Izindleko umkhiqizo kawoyela emazweni. Intengo izindleko uwoyela emhlabeni

Amafutha, okulingana dollar kanye igolide, ingenye iziyisikhombisa enamandla kakhulu wesi kwezomnotho. Ukuze ethembisa ezifakwa lamafutha njalo olwenziwa Impi phakathi zifunda, abanye amayunithi kahulumeni esikhundleni abanye. Energy oyiyo kungokwalabo izimboni isigaba stranoobrazuyuschih njengoba intuthuko kule ndawo kuholela kokusa ezindaweni iningi imisebenzi wezwe. Lapho izwe uyakwazi kukhishwe "igolide black", ephansi izindleko zokukhiqiza yayo, aba maningi amathuba okuba isimo ekuchumeni kwezinceku emnothweni kanye ekunqotshweni enendawo eqinile emakethe emhlabeni.

Intengo izindleko umthombo ukukhiqizwa amazwe

Izindleko umkhiqizo kawoyela kuyahluka kakhulu ngezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Saudi Arabia fuel izindleko zokukhiqiza ingeqi $ 10 umphongolo. ERussia, lesi sibalo zokhahlamba kusuka 30 kuya 40 zamaRandi. EMelika kubalulekile kwezinye izifunda ifinyelela ezingeni 60-70 zamadola. Unesimo laseCanada ngabanye. Uma kwenziwa uwoyela Sands kufanele uchithe ku oda 120-150 zamadola umphongolo.

Kungakhathaliseki isimo ubeka "oluthambile yokuvukela" e-United States bahlaselwe?

Isimo nge amanani emakethe uwoyela izindleko umkhiqizo kawoyela emazweni, ikakhulukazi e-United States, ngokusho inombolo ngokwanele enkulu ochwepheshe, angafiki le "oluthambile yokuvukela". Uma intengo emgqonyeni uwoyela liphuma eduze uphawu $ 80 esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, uyoveza ezingenanzuzo. Usebenza alimaze yena akekho ofuna. Izindleko eliphansi black igolide futhi zibiza kakhulu umsebenzi ukuthuthukiswa lamafutha engokwesiprofetho evula indlela yokuthola eziphethe imakethe yomhlaba wonke lamazwe ezifana ngaphandle kwelaseNdiya neChina. Uma izindleko amandla lehla value of $ 30, umdlali ezinkulu, njengoba iRussia ziyophoqeleka aphume emakethe. Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuphuma - kungukuqala ukuqaliswa emazweni uwoyela ngezimali zabo siqu ngaphandle kukhulunywa dollar.

Esesayidini uhlamvu lwemali ukuthi izindleko zomphakathi zokukhiqiza uwoyela ezashiwo amazwe akuyona langempela. ukuthuthukiswa izinhlelo imali entsha amaminerali, kuthuthukisa futhi kunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza ubuchwepheshe yayo. Amazwe amaningi ekwazi ukumelana imithwalo kakhulu kunalokhu kusukela ukwehla kwamanani kawoyela emhlabeni.

ukuthuthukiswa Ithebula izindleko emgqonyeni uwoyela ngamazwe

Masitadishe etafuleni emgqonyeni uwoyela izindleko ngamunye emazweni akhiqiza kakhulu emhlabeni.

Kusukela etafuleni kuyacaca ukuthi ukuthembela kuzo zonke emakethe uwoyela ngamazwe azizwa sengathi Saudi Arabia. Futhi impela ungudadewethu iqhaza ukufunda e OPEC, okuyinto yaphetha enqaba ukunciphisa ivolumu umkhiqizo kawoyela. Ukuwa kwamanani, okuholela usizi aba nalo lapho uthi abaningi, akusiyo scary. abahlaziyi abaningi bacabanga ukuthi ukuziphatha okunjalo ukuze nje ufuna wokukhipha lizwe kusukela mazombe encintisana nendlela yawo ebanzi.

Ithebula ubonisa idatha ebonisa ukuthi izindleko emgqonyeni uwoyela ngaphandle intela endaweni yomcebo isimo, futhi ngaphandle izindleko imisebenzi mkhuba, nezinye izindleko ezincane. Lapha kungenzeka ukugxila yokuthi eRussia kwakhiwa intengo amafutha ngu-55% izintela. EMelika, lo mkhakha womsebenzi cishe hhayi intela, futhi ngenxa yalokho, izinkampani ezizimele banamathemba kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni nemibandela okukhipha kakhulu emakethe ngamazwe. ukuxhaswa okuvela embusweni linendima ebalulekile.

Imininingwane izindleko amafutha e-US

e U.S izindleko uwoyela kuyahluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi indawo kanye ethize ukukhiqizwa isizukulwane ubuchwepheshe esetshenziswa. Ngakho, ngo-2012 izinkampani ezinkulu zezimayini American sebenamashumi mayelana $ 100 kwezobuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa ka umkhiqizo kawoyela oluthambile. Ngo-2015, lesi sibalo wema ngezithuba 30 zamaRandi. Abamele zikawoyela yangasese ngokwethukela bathi sibonga ngcono ehlelekile futhi esikhathi eside ubuchwepheshe umkhiqizo kawoyela, yakwazi ukufinyelela sibalo $ 22 umphongolo. Ukugcina asebenzayo uwoyela esikhiqiza isitshalo kubiza nengxenye kancane. Thola kahle ukuthi izindleko emgqonyeni uwoyela e-United States, akunakwenzeka. Zonke ziyobonakala nakakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuthuthukiswa isimo emakethe uwoyela.

Ayini amathemba for the US?

Ukulinganisa izindleko ukukhiqizwa emgqonyeni wamafutha Melika, ochwepheshe abaningi abayeki ezibuza ngalokho ukuthi, kulokho ncamashi nezwe intengo emakethe Inkomba ukukhiqizwa uphethiloli ngeke akunakunisiza isimo. Ngokwezibalo, omunye ejensi ngobukhulu, 4% kuphela uwoyela ekhiqizwa okwamanje zingaphezu nenzuzo. ezifakwa elikhulu e North Dakota tisebenta ngempumelelo futhi ukuqhubeka ukuthuthukisa namuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njalo olusahlaziywa emasimini amasha futhi ukuhlolwa imali okungenzeka. Isifunda ukuyedlula yonke e-United States - iyona Mackenzie District, lapho izindleko emgqonyeni uwoyela kunqoba $ 28. nethonya elikhulu inqubomgomo US has inqolobane amasu uphethiloli. Kulinganiselwa wokulungiselela, kuze kube manje, kwanele ukunikeza zonke izidingo isimo eminyakeni emithathu ezayo.

Yikuphi izindleko umkhiqizo kawoyela eRussia?

Kumiswa izindleko uwoyela eRussia hhayi nje ngenxa yezinkulumo ngokucacile ukukhiqizwa yayo, iningi ke babeka nezaba izindleko elikulesi sihloko. Lonke inani lenzuzo kungaba ezinqumela uqoke Rosneft inani 100%. Ngesikhathi esifanayo-55% imali ebanjiwe phezu imisebenzi isimo intela mkhuba lokukhokha, intela severance namasiko. 10% imali Imininingwane ichithwa kwangaphambilini ucwaningo Amasimu, ukufakwa imishini uwoyela imishini, in the search for amaklayenti kanye nesiphetho izinkontileka nabo. Engeza ngezindleko ezihilelekile ingqikithi 8.4% yezindleko emgqonyeni lokuthumela ke amakhasimende kanye 7,6% ngenxa amortization kwazo zonke izinsiza Rosneft (imishini, amabhilidi, imishini, yokumba, njll). Le nkampani, ngaphezu ukukhiqiza amandla, namanje uthenga futhi kusukela izinkampani, aholele ukubhekisiswa okungenani 8.6% wesabelo. inzuzo Net emva ukuqaliswa kwe "igolide elimnyama" ngaphansi kuka-10%.

Izindleko wamafutha Russia, naphezu sibalo olwamukelwa zazisuka 12 kuya 25 zamaRandi, nokunye okuningi. Ikhumbula izindleko ezweni zokuqashisa noma ukuthengwa amalungelo ngokusetshenziswa kwayo, izindleko kwesakhiwonchanti ngoba isizinda kahle fuel, lesi sibalo etholwe uhla $ 70 umphongolo, okuyinto i-oda ezidlula obukhulu kunobukaJohane Melika.

Kungani OPEC amazwe musa ukwehlisa okuqukethwe uwoyela ngamanani aphansi?

Izindleko lamafutha e-Saudi Arabia iyona aphansi emhlabeni. It luyehluka in the uhla kusuka 4 kuya ku 5 zamadola. Lokhu kuvumela isimo ukumelana drawdown okuphawulekayo emhlabeni emakethe amanani. Ukwenqaba ukunciphisa isizukulwane umthombo wamandla kuye kwaholela yokwehla kwezinga izindleko "igolide omnyama". isinqumo esinjalo olungisiswayo Eqinisweni Saudi ukuthi hhayi kuphela Arabia kodwa nawo wonke amazwe OPEC bathembele ngokuphelele ezintweni embonini kawoyela. Isimo kuphela akuxhomekile ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela - kuyinto Indonesia, lapho inzuzo ekhiqizwa imboni yezokuvakasha, imboni igesi kanye yokusaha. Onke amanye amalungu OPEC ngokwezinga elikhulu noma elincane, ukuze usinde sibonga uwoyela. Kuye ezingeni yabo zokhahlamba kusuka 48 kuya 97%. Yingakho lesi siphetho: banikezwe eziphansi kawoyela emazweni ehlukene iqhaza emphakathini, abazi uhlushwa isimo emakethe emhlabeni. Ukwehlisa umthamo zokukhiqiza, beshaya ku umnotho wakhe siqu. Izinqumo zenziwa ku reverse: ukukhiqizwa ngaphezulu fuel, ngcono izwe ngokwalo kanye nabantu balo.

Kungani ukufuneka uwoyela ukhula, futhi intengo kawoyela uwa?

Kule minyaka embalwa edlule, isidingo ezweni zamafutha liye landa izikhathi eziningana. Lokhu lula ukuthuthukiswa iChina neNdiya. Emazinga lasetulu funa uholé yokuthi maphakathi no-ehlobo 2014 intengo kawoyela kwakhuphuka $ 117. Isimo akazange abe izibalo, kodwa phakathi no-intengo ekwindla umphongolo washelela ku- $ 60. I "igolide abamnyama" njengoba kwakunjalo, futhi uhlala ethandwa. Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi ukuwa amanani kaphethiloli akusho ngokucacile walungisiswa ngenxa yezizathu zezomnotho, isimo uyaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa, izidingo zabo zikhule. Kuphela eChina eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu ngonyaka odlule ke Isikhishwe kunezimoto ezingaba yizigidi ezingu-30. Kuvela elinye iqiniso elithakazelisayo wukuthi izindleko amafutha cishe ayikashintshi zwe.

Ukwanda supply kudlule funa ukwanda

Njengoba isithakazelo emakethe uwoyela ukhulile, imbangela amanani falling, cishe, kwaba nokwanda ivolumu iziphakamiso ukuthi kudlulwe funa skaknuvshy. Izinga amandla isisetshenziswa inyuka isizinda umsebenzi e-Saudi Arabia futhi e-United States. A uphawu kumiswa izindleko uwoyela ziwumthwalo isimo sezombangazwe ukungqubuzana Russia nase-Ukraine. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi yiziphi izinguquko kule GEOPOLITICS abakuleyo ndawo ezibalulekile zomhlaba kuholele ukwanda yemandla.

Yenqaba ekukhiqizeni uwoyela emhlabeni izindleko - akukho imali eyengeziwe

Yesimanje ubuchwepheshe umkhiqizo kawoyela kuye kwaholela nokuncipha kaphethiloli. Umqondo wukuthi timbiwa States kwadingeka ukuba fuck inzuzo ezinhle kuleso simo. Ngokuphambene nakho konke okulindelekile, intengo kaphethiloli emakethe izwe ngiyaquleka. Ukuthuthukiswa okukhona emkhakheni wezolimo kanti ukunciphisa izindleko zokuthuthukiswa uwoyela sezishiye ukulahlekelwa. Izizathu zalokhu yilezi eziningana:

• Ayenalo lalihlanganisa nokubuyiselwa unswinyo olubhekiswe Iraq, okwandisa isabelo nophethiloli yayo emakethe ngamazwe.
• Ukubuyiselwa Libya futhi umkhakha yayo uwoyela.
• Ukudiliva ukuze ezimakethe zomhlaba jikelele okushushumbisa lamafutha ngamanani encishisiwe.
• Ukwanda ukukhiqizwa uwoyela ababezibheka (oluthambile, ku Sands futhi ezisindayo).

Beka umkhawulo inzuzo umkhiqizo kawoyela

Fall value asikwazi ukwenziwa unomphela. Uma emhlabeni yezindleko uwoyela kuyoba cishe ulingana izindleko fuel emakethe, kungenzeka ongakulindela ukujika. Lapha usebenza yokuthi isimo ngasinye has ukukhiqizwa ayo ngentengo fixed nophethiloli. intengo ushintsho kunomthelela global kwembuyiseo isimo futhi inzuzo umkhiqizo kawoyela. Empeleni, mancane amathuba okuthi bachithe ekukhiqizweni fuel Gulf uthi. Lokhu kungenxa ye wezinsalela zamandulo ukujula amancane yokusondelana endaweni ukuthuthukiswa kukaphethiloli kumthengi ekupheleni. Izindleko yokwakha nokunakekela kukhona ubuchwepheshe omncane. Izindleko eliphezulu kakhulu umkhiqizo kawoyela emhlabeni eMelika, njengoba isebenza kuphela oluthambile imithombo. Ziyakwazi enzima kakhulu ukukhiqiza futhi kunzima ngokwezimali. Kusukela ubuchwepheshe wenqaba cishe umhlaba wonke. Ngokusho abahlaziyi, inzuzo uphethiloli enjalo izohlala ezingeni uma intengo izwe emakethe emgqonyeni ngeke kuwele ngezansi $ 75. Eqinisweni kuhlukile: naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amanani eqile phezu sibalo at $ 50, Melika uyaqhubeka ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo imali amaminerali.

esikhundleni isiphetho

Izindleko lamafutha eRussia ephansi kakhulu kunalokho eMelika. Noma kunjalo, iU.S. liyaqhubeka landa ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela, izazi exhumene ngokuqondile nezinxushunxushu zezombusazwe kuleli zwe lanamuhla. Ngakho, ngo-Okthoba 2014 ngevolumu ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela kwaba abayizigidi ezingu 8.9 imiphongolo ke ngo-2015 sihlelwe ukwandisa izikhathi eziyizigidi ezingu-9.4. It undercurrents ukunquma isimo uwoyela emakethe emhlabeni, izinkinga zomnotho, kulokhu lingekho ngokuphelele.