Indawo yase-Australia. Australia ebalazweni. Izici ze-Australia

Isimo sase-Australia sisezwenikazi elizimele kanye nezinye iziqhingi eziseduze, okuyinto enkulu kunawo wonke iTasmania. Indawo yase-Australia yizinkulungwane ezingu-7 682 300 square. Izwe kuleli cala linamamitha ayizi-7 617 930. I-Km. Ugu lolwandle luhamba ngamakhilomitha angaphezu kwamashumi amabili nanhlanu.

Indawo yase-Australia engxenyeni enkabeni yezwekazi inomhlaba omkhulu wezintabeni, iningi lawo yizingodo zeLake Eyre noMfula iMurray. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ithafa leNallabor. Izindawo zaseNtshonalanga zidumile nge-Great Western Plateau - isifunda sezintaba ezine ezinkulu: Gibson, Simpson, iSikhulu Esikhulu kanye neDreat Great Desert.

Izici ze-Australia zinjalo ukuthi akukho amanzi anele kuleli zwe. Iningi lemifula likhona engxenyeni esempumalanga yezwe, phakathi kwabo uDarling, Murray nabanye. Imishanguzo yamanzi, ephakathi nendawo entshonalanga, iyomile ehlobo.

Amanzi emachibi amaningi ayinamanzi. Okukhulu kunabo yi-Eyre. Ngamamitha ayi-12 ngaphansi kolwandle lolwandle.

Abantu

Ngendawo, izwe lase-Australia lihlala ngamakhilomitha ayizigidi ezingaphezu kweziyisikhombisa nesigamu. Insimu yayo inabantu abangu-23 625 130 (idatha ngoJulayi 2014). Ngokuyinhloko, laba baseYurophu - 95%, ama-5% asele angama-Asiya nama-Aborigines (4% no-1% ngokulandelana). Ulimi olusemthethweni yisiNgisi.

Ngokuqinisekile kwaziwa ukuthi abantu basendulo babehlala endaweni ethile e-Australia eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amane edlule. Kucatshangwa ukuthi bevela ePapua New Guinea naseziqhingini zase-Indonesian.

Izakhamuzi zokuqala zazibandakanya ukuzingela nokuqoqa. Abamele bezizukulwane eziningi ezalandela baqala ukuhlala ngokuqinile emaphandleni naseziqhingini eziseduze, befunda izindawo ezintsha. Naphezu kwamakhono obuchwephesha obuchwepheshe obusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwamatshe, izinkuni namathambo, impilo yomphakathi kanye nengokomoya yayisezingeni eliphakeme. Ngakho-ke, iningi lalinamalimi amaningana, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho namaqembu asuselwa emasimini ahlanganiswa amaqembu omphakathi ahleliwe.

Njengamanje, indawo yase-Australia ithuthukiswe ngokugcwele. Awekho okuthiwa amabala amhlophe kuleli zwekazi. Noma kunjalo, abantu abangu-89% bezwe bangabantu basekhaya. Yingakho i-Australia ibhekwa njengenye yezindawo ezisemadolobheni amakhulu kakhulu emhlabeni. Isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila ka-2005-2010. Kwakuyiminyaka engu-81.6. Lena inkomba ekhangayo.

Inkolo

Ayikho inkolo esemthethweni ezweni. Abaningi balabo bangamaKristu. Ngokusho kwedatha ngo-2006, izakhamuzi ezingu-25.8% zingamalungu okukholwa kwamaKatolika. Enye inkolo enkulu yi-Anglican (18.7% wabantu). Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaPresbyterian, ama-Adventist, amaPentecostal, amaMethodisti kanye nabalandeli beSalvation Army, amaBuddha, amaSulumane namaJuda ahlala kuleli zwe.

Izinkonzo zamasonto onke zivakashelwe ngabantu abangaba yizigidi ezilodwa nesigamu. Indima ebalulekile empilweni yomphakathi idlalwe yizinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zobuKristu ezibusika nezibhedlela. Uhlelo lwezikoleni zamaKatolika lusethuthukiswa kakhulu. Abantwana abayizigidi eziyisithupha nesigamu babhaliswa ezifundeni ezifanayo zemfundo. ISonto Lase-Anglican lihlanganyela emfundweni yezakhamuzi ezincane eziyikhulu. Kunezikole ezingu-48 kwinethiwekhi ye-United Church.

Izimo zezulu

Isikhundla se-Australia senza umehluko omkhulu esimweni sezulu ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zezwe. Ngakho-ke, ezindaweni ezisenyakatho ama-subequatorial alawula, enkabeni naseningizimu - isimo sezulu esilinganayo. Cabangela isimo sezulu se-Australia. Ukushisa okuvamile kwansuku zonke engxenyeni esenyakatho yezwe kuyashintsha phakathi kuka-23-28 degrees Celsius. Inani eliphakeme lemvula (kuze kufike ku-1,500 millimeters) liwela ngesikhathi sehlobo. Ebusika omile umoya omile oshaya, okuholela ekomeni. Ngokuqondene namathafa asogwini kanye namathafa aphakeme, anomsoco ngokwanele futhi anesimo sezulu esifudumele. Ukushisa kwenyanga efudumele kakhulu eSydney kungukushisa okungaba ngamashumi amabili nanhlanu, kanti okubandayo kunamadigri angaba yishumi nanhlanu ngesibonakaliso.

Ezindaweni ezisemaphandleni nasentshonalanga yezwekazi, isimo sezulu siyindawo egwadule. Ehlobo (ngoDisemba kuya kuFebruwari), i-bulm ye-thermometer yezinsuku eziningi zokukhanya kwelanga ihamba ngamadriki angaba ngu-30 noma kancane kancane, futhi ebusika iwa ngamaphesenti ayishumi kuya kwayishumi nanhlanu. Eyingxenyeni ephakathi kwezwe ehlobo ngisho nokushisa - kuya kuma-Celsius angamashumi amane nanhlanu. Ebusuku, izinga lokushisa lingadonsa kwizinga lezingadi. Ukunciphisa kule ngxenye yezwe kuyinto encane - amamitha angamakhulu amabili kuya kwamakhulu amathathu ngonyaka.

Isimo sezulu emasimini aseningizimu-ntshonalanga kufana neMediterranean iSpanishi nesiFulentshi. Njengomthetho, ihlobo lapha liyashisa futhi limile, futhi ubusika bunamanzi futhi bufudumele. Ukushisa kuyashintsha kancane phakathi nonyaka.

I-Flora

Isikhundla se-Australia kanye nezinto eziphawulekayo zesimo sezulu sezwe kwaholela ekusakazeni izitshalo ezomile-utshani obukhethekile, ama-acacias, ama-eucalyptus nezihlahla zebhodlela. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ezinhlobonhlobo eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-12 zezinhlanzi zendawo zendawo eziyi-9 000 zikhona, okungukuthi, zitholakala kuphela kuleli zwekazi.

Amahlathi ashisayo enyakatho yezwe afaka ama-eucalyptus, isundu, ama-ficus nama-bamboo. Ezindaweni eziseningizimu ye-savanna, ama-eucalyptus kanye nama-acacia ama-acacia amaqembu atholakala njalo. Isembozo sotshani obukhulu sisakazeka emhlabeni. Ingxenye esempumalanga yezwe ilawulwa amahlathini ashisayo ahlala emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo ezinenani elikhulu lemifino efana nemifino, ama-eucalyptus nama-high fern aneziqu ezingamamitha amabili.

Imfuyo

Imfuyo yezwe ibhekwa njengehlukile. Futhi konke ngoba i-9/10 yazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane itholakala kuphela ezwekazi elimangalisayo elibizwa ngokuthi i-Australia. I-kangaroo, izilonda eziphahleni, ama-Koalas nama-platypus ahlala kuleli zwekazi kuphela. Phakathi kwezilwane kukhona ama-marsupials amaningi (okungenani izinhlobo eziyikhulu namashumi amabili). Kunamakholandi amaningi, izinja ze-dingo kanye namagundane afana negundane ezweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapha kukhona izilwane ezincelisayo eziphilayo, okuthiwa izinto eziphilayo eziphilayo - echidna kanye ne-platypus.

Ngokuqondene nama-ungulates, izinkawu kanye nabameleli bamabutho ahlasela, azikho ezweni. Kodwa i-Australia idume ngenani elikhulu lezinyoni-emus, cassowaries, cockatoos, amajuba amakhanda, izinyoni zezinyoni, ama-swans amnyama, izinyoni zeparadesi nama-lyrebirds. Izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezingavamile kakhulu ziyizilonda nezinyoka-asalids. Umakhelwane omangalisayo wemifula yaseNingizimu Afrika - i-bastard - inhlanzi kabili-booby enephunga elilodwa.

Isakhiwo sombuso. Amaqembu ezombangazwe

I-Australia yindawo kahulumeni wephalamende, igama eligcwele yi-Commonwealth Australia. I-federation yakhiwa yizifunda eziyisithupha - iVictoria, Queensland, Tasmania, South and Western Australia, eNew South Wales. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphansi kolawulo lwe-commonwealth yiziqhingi ze-Ashmore neCartier, uMcdonald noHurd, cishe. UKhisimusi, iCoconut ne-Coral Sea Islands.

Inhloko-dolobha i-Canberra. NgoJanuwari 1, 1901 izwe lazuza ukuzimela, ngesikhathi esifanayo lihlala ilungu leBritish Commonwealth. Umthetho usekelwe emthethweni ovamile wase-England. Usuku lwe-Australia, oluyiholidi kazwelonke, lugujwa ngamashumi amabili nesithupha kaJanuwari.

Amandla aphezulu anikezwe inkosi yaseBrithani, umbusi-jikelele kanye nongqongqoshe, ophethe iKhabinethi yabaNgqongqoshe. IPhalamende lakhiwa yiSenate neNdlu yabamele.

Phakathi kwamaqembu ezombangazwe anesisindo esikhulu kunazo zonke, i-Party of Australian Democrats, i-Australian Labour Party, i-Liberal Party yase-Australia kanye ne-National Party yase-Australia bayabelwe.

Umnotho, Ezokuthutha

Umbuso uhlukaniswe umnotho othuthukile kakhulu. Kulesi sibonakaliso, kufaniswa namazwe aseYurophu aseNtshonalanga. Phakathi kwezimboni ezibaluleke kunazo zonke kunezimayini, izinsimbi, amakhemikhali, izimboni zokudla nezimboni. Cishe amaphesenti amahlanu we-GNP inikeza inzuzo emisebenzini yezolimo. Izitshalo eziyinhloko zezolimo ziyibhali, ukolweni, izithelo kanye noshukela. Akukho ndawo emhlabeni eziningi izimvu ezibelethwe njenge-Australia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhiqizwa kwezinkukhu kanye nezinkomo kuyenzeka ezweni.

Iyunithi yamali yi-dollar yase-Australia. Phakathi kwalabo abalingani abakhulu bokuhweba yi-USA, New Zealand, Great Britain neJapane. Umthengisi omkhulu kunawo wonke wekolweni, uboya nenyama yenkomo, umkhiqizo wesibili omkhulu we-mutton u-Australia. Indawo yaseningizimu isetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho okuphumelelayo kwezwe kanye nenhlalakahle yezenhlalakahle zabantu.

Izakhiwo zemvelo

Imithombo yamanzi yase-Australia ayikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi icebile. Izwekazi elikulo mbuzo yilona elidaka kakhulu emhlabeni. Imifula emikhulu kuleli zwekazi incane. Yini ephawulekayo nge-Australia? UMfula i-Murray uyisisekelo esikhulu samanzi ezweni. Ama-tributary amakhulu kunawo wonke yiGoulburn, Darling noMarrambiji. Ziningi kakhulu iqhwa eliqhakazile ezintabeni, kodwa ngesikhathi esishisayo kukhona okungajulile okujulile. Amadamu akhiwe cishe kuwo onke ama-tributaries omfula. I-Murray, eduze kwazo yizindawo zokuhlala ezihleliwe, ezisetshenziselwa ukuchelela izingadi, amadlelo namasimu.

Amachibi awakwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi yimithombo yamanzi enhle yezwe, ngoba ayidaka kakhulu, encane futhi enamanzi, kepha abahambayo bakhanga amachibi amanga. Isibonelo, i-Hiller iyi-pink pink eliqhakazile elisesiqhingini sase-Middle Island. Umbala ongavamile wamanzi kuwo awuguquki. Ososayensi abakakaze bathole incazelo yalesi sivuno. I-Gipsland ekhanyayo, e-Victoria. Ngonyaka ka-2008, kwabhalwa ukuxilongwa okuphezulu kwamagciwane ezincane zeNoctiluca scintillans (nochesvetok). Lesi senzakalo esingavamile asibonwanga kuphela izakhamuzi zendawo, kodwa futhi nomthwebuli wezithombe uPhil Hart. Le ndoda kwakudingeka ihlale iphonsa ngamatshe emanzini ukuze athathe indawo ekhanyayo yamanzi, ngoba izinyoni ezincane ezingavamile zithinta ngokukhanya okubangelwa ngaphandle.

Indawo yase-Australia ingamaphesenti ama-2 kuphela ahlala amahlathi - lezi zinsiza nazo zilula ezweni. Noma kunjalo, bakhanga abahambi abaningi ngenxa yobukeka babo obungavamile. Amahlathi anjalo ashisayo, njengasogwini lolwandle lwaseCoral, alutholakali kwenye indawo.

Umcebo oyinhloko wemvelo wezwe yiqiniso, imithombo yamaminerali. Izwe linemithombo enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ye-zirconium ne-bauxite. Ngaphezu kwalokho, leli zwe lisesendaweni yesibili ekufakweni kwe-uranium namalahle. Amaplasma atholakala eTasmania. I-Australia (ebalazweni yiyona eningizimu-ntshonalanga yezwekazi) icebile ngegolide. E-New South Wales, amadayimane, i-bismuth, i-antimony ne-nickel iyagcinwa.

Konke kwaqala kanjani

Ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, okhokho base-Australia base-Australia baqala ukuhlala cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amane edlule. Njengoba i-Australia ihlukaniswe nakwezinye izindawo emhlabeni wonke, abantu bomdabu babenemasiko ehlukile enkolo namasiko. Izwekazi lafunyanwa yizizwe zaseYurophu kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17. Owokuqala kwakunguDutchman Jansson. Ngo-1605, wafika eGulf of Carpentaria (ogwini olusenyakatho). Ngenxa yokudeleka komhlaba, ukoloni lwe-Australia lwaqala kuphela ngo-1770. Khona-ke uJames Cook wathatha isikhundla senkosi yendawo. Ngemva kwalokho, eduze kwalendawo kwavela idolobha laseSydney.

Kuze kube ngo-1840, i-Australia ebalazweni lomhlaba kwakungeyona indawo ephelele, kodwa yindawo yokuthunjwa yezifundo zenkosi yaseBrithani ezagwetshwa umsebenzi onzima. Ngo-1850, amakoloni asekhaya aqala ukuzimela ngesiNgisi, futhi eminyakeni eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye yakha i-Commonwealth Australia emele. Izwe laqala ukuthuthukisa ngokwendlela yalo. Noma kunjalo, umlando wase-Australia isikhathi eside wawuhlotshaniswa ne-England. Ngakho-ke, umbuso wanikeza usizo olukhulu eBrithani phakathi neMpi Yezwe Lokuqala Neyesibili.

Isikhathi e-Australia

Izwekazi elikulo mbuzo likhona ezindaweni ezintathu. Ehlobo, isikhathi eBrisbane naseSydney sinamahora ayisithupha ngaphambi kweMoscow, nasePerth - ezine. Isikhathi sendawo e-Australia sishintshiwe kusukela kuhulumeni kuya kuhulumeni.

Izindawo ezithakazelisayo

Izivakashi eziningi zikhanga ogwini olusempumalanga yezwe. Indawo evuliwe kakhulu yi-resort yase-Golden Coast ngamabhishi anamangalisa nezimo ezinhle kakhulu zokungena. Abathandi bezenkolo ngeke babe nesithukuthezi noma. Ngakho-ke, enhloko-dolobha ungavakashela i-Nicholson Antiquities Museum, iMyuziyamu yase-Australia kanye ne-National Maritime Museum. I-Melbourne idume nge-National Gallery yaseVictoria, nansi i-National Herbarium edumile ne-Royal Botanic Garden. Yiziphi ezinye izinto ezikhangayo okufanele zibonwe?

• Okuthandwa kakhulu phakathi kwezivakashi yi-Great Barrier Reef. Yisimiso esithuthukisiwe kakhulu semifula ye-coral emhlabeni futhi iqukethe iziqhingi ezingu-900 kanye nemifula engu-2 900, indawo engamakhilomitha angamakhilomitha angama-344,400. Lena imfundo emikhulu emhlabeni jikelele ingabonakala ngisho nasesikhala esingaphandle. Itholakala olwandle lwaseCoral, eduze nemingcele yasenyakatho yezwekazi.
• I-Sydney Opera House yaqala ukwakha ngo-1973. Njengamanje, ungenye yezimpawu ezibonakala kakhulu zezwe. Lesi sakhiwo sinjengomkhumbi kunesakhiwo esivela emhlabeni.
• ENew South Wales yiBlue Mountains. Zakhiwa zisuka e-sandstone futhi ziphawuleka ngokuthungatha kwamamitha angaphezu kwamakhulu ayisikhombisa namashumi amahlanu ngokujula. Ngokuyinhloko kukhona ukukhula kwama-ferns nezihlahla ze-eucalyptus. Izintaba zathola igama labo elingavamile ngenxa yokuhlushwa okuphezulu emoyeni kokumiswa kwamafutha abalulekile avezwe yi-eucalyptus trees.
• Okumangalisa ukuthi, kodwa eKapadeni National Park akekho i-parrot eyodwa. Kwathathwa igama layo esizweni sendawo. Imibono kule ndawo eyingqayizivele imane imangalisa: ipaki ibhajwe nxazonke ngamadwala aphezulu kanye nezinkomba ezithemba ngokuqinisekile leli paradesi livela ngaphandle kwezwe. Yingakho kukhona izilwane endaweni yayo engatholakali kwenye indawo emhlabeni - ama-semi-slender goose, ama-cranes ase-Australia, i-barramundi kanye nabanye.
• Uma ubuhle bomuzi abukujabuli, futhi ukuzindla ngamapaki azwelonke okugcinwe kuyo kudala ukulangazelela, ukuya eBraossa Valley - isifunda sewayini esikhulu sezwe. Lapha ungakwazi ukunambitha iziphuzo ezimnandi, futhi uhlanganyele emikhosini enkulu.

Qedela incazelo elandelwayo ye-Sydney aquarium. Njengokuningi e-Australia, ihlukile. Akukho zinkimbinkimbi ezinjalo emhlabeni: ngisho nokubuka okulula ngaphandle kokuyeka emibonisweni eminingi kuzothatha amahora amathathu nesigamu amahora. Lokhu kuvezwa kuhlukaniswe yizigaba ngezici zendawo - i-Great Barrier Reef, i-Southern and Northern Rivers, amaLwandle aseNingizimu. Ukungena ku-aquarium ayikwazi ukuphawula ngoba itholakala emlonyeni ongenasisekelo weshaka okhishiwe.