Imicengezi ngobukhulu amalahle waseRussia: izici futhi imiqulu izimayini zamalahle

Okuvame kakhulu emhlabeni amandla isisetshenziswa ubhekwa amalahle. WayeyiZwi Uhlobo lokuqala kuwoyela ombiwa phansi, owaqala ukusebenzisa abantu. Namuhla e-Russia kukhona izitshalo izimayini nokucubungula eziningana ezinkulu. Kamuva esihlokweni unikezwa izici kwamalahle imicengezi Russian.

Uhlolojikelele

Eminyakeni yamuva ayenziwa uwoyela negesi namalahle imicengezi yeRussia. RF has nenqwaba izinto zokusetshenziswa. Nokho, akubona bonke izimo zezulu zivumela kwesami ngezinga elidingekayo. Yamalahle imelelwa izinsalela eziningi zezimila angenasawoti lasendulo. Lokhu ombiwa phansi kuyinto ezimbili zama. Ukwahlukanisa amalahle kwenziwe ngokuhambisana calorific ukubaluleka kwayo. Ifa anthracite eliphakeme aphansi - lignite. Okunama-kilojoule amaningi amalahle obusetshenziswa embonini steel, futhi okunama-kilojoule amancane - emkhakheni energy.

ukuthuthukiswa umkhakha

Ekupheleni 1980 anda Imininingwane energy ukusetshenziswa. Kakhulu ijubane olunzulu ebonwe ukusetshenziswa amalahle. Ngakho, kanye ngonyaka-ke wema ngasemnyango 0.9% ngo-1984 no-1994. Phakathi neminyaka eyishumi edlule ukusetshenziswa izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi liye landa nakakhulu - kuze kufinyelele ku-2.7%. Ngokwalokho okubikezelwa, zigcine amalahle emhlabeni kufanele kube ngokwanele iminyaka 120. Ingxenye inani RF ivolumu izimboni 23%. Domestic izimayini nokucubungula izakhiwo akha wemboni olulodwa kwezomnotho namuhla, ingxenye egcwele emakethe. Cishe zonke izinkampani kanye nezinhlangano abathintekayo kule ndawo kukhona isigaba yangasese.

Umthamo uphethiloli Russian Federation

The main amalahle Russian imicengezi aqukethe cishe 4 isigidintathu amathani izinqolobane kungenzeka. Bakha-30% wezindleko emhlabeni. Lona esiphezulu phakathi wonke amazwe emhlabeni. amalahle imicengezi Russian aqukethe nenqwaba namaminerali kugcwele yayo. Ngenxa leli lizwe umholi ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokudayiswa nophethiloli. Kusukela 2009, it wamisa ivolumu njalo okusezingeni eliphezulu lemikhiqizo. Ngokusho Federal Customs Service idatha, akusiyo amathani esingaphansi 8.5-9 izigidi ezingu Imininingwane ivolumu yokukhishwa 2009 amalahle -. Engamathani ayizigidi ezingu-103. Okokhelekayo kudliwe zonke izindawo kuleli zwe. amalahle imicengezi Russian asezindaweni izifundo 26. Ezinye zazo athuthukiswe kusukela kwamaSoviet. Okulandelayo uzonikezwa incazelo emfushane amalahle imicengezi Russian.

Inkambu yokuqala

Okubaluleke kakhulu embonini ube Kuznetsk futhi Pechora amalahle imicengezi yeRussia. Eyokuqala lavulwa ngo 1721. Nokho, ukuthuthukiswa sakhe esinabileko kwaqala ngo 1920. Ngo-1934, nomcengezi Pechora wavulwa. Kuznetsk ensimini itholakala engxenyeni esentshonalanga eSiberia, e-eKemerovo esifundeni. Pechora umcengezi Itholakala Komi Republic kanye Nenets Autonomous District. Endaweni - 26, kanti eyesibili - ^km2 90 ^.. Lezi Russian amalahle imicengezi ezinkulu inikeza ingxenye enkulu ivolumu lamazwe ezimbonini. On endaweni Russian Federation inezinkambu ezimbili ezinkulu isakhiwa. Kansk-Achinsk naseNingizimu Yakutia amalahle Russian imicengezi zinezikhathi izimo ezahlukene ukukhiqiza. Uma ngabe inkambu lokuqala itholakala endaweni evumayo, kwesibili - ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima sezulu, okwenza ukuthi kube nzima ukuthuthukisa. Noma kunjalo, isabelo olungena on imicengezi ilahle Russia impela high. Le ndawo wengxenye evulekile Kansk-Achinsk imali - ayizinkulungwane 45 km ^2, endaweni ingqikithi South Yakutia -. Ayizinkulungwane 25 km ^{2 ..} amalahle imicengezi Russian athuthukile izimayini nomgodi ovulekile. Kukhethwa incike izimo zezulu, remoteness evela ezindaweni ugcwale ingqalasizinda asethuthukile. Ngakho, Pechora Basin elise angaphezu kwe-Arctic Circle. Le libanga, kanye sezulu elibuhlungu has nomthelela obalulekile izindleko izinto zokusetshenziswa. ukuthuthukiswa ingathiyeki naseNingizimu-yakut amachibi.

Kuznetsk okwami

Lokhu pool ibanga km 800 ngebhayisikili Trans-Siberian ujantshi / d umugqa. Le nkambu ingenye yezindawo okuholela zibe sebuthweni lezokuvikela ezweni nophethiloli. It seyihlanganisa 60% embonini Russian. Inkambu itholakala endaweni izimo ezikahle zezulu umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Lokhu, ihlinzeka izindleko iphansana kwamalahle. ezahlukene okuqukethwe Kuznetsk idiphozi Izinsalela encane umlotha (4.6%) bese okusezingeni eliphezulu (8.6 kcal) ikhalori, ongaphakeme-phosphorus, nesibabule. ukushisa eqondile 6-8.5 ayizinkulungwane. kcal / kg. Leli chibi bagxila izinqolobane abalulekile coking amalahle. ivolumu yabo -. Mayelana bhiliyoni 643 amathani ukuthuthukiswa okwami Kwenziwa, nezindlela evulekile.

Pechora umcengezi

It zabelwe 9 izindawo zezimboni. I wafunda kakhulu futhi yingcweti yilezi: Halmeryunsky, eVorkuta, Worgen Shor futhi Inta. Abazama izinqolobane amalahle elisemcengezini kuyinto amathani yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 213., 8.7 bhiliyoni kukhona ngo balance. Isizinda Kwenziwa indlela ikakhulu avaliwe. Lokhu kungenxa kwezimo ezingezinhle zezulu. Nokho indlela okwami kuqinisekisa izinga eliphezulu le ekhiqizwa impahla eluhlaza.

Kansk-Achinsk ensimini

ububanzi kuhluka km 50 kuya ku-250. Pool ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili: esempumalanga nengxenye esentshonalanga. Sekukonke wekhasi Geological luphakathi 600 amathani ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane. Ngokuba ukuthuthukiswa indlela ofanele evulekile mayelana 140 Bln. Ilahle esindayo stratum ezifakwa sakhiwa kwezulu Jurassic. The main ukubaluleka industrial ine kumiswa enamandla. Ihlala e emkhathizwe engenhla. Amalahle mhlawumbe ube humus kwengoma. Okuqukethwe umswakama lignite - 21-44% Sulphur - 0.2-0.8%. Okuqukethwe umlotha kukaphethiloli - 7-14%. Izinhla ahlelwe eduze kwamanzi kuyinto ovundlile. Kansk-Achinsk ensimini isakhiwa ngendlela evulekile. Lokhu lula izimo ezikahle Geological, amandla kwesigubhu main abaningi kunaye, endaweni enkulu.

South yakut ezifakwa

Itholakala the Aldan ithafa. Ubude bayo 750 km. Njengengxenye pool lwabelwe izindawo amalahle eziveza ezinhlanu: Gonamsky, Usmunsky, Tokyo, Ytymdzhinsky, Aldan-Chulmanskaya. izinqolobane Jikelele elingamathani angaba ngu-bhiliyoni 24,17. Lapha amanga amalahle semi egqamile futhi shiny. Okuqukethwe umswakama therein 0.7-1.4% sulphur - 0.3-0.4%. Okuqukethwe umlotha amaminerali uhla 10-18%. Ubude izinqolobane kungenzeka futhi conditioning imithombo, ikhumbula Engxenyeni esempumalanga yaleli eKhabarovsk amathani yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 41.4. Ukuthuthukiswa umcengezi kunzima hhayi kuphela sezulu elibuhlungu, kodwa futhi nokungabi khona kwezinto zokuhamba ezanele. Kule ndaba, izindleko kuqhathaniswa eliphezulu futhi ekhishwe impahla eluhlaza.

Ekuphetheni

amalahle imicengezi Russian kubalulekile emnothweni jikelele kanye umkhakha ngokukhethekile. Phakathi imisebenzi esemqoka ye uhulumeni umbuzo ekuthuthukiseni Logistics ezindaweni ezikude nge inothile izinto zokusetshenziswa. ukuthuthukiswa ensimini futhi ibaluleke kakhulu esisebenzayo. Lapho edala izimo ezidingekile ukuqaliswa ukukhiqizwa, ochwepheshe beyobe behileleke sona ekusingatheni ukungaboni ngaso kanye ezokuthutha, uzoqala ukuthuthukiswa omkhulu eziqhelile. Indawo ekhethekile kuhlala ngezimali ukuqaliswa lemisebenti. Ikakhulu, i-isiqondiso othembisayo isimo kubhekwa ukuheha abatshalizimali angaphandle kanye basekhaya ngobukhulu Russian amalahle nezitsha. Kule ndaba, okwamanje ngaphansi ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zomphakathi ngempumelelo, ukuqaliswa esizovumela lizwe ukulondoloza isikhundla salo okuholela yimboni yetimayini global.