I-India: izinsiza zemvelo nokusetshenziswa kwazo emnothweni

Imithombo yemvelo iyisisekelo sokuthuthukiswa komnotho kunoma iyiphi indawo. Zihlanganisa amanzi, umhlaba, ihlathi, ezokungcebeleka, izingxenye zamaminerali. Konke okucebile eNdiya.

Izwe elithanda ukuthula

I-India lizwe elinesiko lasendulo. Emkhakheni wombuso wamanje, kwakukhona imiphakathi ehlukahlukene kusukela eminyakeni yesithathu yeminyaka BC. Kodwa, lokho kuyisici, bonke babethanda ukuthula. I-India ayizange iqhubekele ekukhuliseni kwangaphandle, kodwa ngenxa yokunqoba abahlaseli ngesimiso sayo esiphakeme, esasidume isikhathi eside. Izwe laliwumthombo wezinto eziningi ezitholakala emhlabeni jikelele. Izimo nemvelo yemvelo yaseNdiya yakhanga abanye abantu lapha. Abantu baseYurophu bafisa ukuyifinyelela kokubili ngomhlaba nasemigwaqweni yolwandle.

Ngaphandle kokuthola lezi zindlela, kwaholela ekutholakaleni kweNew World. Umcebo waseNdiya ukhanga abahlaseli. Ekuqaleni u-Alexander Omkhulu wazama ukukhulisa umbuso wakhe e-Indian Ocean nganoma iyiphi imali. Khona-ke izifiso ezifanayo zazinamaRoma, amaShayina, amaMongolia, amaPheresiya, ama-Ottomans, amaNgisi. AmaNdiya avumela ukuba athunjwe, futhi afakaze abahlaseli bawo. Uma sichaza imithombo yemvelo yase-Indiya ngesikhashana, singasho ukuthi bayavumela izwe ukuthi lingadingi imingcele, ngenkathi ithumela okuningi. Futhi ezikhathini zasendulo, futhi okwamanje.

Amanzi aseNdiya

Umfula odume kakhulu wezwe - i-Indus - wanikeza igama kulo lonke izwe-e-India. Imithombo yemvelo yesakhi samanzi ngaphandle kwayo ihlanganisa imifula emikhulu yezwe hhayi kuphela, kodwa lonke elase-Eurasia. Lena yiGanges, i-Brahmaputra kanye nezintambo zazo eziningi. Zisebenzela njengenhloko yokunisela kokufakelwa komhlaba wezolimo. Futhi e-India cishe amaphesenti angama-60 emazwe aniselwa. Kukhona amachibi angenayo kuleli zwe, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba asetshenziselwa ukwedlula ukubuyiswa kwazo ngokuqeda ama-glaciers noma izidumbu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukondla imifula kuningi imvula, echaphazela kabi ukuphathwa kwezolimo. Ezikhathini ezinzima, imifula iyancipha, kanti ngenkathi yemvula ivame ukuphuma emabhange, ngokuvamile okuholela ekukhuleni kwamasimu.

Izinsiza Zomhlaba

Uma sihlola izimo zemvelo nezinsiza zaseNdiya, kufanele kuqaphele ukuthi, naphezu kokuba khona kwamandla amakhulu ezweni, ikakhulukazi kwezolimo. Ngokulimala okukhulunywa ngakho. Izici zesimo sezulu zivumela ukuba uthole izitshalo ezimbili noma ezintathu ngonyaka. Kodwa ukuba khona kwabantu abaningi, ukusetshenziswa okunamandla kwamaminerali amaminerali kwaholela ekubeni izwe laseNdiya lingenalo ukukhiqiza okuphezulu.

Amaphesenti angaba ngu-40 ensimu asetshenziselwa izitshalo, okwenza izwe libe yindawo yesine ezweni ngokukhiqiza kwezolimo. I-India ingumholi wezwe ekukhiqizeni itiye, amaphayinaphu kanye nobhanana. Kuthatha indawo yesibili ekuvuneni irayisi, indawo yesithathu - ugwayi, wesine - ukolweni kanye nekotini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indawo ekhethekile kwezolimo zendawo yikhiqizwa izinongo - umnyama omnyama, i-cardamom nama-clove, ngenxa yokuthi abathengisi abaningi baseYurophu bacebile. Izwe linenani elikhulu kunazo zonke izinkomo - kuze kufike kumaphesenti ayishumi nesishiyagalolunye wenombolo yomhlaba. Kulesi simo, inkomo iyisilwane esingcwele futhi ayisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwenyama, kodwa njengamandla okuqala.

Izwe elinikezwe idlelo lincane kakhulu - alikho ngaphezu kwamaphesenti amahlanu. E-India, ukulima kwezinkukhu, ukuzalisa kwezingulube nokukhiqiza izinkomo ezincane kuthuthukiswa. Ukudoba kwamanzi noLwandle. Izwe lingumkhiqizi omkhulu kakhulu wendwangu yekotini - ezingaphezu kwamaphesenti angamashumi amabili omthamo womhlaba.

Amapheshana ehlathi

Izindawo zehlathi zihlala ezingaphezu kuka-20 amaphesenti omhlaba wesifunda njenge-India. Imithombo yemvelo yaloluhlobo kuleli zwe empeleni ayitholakali. Phela, iningi lamahlathi liyisimo sezulu esishisayo futhi lingenalo izidingo zezomnotho, futhi ukuwela emaHumalaya akuvunyelwe. Kodwa izinsimbi ezithile zezinkuni, isibonelo i-shellac ne-plywood, zivunwa kuphela ngezinjongo zokuthekelisa. Njengoba kunikezwa ukuthi amahlathi ahlinzeka ngamaNdiya angenawo nje izinkuni, kodwa futhi nomthombo we-rosin, resin, umhlanga, u-bamboo, ifolishi, ihlathini, kanye nokulima, ngumuntu obanika ukudla. Futhi izingxenye zezinkuni zisetshenziselwa imikhiqizo eminingi yezokwelapha.

Izingxenye zokungcebeleka

Umuntu akakwazi ukungazinaki ukuhlukahluka kwezimo zezulu nezindinganiso zamasiko iNdiya ezimele. Imithombo yemvelo yendlela yokuzilibazisa yombuso wasendulo imelelwe ngokuyinhloko ngomqondisi womlando namasiko - zonke izinhlobo zezikhumbuzo eziningi ezivela emazweni ahlukene, kusukela eTaj Mahal edume emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuqondiswa kwemvelo yalezi zinsiza zemvelo kuboniswa amapaki kazwelonke kanye nemvelo yemvelo engavamile. Ukuphumula ekudume kakhulu ngamabhishi ayo endaweni yaseNdiya - ku-Goa - sekuvele igama lekhaya. Naphezu kokungabikho kwezwe eliphakeme kunazo zonke ezweni - izinkomba zeChoololma, izintaba zezulu nezintaba zithuthuka ezweni ngokukhuphuka nemingcele.

Incazelo emfushane yemithombo yamaminerali

Isici sezwe ukutholakala kwendawo yayo yezinhlawulo zazo zonke izinhlobo: indawo ephakeme kunazo zonke yezintaba - ama-Himalaya, epulazini leDean kanye nethafa lase-Indo-Gangetic. Lokhu kwaba yisisekelo sokuthi amaminerali aseNdiya ahlukahlukene futhi ahlukahlukene. Indawo eyinhloko yokutholakala kwamadwala ama-ore yenyakatho-mpumalanga yezwe, lapho kukhona khona i-aluminium, i-titanium ne-iron ores, ama-deposit of manganese, izinsimbi ezingavamile. Amakhansela aseNyakatho-mpumalanga, nakuba anekhwalithi ephansi yezinto zokusetshenziswa, asetshenziswa ngangokunokwenzeka. Eningizimu yezwe inesithakazelo se-bauxite, igolide, i-chromite ne-brown, engxenyeni enkulu yezwe - ngamalahle amalahle namnyama. Umdwebo ongasogwini unelungelo lokugcina amasango e-monazite aqukethe i-uranium ores. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imboni yezimayini igxile emakethe yasekhaya, kanti ukukhishwa kwe-iron ore, i-bauxite, i-mica ne-manganese kuhloswe ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Ukutholakala kwe-India yezinhlawulo zamatshe ayigugu - ngokuyinhloko igolide nesiliva - kwenza leli zwe libe ngumholi womhlaba ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo yokuhlobisa.

Ama-Ore Minerals

Isiteji saseNdiya sesisisekelo sendawo ehlukile ye-metallogenic, equkethe izitsha ezigcwele kanye namakhophi angaphezu kweyodwa - i-iron, manganese, i-chrome. Okokuqala, lokhu kuhloswe ngokulondolozwa kwemithombo yamanzi, okuyizinombolo eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi nambili. Ukukhiqizwa kuhamba ngendlela ephakeme kakhulu ye-metallurgy yaseNdiya, nakuba ihlala endaweni yeshumi emhlabeni ngokukhiqiza, kodwa ayihambisani nokucubungula yonke imali.

Ngakho-ke, ngaphezu kwengxenye yensimbi yensimbi ayikwenziwa ezweni, kodwa ithunyelwa phesheya. Okuqukethwe kwezingxenye eziwusizo kuma- manganese ama-ores nama-chromites anqunywe endaweni ephakathi yezwe injengezinga eliphezulu njengensimbi ye-iron. Lapha kufanele wengeze ukutholakala kwamaholo amakhulu ase-bauxite nezinqolobane ezilinganisiwe zamathani angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezikhombo ze- ores polymetallic enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-zinc, ukuhola kanye nethusi kanye nezinsimbi eziyigugu ezihambisanayo.

Amandla eNyukliya

Ngokwehlukana, kufanele sigcizelele izibambiso eziyigugu zemithombo ye-ore equkethwe emgqeni ogwini nxazonke zeHindustan. Ama-deposit Monazite aqukethe i-thorium ne-uranium ores yama-radioactive. Ukuthuthukiswa kwabo okusebenzayo kwenze iNdiya ifakwe ohlwini lwamandla enyukliya emhlabeni. Ngaphandle kwezici ezivuthayo, ama-monazite angenawo titanium ne-zirconium.

Imayini yamalahle

I-main mineral non-metallic ekhishwe ngaphakathi kwezwe ingamalahle eNdiya. Ukushisa kwamalahle omzimba okwenziwe ngokugcwele kunomthamo ongenamkhawulo - ngaphansi kwamaphesenti amathathu, ukugcizelela okugcizelelwe ematshe. Izindleko zayo zikhona ikakhulukazi enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-India. Ngokwezikhungo zokuhlola, leli zwe lihlala endaweni yesikhombisa kuphela emhlabeni - amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye. Kodwa ngokuchithwa kwalesi sidumbu, iNdiya ithatha isundu sinezitha ezingaphezu kuka-7 zezilwane zomhlaba.

Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwamalahle kukhona amafutha (ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalombili kagesi waseNdiya akhiqizwa izitshalo zamandla ezishisayo) kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa (nge-metallurgy). Amalahle aseBrown asetshenziselwa izinhloso zamandla kuphela.

Ukukhiqizwa kwamafutha

Kuze kube phakathi neminyaka engama-50 ekhulwini lokugcina, umnotho we-mineral waseNdiya, ocebile kuma-hydrocarbons, wenziwa kuphela emazweni angasenyakatho-mpumalanga ase-Assam. Kodwa ngokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwezinsimu zamafutha emhlabeni wonke, amasimu amasha acebile amafutha atholakala eGuoror nasezintabeni eziseLwandle lwe-Arabia, amakhilomitha ayikhulu namashumi amabili enyakatho yeMumbai. Isizinda segolide elimnyama saqala ukuthuthukisa ngezinga eliphezulu. Manje i-India ikhiqiza amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-40 ngonyaka, okuyi-phesenti eyodwa yokukhiqizwa kwezwe. Izindleko zalo mkhiqizo zilinganiswa ngamathani angaphezu kwezigidi eziyikhulu namakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye, futhi ngokusho kwalesi sibonakaliso izwe lihlala endaweni engamashumi amabili nesikhombisa emhlabeni. Kusobala ukuthi ngezidingo zasekhaya lokhu akwanele, futhi amafutha ingenye yezinto ezibalulekile zokungenisa ngaphakathi.

Amadayimane

Yini enye ecebile eNdiya? Imithombo yemvelo yocingo olungelona lensimbi, ngaphandle kwamalahle namafutha okukhulunywe ngenhla, yi-graphite, i-muscovite futhi, yebo, idayimane. Kwaphela iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili leli zwe lahlala liwukuphela komthombo wamadayimane emhlabeni. Kodwa ukukoloniza kancane kancane izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zebalazwe lomhlaba ngabaseYurophu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi iNdiya ayilahlekanga into ehlukile kule ndaba. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, kwavela ukuthi imithombo yamadayimane kuleli lizwe seliphelile, futhi ubuqhawe bomhlaba ekuqothulweni kwamatshe ayigugu kwavela eBrazil.

Kodwa umbuso waseNingizimu Melika awuzange ube nesigqila eside. Njengamanje, inani elikhulu lamadayimane libhekwa eNingizimu Afrika eBotswana, eNingizimu Afrika nase-Angola, naseRussia naseCanada. Kodwa cishe wonke amadayimane eyaziwayo emhlabeni, anamagama awo, avela kuwo amaminithi aseNdiya.

Amanye amandla

Ukuhlolwa kwemithombo yemvelo yaseNdiya kwenza kube lula ukuphawula ukuthi izwe lisebenzisa izimali ezikhona eziphezulu, kodwa alima lapho. Umbuso ungomunye wabaholi bezwe ekusetshenzisweni kwemithombo ehlukile yamandla. I-India isendaweni yesihlanu emhlabeni ngokukhiqiza amandla kagesi. Lo mthombo uhlala ngaphezu kwamaphesenti ayisishiyagalombili wenani eliphelele lamandla wezwe.

Futhi amandla okusebenzisa i-solar energy angaphezu kwama-terawatts angamakhulu ayisithupha. Nguwo kuphela amandla omhlaba lapho kukhona insizakalo efanelekayo. Imisebenzi yayo ihlose ukuthuthukiswa kokuvuselelwa (ilanga, umoya, amanzi) kanye neminye imithombo yamandla.