Radar "Don-2N": izici Tactical futhi technical

Esikhathini enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye nesifunda eMoscow, nedlanzana ezimbalwa ukusuka edolobheni, uyinto engavamile - multifunction radar "Don-2N". Ukuma kuyinto mbhoshongo ufushanisiwe ne izinhlangothi ezine. Ububanzi kumila sakhiwo 130, futhi ukuphakama - 35 amamitha. Into okuhloswe ngaso ukulawula isikhala phezu Russian Federation futhi emazweni angomakhelwane. Waphinde wenza umsebenzi ukuthola futhi wabhubhisa ezicitshwayo ballistic. Namuhla sithatha sihlolisise izici amakhono radar "Don-2N".

isifinyezo

Njengoba wazi, esiteshini has ezinhlangothini ezine. On ngamunye wabo ungabona round ejwayelekile futhi ibha square ngawo abantu abazi lezo zimpawu ukuqagela mayelana izimpahla ukwakhiwa. Ngayinye panel ezine umumo isiyingi ahlelwe asebenzayo ikhishiwe afanayo antenna kokuba ububanzi of 18 amamitha. Ukuze panel square kukhona antenna ukulawula Interceptor ezicitshwayo. Futhi amelela isikwele kabani lobani cishe 10 metres.

Eqinisweni, le-radar (RLS) kuyinto emaphakathi isixhumanisi missile ukuzivikela (BMD) eMoscow. Ngeke nje kuphela ukuthola izinto yingozi ezingeni ukuphakama amakhilomitha kuze kube eziyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amane, kodwa futhi ukunikeza isiqondiso kulezi ezicitshwayo. Ngenxa yokuthi i-radar ifakwe afanayo amane nje, it ikuvumela ukuba sihlanganise lonke elase ziqinisekise ukuphepha endaweni ezungeze futhi uthole idatha olunembile kunazo akhatshana itholiwe.

Ezweni azikho analogue "Don-2N" I-RLS. Uphi esiteshini? Lo mbuzo, okuyinto iyathakazelisa eziningi. ABM maphakathi inhlokodolobha Russian itholakala Sofrino ngomzana, Pushkin wesifunda. I-radar prototype lakhiwa Kazakhstan, ngesikhathi Sary-Shagan. On the nokuqoshwa ka NATO siteshi okuthiwa Horse Umlenze.

Qala umsebenzi

Ngo-1963, eMoscow Radio Engineering Institute (RTI) ngesikhathi Academy of Sciences of eSoviet Union wanikezwa umsebenzi ukudala ukuthola radar okuqondiswe esizayo iphrojekthi missile ukuzivikela. Waqala kanjalo-ke indaba "Don-2N" I-RLS. Ekuqaleni kwathiwa bazitshela ukuthi esiteshini esizayo izosebenza uhla decimeter. Nokho, ngokushesha ngemva kwethulwa Abaklami iphrojekthi baye baqaphela ukuthi izici njalo kwesimiso esinjalo kungaba okuncane kakhulu. Isiteshi ezisebenza uhla UHF ngeke ukwazi ukunikeza ukuthola olunembile kakhulu bamatshe. Endle kungaholela kuholele ekufeni.

Kakade ekuqaleni kuka-1964 Radio Ubunginiyela Institute ngaqala isentimitha aduduze. Kwakuhlelwe ukuba alusebenzise kuzovumela esiteshini ukuze uthole ezintsha, elamukelekile lokusebenza okwamukelekile ngokugcwele, kanye nokunikeza operation elula futhi elula. Isiqalo okufanele isebenze ngayo njengengxenye uhlelo yakhelwe ngentuthuko yakamuva kanye nobuchwepheshe. Kodwa ngalesi sikhathi isinqumo Abaklami kubhekwe iyize.

Kwakudingekile ukwakha radar entsha ngokuphelele, okuyinto babengeke bagcine ukumboza izidingo ngalezo zinsuku, kodwa futhi kakhulu bangaleso sikhathi. Kule ndaba, ngaphambi kokuphela 1965 izisebenzi wahlanganyela ukuthuthukiswa RTI emihlanu nje umbono ezahlukene radar. Kodwa ngalesi sikhathi, naphezu kwayo yonke imizamo onjiniyela, iphrojekthi aluvunyiwe ngoba akukuniki izixazululo cishe kusebenza.

Zonke ezinhlanu ongakhetha ezihlongozwayo kufanele ezinye amaphutha futhi is hhayi Kunconywa ukuba uqhubeke ukuthuthukiswa. Ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaziywa ngokwawo mayelana nomsebenzi owenziwayo kanye ukubeka phambili izixazululo lobuchwepheshe, kunesinye samuntu radar ethembisa. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile ke yaba isisekelo sezinguqulo radar "Don-2N".

entsha Solutions

Ekuqaleni kuka-1966, onjiniyela RTI waqala umutu abambisene naye emsebenzini ngokuthi "Don". Esikhathini kohlaka amapulani okwakha pair of radars ezisebenza bands ezahlukene. UHF uhlelo kuhlelwe ukuba ikhishwe ngendlela ezimbili okufanele akhethe kuzo: umhlaba osekelwe umkhumbi. Lokhu kwakungeke nje agcine emkhathini kusukela insimu yalo, kodwa futhi ukuze kuqashwe izindawo positional ka kweminsalo isitha ngosizo imikhumbi eyayiya kukhona emkhawulweni walo futhi ifakwe radar.

Sentimutha radar Kusolwa phansi umile kuphela samuntu. Ububanzi imisebenzi yayo ngaphandle ukubona ezicitshwayo isitha kwakuhlanganisa nokunciphisa missile isiqondiso. Izinguqulo lokuqala okhishiwe owawufanele isentimitha esiteshini ngeke umkhondo wemboni 90 degrees ububanzi. Ngakho-ke, ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi wonke-round buka, kwakudingekile ukwakha iziteshi ezifana ezine.

Ngesikhathi beqeda version owandulelayo esiteshini okusalungiswa isentimitha lusebenza ku UHF uhlelo samiswa ngoba kwaba akusadingeki. Onjiniyela bakwazi ukuhlanganisa kwelinye emikhulu phansi esiteshini zonke izinqumo ezidingekile futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izidingo. Kusukela ngo-1968, onjiniyela bahlakulele imishini, ukusebenza kuphela uhla isentimitha. Ukuze yesixwayiso of missile iziteshi kuhlasela abakhethiwe amagagasi imitha.

umklamo olwandulelayo

Ngo-1969-RTI wathola umsebenzi ukuthuthukisa design owandulelayo esiteshini "Don H". Kwakudingekile yokuhlanganisa zonke izimpumelelo ethathwe isipiliyoni phezu izinhlelo radar esidlule. Kulokhu, ikhasimende, ngokusebenzisa eMnyango Wezokuvikela zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa ukubeka phambili eziningi nezidingo zephrojekthi RTI. Inkinga yayiwukuthi elicacisiwe izici umsebenzi ukuphakama futhi ibanga indiza zilandelwa Okuqondiwe babe engahlula electronics yesikhathi. Esikhathini yoma ngasekupheleni kwekhulu elidlule, ngisho imishini innovative kakhulu ngeke akwazi ngokunemba okukhulu ukulandelela bese ulandela Okuqondiwe ballistic sise ibanga amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka amabili nambili.

Ukuze sikwazi ukufeza lokhu kwakudingekile ukuba afeze eziningi ucwaningo eziyisisekelo, bese ukuhlola. Khona-ke kwaba khona isiphakamiso ukwenza uhlelo missile ukuzivikela okulula, ukukucaza kube ezimbili abaphuma, ngalinye elikwazi uzothola uhlobo yayo yezikhali ezicitshwayo. Kulokhu, ukwakhiwa uhlelo radar isiqondiso izinhlobo ezimbili yezikhali ezicitshwayo ezazemukeleka ngokugcwele nangokwezimali iphila. Ukuze ubone ukuthi ukuma yokugcina nokuma radar Abaklami esizayo wathatha isikhathi esithile. Kuphela ukugcwaliseka egcwele iphrojekthi wethulwa maphakathi no-1972.

Ukuze radar nazo zonke Ukucaciswa edingekayo, yayiyindawo ukuhlomisa isizukulwane esisha uhlelo Computing, okuyinto ukuthuthukiswa waqala kanyekanye ngomklamo okuphelele kohlelo, "Don H". Ngokushesha multifunction radar Omnidirection isentimitha ububanzi yazuza lemali enkulu yokufa uhlangothi kweziningi ezisekhona kuze kube namuhla. Ikakhulukazi, amalungu RTI ekugcineni wanquma isakhiwo isakhiwo: incishisiwe mbhoshongo ezine emaceleni nge ikhishiwe afanayo antenna ku ngamunye ubuso antenna ngabanye kanye ukuma square ukulawula antimissiles. Ngenxa ukubala efanele indawo antenna Kuye kwanikezwa umbono ephelele Nenkabazwe engenhla. Inkambu Ngenxa umsakazo angase anqunyelwe ngaphandle izici Lokusakaza isignali radar kanye nesimo sendawo.

izinguquko

Ngokushesha iphrojekthi yasayinwa futhi wathola abanye izinguquko. Innovations abangu ikakhulu ezihlobene imishini, IZINHLELO amasignali. Ngokucacile ukusebenza "Don H" lwenzelwe futhi wasungula supercomputer ngokuthi "Elbrus-2". Ngisho unikezwa yokuthi uhlelo esiteshini ikhompyutha eline eziphambili kakhulu ngaleso imishini isikhathi electronics ithatha kancane ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane amakhabethe. Ukuze leli nani imishini angase selehlile ngokugcwele, onjiniyela abahlinzeke bethole indlela ekhethekile ehlanganisa ukushisa kanye amapayipi amanzi. uyephuza Ubude ipayipi wayeyizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amaningana amakhilomitha. Ukuze zonke izingxenye imishini radar zazixhunywe nomunye Bajabula lapho kuthatha cishe izinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili emakhilomitha amakhebuli.

ukwakhiwa

Ngu-1978, umsebenzi wokwakha, okwasetshenziswa ngaleso sikhathi kwaba igama olusha "Don-2N" wayesekulungele ukwakhiwa esigabeni esiteshini. Ngesikhathi isakhiwo esifanayo yakhiwa kuleli Kazakh Sary-Shagan. Kusukela ngaphandle eMoscow, kwaba Ubukhulu ezahlukene, imishini kanye, ngenxa yalokho, ukusebenza.

Ukwakhiwa isixwayiso radar an zakuqala "Don-2N" yaqhubeka iminyaka engaba yishumi. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi abakhi efakiwe amathani angaphezu kwangu-30 eziyinkulungwane metal izakhiwo, odla izindwani amathani ukhonkolo ezingaphezu kuka-50 eziyinkulungwane futhi kwavula inombolo hugest amapayipi, izintambo nezinye izakhi. Ukufakwa zikagesi waqala ngo-1980 futhi yathatha iminyaka eyisikhombisa.

ukuxhashazwa

A yingxenye yesine yekhulu leminyaka ngemva kokuqala ukuthuthukisa radar "Don-2N" wethulwa. Ngo-1989, lona wesifazane waqala ukuqapha isikhala izinto. Ngokusho idatha esemthethweni, ukuphakama target ukuthola radar eduze eMoscow kuze kube amane amakhilomitha ayinkulungwane. Ububanzi ukuthola lwekhanda missile InterContinental kuyinto 3700 amakhilomitha. Isiteshi omoya ukukhipha isignali pulsed amandla afinyelela ku 250 MW. Ikhishiwe afanayo antenna kanye ne-computing system sokunquma izixhumanisi emincane kwelitshe amasekhondi 25 ka arc. Icacisa iphutha lebanga esingaphansi 10 metres. Ngokusho kwemibiko ahlukahlukene, radar "Don-2N" eMoscow okwazi ahambisane izinto engamakhulu kanyekanye futhi liqondise nedlanzana ezicitshwayo ambalwa. Isakhiwo esisodwa shift iziteshi opharetha zihlanganisa ochwepheshe yikhulu.

Ezimayini esiteshini efakwe imodeli missile 53 T6. Amandla warhead yenuzi 10 kilotons. Ubude nangomcibisholo esinjalo siyisivikelo 12 kg, nesisindo - amathani 10. Ibanga lesion (ngokusho emithonjeni ehlukahlukene) ivela amakhilomitha 50 kuya ku-100, futhi ukuphakama izilonda - 45 amakhilomitha. missile Isivinini kuyinto 5.5 km / s, kusobala, ngakho-ke libizwa aseNtshonalanga "Gesell".

Ukubambisana ne-United States

Ekuqaleni, ngokunembile kuze 1992, khona kanye nezici lesi sitshalo abangekho kudalulwe. Kodwa ngalowo nyaka eSoviet Union wavumelana United States ekubambisaneni emkhakheni ucwaningo kanye ukuthola amakhono ethungatha izinto azungeza Earth. Isimiso okuthiwa Orbital doti Radar Samandla Sphere (ODERACS), okuyinto uhumusha njengoba "amabhola Orbital ekulinganisweni radar izinhlelo ukuthi ukulandelela isikhala okungenamsoco."

Ukuhlolwa yokuqala ukuya nobusika 1992, kodwa ngenxa zobuchwepheshe, akazange athathe indawo. iminyaka emibili kuphela kamuva, ucwaningo sezenziwe. Ngesikhathi sokuhlola, ngokuthi ODERACS-1R-US mkhathi Ukutholwa waphonsa esikhaleni evulekile eziyisithupha amabhola metal. Ababili babo babe ububanzi 5 cm, ezimbili - 10 cm, nokuningi ezimbili -. 15 cm Kwaphela izinyanga eziningana, base azungeza Earth. Sonke leso sikhathi basuke ezibukelwa radar "Don-2N" ne-US radars. Ocwaningweni, sphere ngohlelo diameters kuka-10 no-15 amasentimitha babonakala kokubili issledovateyami American futhi Russian. Kodwa amabhola nge ububanzi ngamasentimitha amahlanu wathola radar Russian kuphela.

Phakathi elilandelayo ODERACS-2 cwaningo waphonswa isikhala 3 ibhola 3 kanye kugqame dipole. Ngokusho imiphumela ukuhlola, radar Russian waphinde wabonisa ukuthi uhlangothi lwakhe engcono. radar yako etholakala okuhlosiwe kulencane at ibanga amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbili.

esiteshini Izici

Okuphawulekayo izici radar "Don-2N" (Sofrino) yilezi:

1. Ezihlukahlukene zokusisebenzisa. Linikeza eduze nakude nokunciphisa Okuqondiwe ballistic, ukusekela kwabo, kanye anekhodi bashintshisane ngolwazi.
2. Izinga eliphezulu umsindo amasosha omzimba. Ngokusekelwe ewumngcingo emisebeni iphethini antenna, high imvamisa selectivity, ebanzi imvamisa ububanzi, othomathikhi compensators khona ukuphazamiseka, ukusetshenziswa ekhethekile isignali kumba kanye kungenzeka ziyahlukahluka nozwela isignali ohlangothini ukuze imithombo ukuphazamiseka.
3. Ukujwayela ukushintsha isimo Tactical. Kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa ikhono lokushintsha izindlela, amazinga kanye imingcele ngenhloso yensizakalo izakhi.
4. Ukunemba okuphezulu nesilinganiso target endleleni, ehlukile nesilinganiso target ukuxhumanisa iziteshi ezinhlanu.
5. Ikhono ukuhlonza futhi ulandelele Okuqondiwe ezihambayo ngokushesha futhi avulekile.
6. Izinga eliphezulu amasignali ulwazi.
7. Umklamo Modular.
8. Izinga eliphezulu ezishintshayo.

Ingozi zone radar "Don-2N"

Lapho radar isebenza, uhlale eduze ke akuvunyelwe. Ukulimala sezempilo radar "Don-2N" lihlotshaniswa emisebeni enamandla. Ukukhuluma ngolimi yansuku zonke, "Don-2N" ingafaniswa microwave omkhulu. Ngaphandle ukuthi ukushisa akuyona ngaphakathi, futhi lapho, lapho emitter uwela - ngaphandle. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kuphephile ngokuphelele ngaphakathi. Kulabo ngasizathu simbe, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi ngaphandle, ichopho ekhethekile zokuzivikela eyakhelwe.

Imizuzu eyishumi ngaphambi isignali kunikezwa esiteshini, okuyinto kufakazela ukuthi abasebenzi kudingeka ushiye endaweni ezungezile. Yenhlanzeko Ukuvikelwa zone kubafuni "Don-2N" kuyinto ikhilomitha elilodwa. Nokho, imizana kude kusukela esiteshini akukho. It ifakwe Umhubhe ekhethekile ngaphansi komhlaba, lapho ungakwazi ushiye esiteshini zokusebenza, ngaphandle kokushiya indawo eyingozi.

ezingaba

Inani eyisisekelo ulwazi mayelana namakhono netimphawu esiteshini inkonzo "Don-2N" uhlala ngononina. Ngakho-ke, ulwazi mayelana eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengoba umthetho, iyivela kancane futhi kusele izingxenyana nje ze. Noma kunjalo, ngisho ngesisekelo ulwazi olutholakala zingafundwa. Kungenzeka ethungatha amakhulu Okuqondiwe kanyekanye kuveza amandla radar sika ukukhomba isiteleka elinganiselwe enuzi endaweni evikelwe.

Ukuthola Injongo, esiteshini ngokwayo kungaletha kubo rocket. Ngokusho idatha ahlukahlukene, inombolo yabo kuhluka 25 kuya 30. Ngakho, ngokungabi bikho okwanele yezikhali ezicitshwayo okwamanje kungenzeka RLS zokuzivikela ezingaba isetshenziswe ngokugcwele. Kodwa lokhu kuyinto ukucabangela, esekelwe idatha kutholakala kuphela. A Imininingwane okuyiyona eMoscow missile ukuzivikela ubulokhu ihlala ngononina.