Indlela ukhiphe namafutha? Lapho uwoyela akhishwa? Intengo kawoyela

Amafutha kuyinto ketshezi ezivuthayo oily kokuba umbala ezisukela brown ukukhanya (cishe ngale) kuya konsundu (cishe black). Ngokusho kwabantu ihlukaniswe imnene, ngokulinganisela futhi ezinzima.

Njengamanje, ngeso lengqondo izwe lanamuhla ngaphandle uwoyela kungenzeka. Kuyinto umthombo oyinhloko yokubasela ezokuthutha ahlukahlukene, izinto zokusetshenziswa womshini ezidayiswayo ahlukahlukene, bathole imithi nezinye izinto. Futhi indlela uwoyela akhishwa?

design

Amafutha kanye negesi yemvelo zanqwabelana emadwaleni ngezimbotshana ngokuthi amadamu. Zingase zihluke. A ngalendoda ezinhle kubhekwa emelela ungqimba sandstone, esemgwaqweni phakathi laphakathi ngobumba oluthambile. Lokhu ugwema ukuvuza uwoyela negesi kusukela amadamu ovela ngaphansi komhlaba.

Uma amaminerali atholakala, ukuhlolwa amasheya abo kwetinhlavu, izinga futhi wasungula indlela ngokuphephile futhi ezokuthutha ngokucubungula isitshalo. Uma kulinganiselwa ukukhiqizwa uwoyela ukukhiqizwa negesi kulo mkhakha kuyinto engabizi, ukufakwa iqala imishini yokukhiqiza.

uwoyela Izici

Amadamu yemvelo lapho uwoyela akhishwa, ke ikusimo iluhlaza. Ngokuvamile, uketshezi ezivuthayo exutshwe igesi namanzi. Bavame bacindezeleke okusezingeni eliphezulu, ngaphansi kwethonya okuyinto amafutha abangenamakhaya ukuba imithombo engakuhlomele. Lokhu kungaholela ezinkingeni. Ngezinye izikhathi ukucindezela kwakho lincane kakhulu kangangokuthi okudinga ukufakwa futha ekhethekile.

Inqubo umkhiqizo kawoyela zingahlukaniswa izigaba ezintathu:

• Movement of uketshezi ngokusebenzisa kumiswa ekufezeni wellbore. It Kwenziwa zemvelo noma eyayenziwe wadala ingcindezi umehluko.
• Movement of uketshezi ngokusebenzisa kahle - kusukela phansi kuya emlonyeni.
• Ukuqoqa lwamafutha igesi namanzi e-surface ngokuhlukana, ukuhlanzwa. Bese kuthi-ke woketshezi uyiswa processing plant.

Zikhona izindlela ezehlukene lamafutha, okuyinto kuxhomeke ohlotsheni imali amaminerali (umhlaba, ulwandle phansi) uhlobo ngalendoda deepness. Futhi, indlela ingahluka njengoba zemvelo kwesigubhu bethulula. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi uwoyela zasolwandle - inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, ngoba kudinga ukufakwa kwedivayisi Subsea.

inyamazane yemvelo

Indlela ukhiphe namafutha? Ngenxa yale njongo, amandla ingcindezi eyenziwe yemvelo noma emishinini. Ukusebenza kwe-kahle ichibi amandla libizwa emthonjeni. Kulokhu, ngaphansi kwengcindezi amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, igesi, amafutha antante phezulu, ngaphandle kwesidingo ukukhulisa impahla eyengeziwe. Nokho, indlela umthombo isetshenziselwa kuphela amaminerali eyinhloko isizinda, lapho ingcindezi sikhulu, futhi uyakwazi oqeda phezulu ketshezi. Esikhathini esizayo, isidingo imishini eyengeziwe ukuba ngokuphelele akhishwe lamafutha.

Isiphethu indlela ukonga kakhulu. Ukuze ulungise ukugeleza uwoyela isethwe valve akhethekile, izimvu zamanzi wellhead olawula inani zilethwe izidakamizwa.

izindlela nemayunivesithi asetshenziswa emva isizinda primary, ukusizakala ensimini kahle.

izindlela Primary, nemayunivesithi

Ngo inqubo engokwemvelo umkhiqizo kawoyela isetshenziswa indlela stepwise:

• Primary. Liquid ihlinzekwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi okusezingeni eliphezulu echibini, kwakhiwa okuyinto ngaphansi komhlaba, igesi ukunwetshwa nokunye. Nale ndlela uwoyela yokutakula isici (CIN) cishe 5-15%.
• Secondary. Le ndlela isetshenziswa lapho ingcindezi yemvelo ayisekho eyanele ukuthi siphakamise namafutha kahle. Kulokhu inqubo yesibili okuyinto ugesi kusukela ngaphandle. Lokhu kunikeza amanzi injected, igesi yemvelo noma kudluliswe. Kuye kwesigubhu idwala kanye nezici amafutha yesibili indlela uwoyela yokutakula ifinyelela 30%, kanti inani - 35-45%.
• Zemfundo ephakeme. Le ndlela kuyinto ukwandisa ukuhamba uwoyela ukwandisa okhiqizwayo. Enye indlela - lokhu TEOR, lapho ngenxa ukufudumeza oketshezini kwesigubhu incipha viscosity. Ukuze wenze lokhu, umusi evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu. Ngaphansi evame ukusetshenziswa amandla omlilo olungaphelele uwoyela endaweni, ngqo ukwakheka. Nokho, le ndlela akuyona kahle. Ukushintsha ukungezwani ebusweni surfactant ekhethekile (noma surfactants) angangena phakathi amafutha namanzi. Tertiary indlela uwoyela yokutakula ivumela ukwandisa cishe omunye 5-15%. Le ndlela isetshenziswa kuphela uma kwenzeka ukuthi uwoyela siyaqhubeka inzuzo. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa indlela ephakeme kuncike intengo kawoyela izindleko isuswe.

indlela Mechanical: igesi lift

Uma amandla ukuthi siphakamise uwoyela ihlinzekwa kusukela ngaphandle, bese le ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi izimayini ngomshini. It ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezimbili: compressor kanye futha. indlela ngamunye has izici zayo siqu.

I compressor ubizwa nangokuthi lift igesi. Le ndlela ehilela ukujova ngomjovo igesi phakathi wellbore, lapho exutshwe amafutha. Ngenxa yalokho, kwabantu ingxube incipha. Bottomhole ingcindezi futhi kunciphisa, kuba ichibi aphansi. Konke lokhu kuholela ukugeleza uwoyela kwamanzi. Ngezinye izikhathi le gesi Umfutho ihlinzekwa kusukela izingqimba angomakhelwane. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi "ukucindezela negesi yemvelo-izinto lift."

Ngo Amasimu ubudala sisetshenziswa nomoya-lift uhlelo lapho umoya isetshenziswa. Nokho, le ndlela kudinga igesi amandla omlilo, futhi komsele has a ukumelana ongaphakeme umonakalo ukugqwala.

Negesi lift zamafutha elisetshenziswa Western eSiberia, Western Kazakhstan futhi Turkmenistan.

indlela Mechanical: ukusetshenziswa amaphampu

Lapho inqubo ukudonsa ngesikhathi ukujula ezithile ivinjelwe amaphampu. Imishini ihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezahlukene. I kabanzi kunazo induku iphampa.

Cabanga indlela amafutha ekhishwe le ndlela. Umgomo we operation zale divayisi kanje. I phansi imbobo ipayipi ngaphakathi zazo wahlela valve ukuncela futhi uMbhalo. Kule minyaka isethi plunger nge valve ingcindezi. uwoyela ukunyakaza kwenziwe ngenxa ukunyakaza reciprocating we plunger. Ngu yanjalo kokuvula-ukuvala ukuncela kokukhwehlela valve.

Ukusebenza induku iphampa cishe 500 cubic metres. m / ngosuku emthonjeni 200-400 m ukujula nge ka 3200 m ukujula - 20 cu. m / usuku.

futhi rodless ezifakwa ingasetshenziswa umkhiqizo kawoyela. Kulokhu, ngokusebenzisa wellbore imishini ihlinzekwa kwamandla kagesi. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa ikhebula le-ekhethekile. Kungase futhi zisetshenziswe olunye uhlobo energy-yokusakaza (Isibandisi, igesi onomfutho).

ERussia, kuvame kakhulu ukuba kusetshenziswe ngendlela centrifugal futha kagesi. Nge iningi amafutha akhishwa usebenzisa imishini enjalo. Lapho usebenzisa i-amaphampu kagesi e-surface kufanele usethe ukuphathwa esiteshini futhi a transformer.

Ukukhiqizwa emhlabeni

Lalibhekwa njengento esikhiqiza uwoyela kusukela amadamu zemvelo. Kufanele kube ujwayelene ijubane ukuthuthukiswa. Ekuqaleni, kwaze kwaba maphakathi nawo-70-yalolucwaningo., Ukukhiqizwa Amafutha liye laphindeka kabili cishe njalo eyishumi. ijubane ukuthuthukiswa bese kuba nzima asebenzayo. Umthamo uwoyela esiye akhishwa kusukela ekuqaleni zokukhiqiza (kusukela 1850s.) Ukuze 1973 bezingaphansi amathani 41 bhiliyoni, cishe isigamu okuyinto yawela phezu 1965-1973 sika.

abakhiqizi ngobukhulu kawoyela yomhlaba wonke namuhla emazweni anjenge-Saudi Arabia, Russia, Iran, e-United States, neChina, iMexico, Canada, Venezuela, Kazakhstan. Kuyinto lezi uthi emakethe eyinhloko "igolide omnyama". Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umkhiqizo kawoyela e-United States ayikho ezikhundleni eziphezulu, kodwa izwe liye wathenga ezifakwa enkulu kwamanye amazwe.

uwoyela negesi amachibi amakhulu, lapho uwoyela negesi ku Persian Gulf, eGulf of Mexico, South iCaspian, Western eSiberia, Algeria Sugars nezinye.

uwoyela

Amafutha kuyinto ezinsiza non-ivuselelwe. Lokufuduka imali ezaziwayo imiphongolo 1200 billion no yokuzamazama - yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 52-260 imiphongolo. sikawoyela obuphelele, ikhumbula ukusetshenziswa kwalo esimanje ngokwanele iminyaka engu-100. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, ezinhlelweni Russia ukwanda "black igolide" ukukhiqizwa.

Amazwe lapho amafutha akhiqizwa ivolumu enkulu, lokhu okulandelayo:

• Venezuela.
• Saudi Arabia.
• Iran.
• Iraq.
• Kuwait.
• UAE.
• Russia.
• Libya.
• Kazakhstan.
• Nigeria.
• Canada.
• US.
• Qatar.
• China.
• Brazil.

Amafutha e-Russia

IRussia ingelinye lamazwe ehola amazwe umkhiqizo kawoyela. It is hhayi kabanzi kuphela esetshenziswa ezweni, ingxenye enkulu is zithunyelwa emazweni ahlukahlukene. Kukuphi uwoyela Russian akhishwa? Imali ngobukhulu zitholakala namuhla Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous lesiFunda Tatarstan. Lezi zindawo kufanele angaphezu kuka-60% umthamo isamba uketshezi kukhiqizwa. Futhi, esifundeni sase-Irkutsk kanye Republic of Yakutia - indawo lapho amafutha akhishwa eRussia, okubonisa imiphumela emihle ukwanda amavolumu. Ixhumeke nge ukuthuthukisa izindawo ezintsha ukuthekelisa eSiberia - Pacific Ocean.

Amafutha amanani

Kumiswa intengo amafutha kusukela isilinganiso kwaneliswe isidingo. Nokho, kulesi simo-ke has izici zayo. Demand uhlala cishe ingashintshiwe futhi has awakuthinti ku Dynamics amanani. Yiqiniso, i-WSF minyaka yonke. Kodwa isici main e zamanani ukunikeza. Ukwehla elincane Imiphumela yayo spike e izindleko.

Nge likwazi ukuhlalisa inani elandayo izimoto futhi imishini efanayo zamafutha funa iyakhula. Kodwa insimu kancane kancane iphele. Konke lokhu, ngokusho kongoti, ngeke kuholele crisis uwoyela, lapho funa lingaphezulu kakhulu supply. Bese amanani kakhulu ikhuphuka.

Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi intengo kawoyela ingenye ezibaluleke kakhulu inqubomgomo amathuluzi emnothweni wamazwe omhlaba. Namuhla emhlabeni 107 zamadola umphongolo.