezithelo eziyize ithengiswe emakethe, kuyoba:

80X + 100 <120x

40X> 100

X> 2.5 kg.

Isiphetho: The Economist Ivanov enomqondo ukuthenga eshibhile izithelo emakethe okweqa 2.5 kg. Uma udinga ubuningi ezincane izithelo, ke kunengqondo esingaphezulu sokuthola nabo esitolo.

Umuntu namuhla okunengqondo kwezomnotho, usho intuitively noma uyaqaphela inikeza intengo emhlabeni bese ukhethe okunye umuntu okuyinto evumelana naye indlela engcono kunazo zonke. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, waqondisa zonke izici kungenzeka: yemali, ezenhlalo, ngokwengqondo, amasiko, njalo njalo ..

Ngakho, umuntu kwezomnotho ...

Thina ukuhlukanisa izici eziyisisekelo esivela indoda yesimanje kwezomnotho (EV):

1. nezisetshenziswa ezitholakala ukuze EV njalo kungagcini, futhi ezinye zazo avuselelwa nabanye akuzona. Izinsiza zihlanganisa:

• yemvelo;
• impahla;
• yabasebenzi;
• isikhathi;
• Imininingwane.

2. EV njalo ekhetha rectilinear Ukudidiyela uhlelo eziguquguqukayo ezimbili: izintandokazi nemikhawulo. Izintandokazi akhiwa ngesisekelo nezidingo zobuntu, nemigomo yakhe nezifiso, nokulinganiselwa okusekelwe lemali anawo imithombo ngabanye ngaso. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi njengoba amathuba ukukhula, izidingo zomuntu usuke.

3. EV amabala ukukhetha okunye, uyakwazi ukuhlola eziqhathanisa nomunye.

4. Uma ukhetha EV baqondiswa kuphela izinzuzo + zabo siqu, kodwa indawo yayo ithonya ongafinyelela namalungu omkhaya, abangane, abathandekayo, ogama izithakazelo ziqondakala indoda bucishe bulingane kokwakhe. izithakazelo zakhe zingase zimiswe bedle wonke ezahlukahlukene, hhayi nje ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo.

5. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho ukuthi ukhathalela izithakazelo zazo uthatha uhlobo lokushintshisana.

6. Ukukhetha EV njalo okunengqondo, kodwa ngenxa kwemithombo yemvelo elinganiselwe, kufaka phakathi ulwazi, ngamunye ekhetha izindlela zakhe ezidumile kulowo okuyinto kunenzuzo kakhulu kuye.

7. EV ungenza amaphutha, kodwa amaphutha akhe kukhona okungahleliwe.

Lolu cwaningo yomuntu kwezomnotho, izisusa zakhe esenzweni, amagugu kanye okuthandwa uyena, kanye Ukukhetha imikhawulo ezongenza ukuqonda kangcono ngokwabo njengoba izifundo egcwele ubudlelwane zezenhlalo kanye nezomnotho. Into esemqoka ukuthi abantu babe kancane abanekhono ngaphezulu izindaba kwezomnotho, futhi angenzi iimtjhapho eemnengi, ehlelekile ekuthuthukiseni izinga lempilo.