Imithetho Solon - ukuzalwa intando yeningi e-Athene lasendulo

Ngobushiqela, efana isitayela zokubusa eGrisi lasendulo eyathatha isikhathi esifushane. Kodwa umonakalo alethwe eside. It buthaka kakhulu izindlela kwezomnotho kanye ukusika inkululeko kwezenhlalo abase-Athene bathanda. Ukuze sibhekane obumbi edingekayo izinyathelo ezinqala. imithetho Solon BakaJehova ababenomusa ngayo ngokunembile isigwedlo ukuthi wabuyisela muzi waseGrisi main sisendleleni yaqala ukuchuma kwezomnotho.

prehistory

Ezolimo bekugcwele emandla zamabutho elikhiqizayo Attica lasendulo. Kodwa ungalokothi kwakungeyona lisenkingeni njengoba 7. BC Isizathu esikhulu obumbi kwaba eyeqile.

Ngokusho imithetho Draco, izwe alizange expropriated impahla, kodwa abalimi kunganikeza ngokwabo ebugqilini ngezinhlamvu ethile imali. Kweleti akazange akhokhe izikweletu ngesikhathi, baba abanikazi nabantu abakweletwayo kwakufanele abanike wesithupha sokuvuna. abanamacala ezinjalo ngokuthi Pelata noma gektemorami. phansi Rapid Athens umnotho esimweni inhlekelele.

i-curriculum vitae

Solon wayevela landowning lomkhaya ocebile. Ngesikhathi ukhetho yakhe eya ebandleni labantu wayeseboshwe wazimisa njengonegunya imbongi kanye nomphathi wamasosha. Ukuqala ukuthandwa kwakhe, yena wafaka wabophula kusukela megaryan obakhathalelayo. ESalami. Elegy wakhe, okuyinto bamdumisa isibindi, ukuphana, ukuzibeka emuva, liphefumulelwe nezigigaba eziningi-Athene. Solon was mabonwabulawe ngokweqile nokungabi nabulungisa - ukuthi isibaluli isimiso 'konke ngokulinganisela. " Nakuba isifiso somuntu ukuze uthole ukuvikeleka nengcebo, wathola evamile futhi yizicukuthwane - kwelinye elegies bakhe bokuqala zomculo Solon ucele amnike ukuchuma ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo. Kodwa le mbongi waqaphela ukuthi ukuze kufinyelelwe lo ukuchuma kungenzeka kuphela yayo komunye nomunye ngobuqotho, nengcebo ekhishwe ukukhwabanisa izenzo yokungathembeki - kuyisono, okuyinto wawajezisa kanzima by uZeyusi.

ezombusazwe

Ngo 594, le Solon wamenywa kuposi se-archon. Injongo yalolu khetho kwakugcwele ukuguqulwa komnotho kanye nomphakathi ukuthi kungaholela izwe ngaphandle kokuntengantenga okwathatha isikhathi eside kangako. Ngokusho imithetho Athene yasendulo, i-ushintsho olukhulu kanjalo kwakudinga kwemvume abameleli Assembly Yabantu - ukuthi kwaba isishayamthetho dolobha lasendulo isimo. Ngokuzayo emaphethelweni eGrisi bese Athens lwakubo, lo Archon akasibonanga ngobushiqela, kodwa waphikelela ngezifundo kanzima ukulandela izinguquko ngabe kabusha ezingeni emphakathini nasemnothweni ukuphila. Lezi zinguquko kwakufanele iqalise amandla kanye nobudlelwane kuleli zwe. Ingqikithi yalezi zinguquko babe imithetho Solon.

Isifinyezo izinguquko

Ngakho imfuneko ukuguqulwa, ngokuvumelana Solon, kwaba ukuqedwa kwesikweletu ebugqilini. Yonke inqubo owayemuhle wayebizwa ngokuthi seysahteyya - ukudamba kwesikolodo. Ingqikithi yalo ezidingekayo amacala kwangaphambilini lalithé:

• zonke izigqila eziye baba nimi izimo samozaklada, bakhululwa;
• ezweni, okuyinto eyaba isihloko isibambiso, wabuyela abanikazi bawo;
• zonke izikweletu imiswe;
• Yezinguquko wenza uhlelo wokulinganisa - zonke izilinganiso e Athens, baletha endinganisweni efanayo.

Le nqubo iye yabangela ukucasula zonke kwezakhi zenhlabathi emphakathini Athene. Kubi uthukuthele, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba bahlukanise lonke izwe ngaphambi kwabanikazi bamazwe acebile nezicebi abazithandanga ukulahlekelwa yingxenye enkulu yendawo. Nokho, abase-Athene kwakungasekho okunye - futhi banquma ukuba baqhubeke ukuphoqelela imithetho Solon.

ukuguqulwa kwezenhlalo yomphakathi

umphakathi Athene ukuthi izigaba ezine. Eyokuqala yalezi, lo enhle kakhulu, babe Eupatridae - aristocrats ocebile lezinceku Athens. Ingxenye yesibili Yayinesikhwanyana nabagibeli, netikhulu kangako ozalwa. Ngekhulu lesithathu babe Zeugitae - artisan kanye abathengisi, kanti owesine, amadoda ebanzi kakhulu, babempofu, kodwa mahhala Athens feta - abasebenzi futhi abalimi. Imithetho Solon elixutshwe lezi izingqimba wasethula embonweni wakhe umphakathi umehluko emphakathini. Kusukela manje ilungelo lokungena azi babe kuphela abantu abacebile - Eupatridae kwadingeka ukuba imali wezinyathelo okungenani 500 yokusanhlamvu ngonyaka, ukusetha quota nabagibeli kule izinyathelo 300 okusanhlamvu, futhi Zeugitae ingathiwa njengoba enjalo, lokuqoqa ngonyaka 200 namaseya amahlanu okusanhlamvu. Bonke abanye, kungakhathaliseki lokuzalwa, kubhekwe izakhamuzi khulula - fetami. Njengoba imithetho Solon e-Athens wabeka izisekelo yelinyenti, futhi manje ukuzalwa emndenini yizicukuthwane akuseyona kubhekwe yilungelo, uma ungasekelwa inhlokodolobha kunesidingo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba khona ithuba wangempela ukuthola kobubanzi yayo ngenxa ukudlula ziqu impahla.

uhlelo lokhetho

kwekuhlela kabusha Solon sika yasiza isinyathelo esilandelayo maqondana emphakathini obuswa ngentando yeningi. Kusukela manje, inhlangano kazwelonke (Areyophagu) Kungenzeka aqukethe abameleli bazo zonke tinhlaka temphakatsi. Ngakho okokuqala emhlanganweni nabampofu babengathola ukuxazulula ezinye izimpikiswano ngokucindezela futhi nomthelela ekuphathweni isimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eyilungu lomkhandlu kazwelonke ngalunye lwalungaba owakhethwa umahluleli. Nokho, lesi sikhundla akazange athembisa iyiphi uzuza omkhulu noma umthelela omkhulu - izinkinga kunazo ukuphokophela kuvame ixazululwe kwezinye imikhandlu. Kanye-Areyophagu bendabuko laqala ukusebenza kwelinye ipulangwe - bule, noma ibhodi 400. Ngo isishayamthetho kuhlanganisiwe abameleli zonke izigodi ezine zase-Athene yasendulo - abantu 100 ngamunye. Imithetho emisha ka Solon e-Athens enikeziwe bule ilungelo ukuhlolisisa owandulelayo zonke iziphakamiso etholwe Areyophagu. Ngakho, it is Council 400 inquma isidingo labo noma ezinye izinguquko esimweni, futhi Areyophagu kuphela amangalelwe isinqumo iningi. Ngaphansi igunya yase-Areyophagu wahlala engamele ukuhambisana nomthetho kuphinde kuvikelwe namalungelo kanye amalungiselelo yokutholwa.

Izinguquko emithethweni

Solon wayengesabi ukwenza izinguquko ezibalulekile emkhakheni umthetho Athens. Yena kukhanselwe iningi imithetho zomthetho eyasungulwa ezingomashiqela langaphambilini, futhi esigunyazwe isethi entsha imithetho zashintsha isimo sengqondo e kwetebulungiswa nekusebenta sphere civil. Washiya umthetho ingashintshiwe kuphela lobugebengu - imithetho ngonya Draco, ezihlobene izinhlawulo lobugebengu ukubulala, ukuphinga nokweba, Solon wathola eyanele.

geliee

Njengoba isandla kuya namademo ukubhekana Solon wadala Orany entsha zokwahlulela, ngubani bazethula njengoba geliee. Esikhathini Isivivinyo esisha kwakumelwe abameleli wonke amakilasi emphakathini Athene. Lokhu kudale oda entsha ngokuphelele zomthetho, ngokuyisisekelo lihluke esedlule. Iziphathimandla yeKambiso okokuqala emlandweni steel ukusebenza kwabo bonke abantu khulula yezwe. Abasebenzisi angathembela ukufinyelela ezinkantolo, ngaphandle labalamuli, ukuba abe ufakazi noma ummangalelwa ukuba ngummeli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, anikwa ilungelo Ngazixosha izitha zabo - ngaphambi kokuba avunyelwe ukuba izicukuthwane kuphela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, namajaji entsha ukuphuca yimuphi umuntu lobuzwe e-Athens. Kungaba kwenzeke kulabo akazange abe isikhundla civil ngesikhathi izibhelu nemibango okuqinile. Abantu bancishwa ubuzwe bazo, wavinjelwa.

ukuphila obengeziwe Solon

Ngokusho yetinsita imithetho Solon yayibhalwe amabhodi sokhuni enkulu (Kirby). Basuke esisogwini billboard enkulu ukuthi uzungeza kuma-axis awo azungeze. Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka esihlahleni isihlakazeka, ngakho-ke ibingakazeki ngokuthi emithethweni abantu empeleni zokuhlola ezasungulwa Solon, futhi lapho kuphela isibaluli kuye. imithetho yayo Solon wamisela enkathini eyiminyaka eyishumi ngokubulawa ayimpoqo kanye wamuka e-Athene. Ngokwemibiko ethile, sivumele isishaya-mthetho esatshwe ulaka Bakwethu uthukuthele - empeleni ebucayini, wahlula amathemba futhi abacebile nabampofu. Kwelinye elegies wakhe uthi abampofu yayifisa ukuba ugcwalise ukuhanjiswa umhlaba noma abacebile - ukuze asule wonke izikweletu. Emibhalweni UPlutarch kukhona amazwi ngamanye okuthiwa ashiwo Solon: "Kunzima ukwenza izenzo kuhle omkhulu wazo zonke."

Ngaphansi ibhaxa wokwandisa ukuhweba izibopho Solon wavakashela Egypt, uLidiya, futhi Cyprus. Ukuze ezisekhona izinsalela Solon okuvelayo kusukela ngokuvakashela izigodlo ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe - the uCroesus edume. Kodwa isimo sezombusazwe kwamphoqa ukubuyela Athens. amaqembu ezombusazwe eziningana seziqale emzabalazweni, futhi Solon wazama ukumelana ukusungulwa kobushiqela. Phela amandla isimo ashaqe zikamashiqela Peisistratus. Ngemva kokunqoba of lowo oyimbangi yakhe yezepolitiki Solon wamuka e-Athene, kodwa akazange aphile isikhathi eside. umlotha wakhe bahlakazekela ku obakhathalelayo. ESalami.

Meaning of imithetho

Okubalulekile kumithetho Solon sika - umzamo yimpumelelo nokulinganisa amalungelo azo zonke izakhamuzi, ukudebeselela imibuzo ngemvelaphi futhi isigaba sabaphathi zamaKhosi. isinyathelo esiwujuqu sale nqubomgomo engimbumbile i-oda entsha zezombangazwe nezenhlalo esimweni. zindlela ezintsha zika- nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana iye yasiza kumiswa labasetulu elisha lezombusazwe - ngaphandle kokubheka emasikweni tribal ubudala. Naphezu isiqalo esihle, imithetho Solon abakwazanga kuqedwe ngokuphelele ubandlululo ubudala. ngemva kweminyaka engu-90 kuphela izinguquko solonovskih sezombusazwe Cleisthenes amasha nawo aqhubeka nakangaka yeningi somanduleli wakhe. Cleisthenes wajabulela ukusekelwa ezibanzi kusukela demo, ngakho kungayilulaza unaphakade ukubusa ebukhosini futhi bahlanganise amandla wombuso, izimiso lensha yentsandvo yelinyenti.