Spratly Islands: isithombe, umlando, ungubani, ezokungcebeleka. Battle ngesikhathi Spratlys (1988)

Spratly Islands - inhlonhlo esendaweni elincane South China Sea. Sekuyisikhathi eside Ziba isihloko kombango phakathi ezifundazweni eziningana, sekuyisikhathi eside ezama ukulawula. Izindawo ezinhle kakhulu emhlabeni ziye zaba iphuzu impi, izingxabano ebabayo phakathi ezifundazweni eziningana.

geolocation

ENingizimu China Sea phezu 400 rocks ezahlukene, zamakhorali kanye nezinye izinhlangano, kuhlanganise nabafana abangaba ngu-200 kufakwe Spratly ziqhingi. Zonke lezi ziqhingi imvelaphi ekuqaleni coral. Ziyakwazi ongaphakeme nezincane. Ukuphakama akuyona ezingaphezu kuka-6 wamamitha ubude. Uma lezi esiqhingini kumiswa nabizelwa Coral Island.

Spartli Islands ku-South China Sea. Lokhu ulwandle - isikhala semi okuvalelwe the Pacific Ocean, elise phakathi ogwini Asia, pool, Indochina kanye Peninsula Malay, e yeSumatra, Kalimantan, Palawan, Mindoro ne-Taiwan. South China Sea iziqhingi ocebile. Eduze kukhona imizila eziningana ezinkulu umkhumbi emhlabeni. Ngokusho idatha yesayensi kule ndawo zigcine kanzulu enkulu uwoyela negesi. It wayedabuka ulwandle into amasu, ngoba amanzi ayo geza ogwini imibuso emikhulu eziyisithupha.

Umsuka iziqhingi

Iningi iziqhingi - ugcwele Shoals olwandle, zamakhorali, emaweni anezinguzunga zamadwala, langakufanelekela ukuphila komuntu, kanye ezimele kuyinkinga enkulu for izitsha zasolwandle. Kodwa ngokoMthetho lezi ziqhingi ezincane lwezombusazwe zisho okuthile okubalulekile emhlabeni. Ngemva lokuma kwazo evumela isimo-umnikazi ukumangalela hhayi kuphela Iziqhingi, kodwa futhi phezu kwamanzi isikhala eduze, kubandakanya nezinsizakusebenza. Kuze kube sekupheleni 70s kwekhulu elidlule kuze ezingaphili zamakhorali enamadwala naseziqhingini iyiphi inzalo esahambile.

Spratly Islands endaweni - kuyinto endaweni mayelana 180,000 amakhilomitha square. Nale indawo endaweni ngokwawo kancane kuphela ezingaphezu kuka 10 square metres. angu, kuhlanganise ngezinye izikhathi ivele kobuso imfundo ulwandle. Kutholwe Spratly Islands fotokotoryh okusesihlokweni esithi, eningizimu Paracel qoqo leziqhingi amakhilomitha 500. Inombolo yabo akuyona njalo, incike sezulu kanye tide nezikhathi. Zonke imfundo bagcwele kolwandle ngesimo i obuphelele arc cishe 1000 amakhilomitha. Ukuzisusa kusukela "izwekazi":

• Kalimantan - 30 km.
• Palawan - km 60.
• Vietnamese Cam Ranh itheku - 460 km.
• isiqhingi Chinese Hainan - 970 km.

amakhasi omlando

Umlando Spratly Islands ithi:

• Emuva ngo '59 BC lalimisa wenza kukhulunywa okokuqala mlando Chinese mayelana ziqhingi, wabe eseba zokuma kwendawo eyaziwa we Han Dynasty.
• Kuphela 1211 leli qoqo leziqhingi laqala yaqale ethumba ibalazwe China.
• Ngo 1405, lo odumile Itilosi Chinese Chzhen Wafinyelela futhi wavakashela iziqhingi eziningi.
• Ngo 1478 yaphihlizeka Umkhumbi owawuthwele china ku izixhobo zonke kuleli qoqo leziqhingi.
• Ngo-1530, umhloli wamazwe Alvarez De Albuquerque Diegos wathunyelwa befuna indlela Chinese. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wavakashela iziqhingi entshonalanga zonke kuleli qoqo leziqhingi.
• Kule ndawo ngo-1606 yaseSpain Andreas De Pessora ubiza wathola siqhingi - Santa Esmeralda Pekuena. Kwakungesinye eziqhingini, kodwa akaphumelelanga, le Spratly ziqhingi.
• Ekhulwini le-17, "Ikhadi izindlela Emazweni Wik" Kuze Va ingasaphathwa Spratly Islands, ngokuthi "esihlabathi esiphuzi" libhekisela esifundazweni Chinese Kuangigay. Ngemva kwalokho, Nguyen lwamakhosi elibusayo iqala ukuthumela unyaka ngamunye ukuze ogwini iziqhingi 18 emikhunjini yabo.
• Ngesisekelo Chinese amanothi zomlando ethulwa idatha eyaqala 1710, isifungo salowo Spratly Islands ubunikazi Chinese. Ngesikhathi esifanayo osenyakatho Isiqhingi wakha ithempeli elincane Ist Key.
• Ngo-1714 ezintathu umkhumbi Dutch lenziwa incithakalo ngasogwini we Spratlys. abadobi Vietnamese bophulwe iqembu. AmaDashi ethulwa kombusi, bese wathumela ekhaya.
• Umbusi we Nguyen Dynasty uthi "Inkampani Hoang Sa" ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi seziqhingi South China Sea. Ihamba ehilelekile inkampani ukufinyelela zonke iziqhingi izikhathi 6 ngonyaka.
• Kusukela eminyakeni 1730 kuya 1735, Pirates wasebenzisa Spratly Islands njengoba base sokuqala ngoba nokuhlaselwa odlulayo Dutch, British nemikhumbi-Portuguese. Ngo-1735, i-British ukubhubhisa pirate isidleke kuleli qoqo leziqhingi.
• Esikhathini kusuka 1758 kuya 1768 ngesikhathi undunankulu French Sharl Ektor Théoden wavakashela Vietnam ukuze usebenzise i-Spratly qoqo leziqhingi yokupaka izimoto zabo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo uphawula khona kwezibhamu ekubunjweni European ethathwe imikhumbi yaphihlizeka kuleli qoqo leziqhingi ngasogwini.
• Isazi-mlando Le AmaKh Don ngo-1784 unikeza incazelo entsha eziqhingini coral.
• Ngo-1786, Generalissimo Tay iNdodana unikeza Ukuze uqale ngifuna iziqhingi igolide, isiliva kanye nezibhamu emikhunjini lushone, kanye kwempahla izinhlanzi ezingavamile neziqhumane ka izimfudu. Ngenxa yale njongo labelwe 4 imikhumbi.
• Ngo-1791, waseBrithani uKaputen 'UHenry Spratly esiqhingini inikeza imfundo eziningana. Kubo ubapha igama lakhe ngokusemthethweni.
• Ngo-1798, ku-isiqhingi Spratly qoqo leziqhingi, i-British waqala umbhoshongo observation. Amanxiwa akhona basekhona.
• Ngo 1816, uMbusi Gia Long Vietnam ngokusemthethweni wamemezela nobukhosi bawo futhi abuse Spratly Islands.
• Esikhathini kusuka eminyakeni 1835 kuya 1847, wakhuluma ngokufuduka Paracel Islands futhi Spratly Islands zitholakala kaningi kule imibhalo kubabusi Vietnamese. Kulokhu, abukho ubufakazi seziqhingi okuqondene China.
• Ngo-1847, uMbusi of China isikhipha umyalo phezu nokuphathwa amazwe Spratly yempi ukuhlola ndawo.
• Ngo-1848, iNkosi ebusayo ka Nam Ha Vietnamese yakha isikaniso encane wezempi ukusebenza kwezinhlelo imikhumbi yabezizwe kulezi ziqhingi.
• mlando French Dubois de Jancigny ngawo-1850 kufakazela ibhodi eziqhingini, uyiNkosi ka-Vietnam.
• Esikhathini "Indzaba ngomlando Vietnam," Nguen Chong ngo-1876 ikhuluma ngendawo iziqhingi lingelakhe amazwe umbuso.
• Esiqhingini Amboyna French yesibani elakhiwa ngo-1887.
• Nasogwini leziqhingi 1895, yaphahlazeka imikhumbi emibili ukulayishwa ngethusi. Cargo sifune futhi ukuthatha izakhamuzi esiqhingini Hainan. UK ithumela inothi bekhalaza ubuholi Chinese. Nokho, uthola impendulo ukuthi endaweni lapho wokugoqa iphutha, ne China akunjalo, futhi uhulumeni waseChina akuyena obangela okwenzekayo kule Spratly Islands.
• Ngo 1898, ngesikhathi ukusayinwa sivumelwano Spanish-American icacisa imingcele esemthethweni ePhilippines, futhi endaweni Spratly Ayibalwa.
• Ngo-1901, Japan ngenkani uyayibamba Dongsha Island, futhi ngo-1908 walithengisela China.
• Ngo-1906 wanyathelisa "Umhlahlandela Geography of China", okuyinto icaciswe imingcele. Spratly Islands akufakiwe.
• Ngo-June 1909, umbusi izifundazwe Chinese Guangdong futhi Guangxi wathumela gunboats wezempi iziqhingi ukuba liyobamba.
• uhambo French ngo-1925 kuqinisekisa ukuthi Paracel Islands ziyingxenye State of Vietnam.
• French ukuba "De Lanessan" ithunyelwa ogwini Spratly ziqhingi ukuhlola eziqhingini, kodwa akaphumelelanga futhi alondoloza ka-phosphate.
• Ngo-1930, ngomyalo esiqhingini Indochina Governor General Spratly wamemezela kweFrance.
• Ngo-1933, kukhona umsebenzi lempi eziqhingini eziningi eNingizimu China Sea, kuhlanganise Spratly.
• Ngo-December 1933, leli qoqo leziqhingi laqala Spratly kufakwe Cochin China (China) sifundazwe. Spratly Isiqhingi ubizwa ngokuthi Nansha.
• UNgqongqoshe wezangaPhandle Japanese e-March 1939 ekumemezeleni Spratly Islands indawo Japanese. Ngo-April, imibhikisho emelene France, okubonisa ilungelo labo lokuthola umhlaba.
• Ngo-1945, Japan renounces imfuno kuya Spratlys. A amabutho Chinese siwela ezihlasela lezi ziqhingi njalo ngaphansi kwebhaxa kwezikhali lamasosha Japanese.
• Ngo-1947, it wamemezela umbhikisho olusemthethweni kusukela Uhulumeni French of China mayelana nomsebenzi okungekho emthethweni kwe-Spratly Islands. Kodwa ngo-December, i-isimemezelo uya esabelweni qoqo leziqhingi neziqhingi Paracel namagama Spratly Chinese we Xisha futhi Nansha Islands, ngokulandelana. Bonke afakiwe China.
• Ngo-1950, amasosha kahulumeni China baphume baphele esiqhingini, ukufihla eTaiwan.
• Uhulumeni Philippine uthi ubunikazi iziqhingi ngo-1951. China imibhikisho. Uhulumeni Vietnamese Bao Daya uthi ukubusa yayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, Japan ulinikele ngokuphelele izimangalo zawo.
• Ngo-1956, kwakunabamemezeli izibhelu zezombangazwe nezempi phakathi Philippines, China, Vietnam. France unolwazi amalungelo abo angokomthetho Spratly Islands.
• amazwe eziyisithupha ngaphambi 1974 babe izingxabano phezu ubunikazi zonke kuleli qoqo leziqhingi. iziqhingi ezahlukene kuhanjiswe ku ezifundeni ezehlukene.
• Ngo-January 1974 i-bombardment lokuqala kwezinye iziqhingi kusuka China senziwa. UHulumeni Vietnamese ucele usizo eNhlangano yeziZwe. Khona-ke ikhanda lika-Vietnamese Ministry Foreign ukuvusela-United States.
• Kuze kube ngo-1988, kwakunabamemezeli kokuhlupheka sakugcina phezu division insimu ka iziqhingi South China Sea. Ngo-1984, Brunei ohlanganiswe izingxabano.
• Ngo-1988, zinqobe zenzeka. Battle for Spratly Islands zenzeka phakathi lempi China nase-Vietnam endaweni ukuthi izixhobo zamakhorali Johnson iqembu Spratly Islands. Ngesikhathi esifanayo sabulala amatilosi Vietnamese 70. Impi ye-Spratly Islands ngo-1988 isibe ezibulala phakathi naso sonke isikhathi kwenzinye izingxabano kanye nezicelo. Isibalo amasosha Chinese efile usumisiwe.
• Ngaphambi 1996, babe ngaphandle kwegazi ezweni engatholwa. Ngo-January 1996, ngokwesilinganiso, kwakubikwa impi wezikhali phakathi Philippine yempi Chinese.
• Namanje izingxabano indawo bengayeki, kodwa kwi inkambo elinokuthula.

Izingxabano phezu Spratly

izingxabano Wendawo, elaba Spratly esiqhingini isikhungo, lingelikaJehova uMbuso zazisekelwe izizathu ezahlukene, i-main zazo yilezi:

• izisusa geopolitical.
• Ukulawula imizila yezokuthutha.
• Khona kule ndawo.
• Ukunwetshwa imingcele nendawo ezizobekwa kwezomnotho.
• Ukuba yingcweti zonke imithombo yemvelo yesifunda.

Kulokhu, lo kuchithwa umnyuziki yokuzithandela we Spratlys ayinakho izinhlelo ukwenza kunoma isiphi isimo ngokufaka isicelo kubo. Nokho, isimo entsha, abathi izithakazelo zayo kuleli qoqo leziqhingi. Lona-United States, isithakazelo yezwe - uwoyela. Zonke iziqhingi ezibhekwa abazoba for hydrocarbon.

Ukulawula iziqhingi

Okwamanje e-South China Sea, nesimo esinzima. Lapho umgwaqo amabutho futhi unikeza eziningana Spratly Islands ithi:

• China ukuphatha ayisishiyagalolunye ezingamaqoqo zonke kuleli qoqo leziqhingi.
• Amakhanda Vietnam kuxazululwe phezu 21 esiqhingini.
• Philippines avela ku-8 Islands.
• Malaysia 3 elawula siqhingi.
• On kwekulu esiqhingini Taypindao zizinto eTaiwan.
• Okunye iziqhingi ahlale khulula (kuqhathaniswa).

Isicelo "Umthetho kolwandle"

Manje kuphela "Umthetho kolwandle" ukunquma isimo iziqhingi. Manje kuyathandeka "umsebenzi ngempumelelo". Okungukuthi, ngaphansi komthetho kunoma yiliphi izwe emhlabeni alinalo ilungelo zifune indawo kwezomnotho wamanzi indawo noma wasithatha eshalofini eduze. Lokhu kungenzeka kuphela uma ukukhokhela iziqhingi kanye nokugcina imisebenzi yabo kwezomnotho. Kodwa iningi lalaba iziqhingi mincane kangako noma ngezikhathi kwana lokho asikwazi ukukhuluma mayelana ukufika kwabo.

ngxabano isiphetho

Yingakho ngo-1994, izinyathelo komnikazi obunokuthula ukungqubuzana Kuye kwenziwa. It lathatha isinqumo ku kuciniswa EMhlanganweni-UN. Vietnam China ziye zifinyelele ukuvumelana esingashiwongo, usacabanga ukuthi uphendule imibuzo mayelana sovereignty of Spratly Islands ukuhlehlisa iminyaka engu-50. Kwanqunywa ukuthuthukisa ndawonye imithombo yemvelo nsuku zamazwe amabili.

Ukwakhiwa iziqhingi yokufakelwa

Nokho, Beijing olusemthethweni wenta imetamo lemikhulu yayo ukuthuthukisa eshalofini kusukela 2002. Umsebenzi waqala ngo-ukwakhiwa iziqhingi yokufakelwa. Lona ikhadi trump kungqubuzana nezinye izifundazwe. Ngempela, repopulating iziqhingi, China uzothola amandla phezu kwazo.

iziqhingi Artificial ku Spratly Archipelago - ipharadesi kwezivakashi. Kodwa kuze kube manje bona bahlala kuphela lempi. China kancane kwandisa endaweni iziqhingi "yabo" e-South China Sea. Letakhi bazokwazi ukumelana nanoma imaphi izakhiwo. IChina banovalo US ukudlala uNkulunkulu, ukwenza ostrovostroitelstvom turning isiqhingi enamadwala e sabona isiqhingi esihle nge ugu olunesihlabathi esimhlophe nasezindaweni green. Ngolunye lwalezo zamakhorali wangaphambili esakhiwe zokutshala-evulekile futhi abamba ukushisa. Eziqhingini yokufakelwa usuvele unayo 4 airfield.

Ngaphandle ngetinhloso tetepolitiki ekwakhiweni iziqhingi, China olandela izithakazelo kwezomnotho. Ukudalwa iziqhingi yokufakelwa kuzokwenza China ukukhiqiza isimangalo kuphela amanzi indawo endaweni engamakhilomitha angu-200. US uthi China hhayi bona iziqhingi yokufakelwa South China Sea ngo-2012, kodwa kwangaba khona muntu izindlela zokuphepha lapho.

Manje ngosizo yokwanda yokufakelwa ezweni China oye wakwazi ukwandisa Holdings zabo by 1.5 amakhilomitha square. Ukwandisa endaweni engenabantu kulesi siqhingi kuzovumela ekugcineni bahlanganyele angomakhelwane zamakhorali, ezingamaqoqo neziqhingi.

Lapho ubuka Imiphumela zomsebenzi China kunomuzwa wokuthi Spratly Islands iholide izivakashi bazokwazi ukuhlinzeka sindiso ephelele. Uma ukwakhiwa iziqhingi yayina kakhulu, nini yonke nengqalasizinda edingekayo ukuhlala ukhululekile, Spratly babe "Mecca" ezokuvakasha emhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo sezulu kanye geolocation Islands ukuhlangabezana zonke izidingo zokunikwa lendawo kuze kube iholidi ngaphambi ezinhle.