I-anti-aircraft system missile system "Cube": umlando wendalo, incazelo, izici

Embusweni ngamunye, izinhlelo ezikhethekile zokulwa nezindiza (SAMs) zinikezwa ukuvikela ngokumelene nokuhlasela kwemoya . Kusukela ngoJulayi 18, 1958, ngokuvumelana neSigqibo seKomidi Ephakathi yeCPSU, ukuklanywa kweSAM "Cube" kwaqala kwi-Research Institute of Instrument Engineering. Uhlelo lwama-anti-aircraft lwaluhloselwe ukuhlinzeka ngamandla omhlaba kanye nokuhlukana kwamathangi ngokuvikela ukuhlasela kwe-air ngokubhubhisa izinhloso zesitha ekuphakameni okuphakathi nangaphansi.

Iyini i-USSR SAM?

"Cube" - uhlelo lokulwa kwemishini yokulwa nezindiza, okwakhiwa ngezindlela zempi:

• I-anti-aircraft eqondiswa imishini engama-3M9.
• Ukufakwa okuzenzekelayo okwenza ukuhlonishwa nokuqondiswa (1C91).
• Isiqalisi sokuzikhandla 2P25.

Ubani ohilelekile ekudalweni kwe-SAM e-USSR?

Zonke izimpahla zokulwa ezifakwe ohlelweni lwe-anti-aircraft "Cube" lwakhiwe ngokuhlukile. Ngasese isayithi ngayinye yabelwa umklami wayo oyinhloko, inhloko, obhekene nomphumela. Ukufakwa okuzenzekelayo 1С91 kwakhiwe ngaphansi kobuholi be-AA Rastov. I-radar 2P25 enomsebenzi osebenza kahle, okwenza i-homing ye-missile, yasungulwa ngo-1960 ngu-designer oyinhloko uJu. N. Vekhov. Umlandeli wakhe kulo msebenzi ngo 1960 kwaba IG Hakobyan. Ubhekene naso sonke isimiso sokulwa kwamabhanoyi "Cube" nomklami wayo kwakuyinhloko ye-OKB-15 VV Tikhomirov.

Imiklamo nemisebenzi yesiqalisi

Isiqalisi sokuzikhandla sabekwa ku-chassis ye-GM-578, emotweni ekhethekile, eyayiqukethe iziqondiso zamabhomu. I-2P25 iqukethe ukushayela kwamandla kagesi, imishini yokuhamba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isitshalo esizimele sinezixhobo zokubala nokuzixazulula, isethi yokukhiqiza kagesi okwenziwe ngokuzimela kagesi kanye nezindlela zokwenza imisebenzi yezobuchwepheshe, ukuxhumana kwe-telecode nokuqapha kokuqala kokufakwa. Ukuxhuma umsizi nomsunguli, izixhumi ezimbili zisetshenzisiwe. Babezitholakala e-rocket. Inqubo yokuqondiswa kwayo kwangaphambi kokuqaliswa yenziwa ngosizo lokushayela kwezinto zokuhamba, okuyinto eyenza idatha eyamukelwe kusukela ku-1C91. Umzila wezokuxhumana we-radio-television unikeze ngo-2P25 ngolwazi oludingekayo. Ukubalwa kokulwa kokufakwa kwakungabantu abathathu. Isisindo 2P25 sifinyelele amathani angu-19.5.

Idivayisi yedokethi

Uhlelo lwe-anti-aircraft uhlelo lwe "Cube" lunezimoto ezingu-3M9, ezenzelwe "iphiko elisezingeni eliphezulu". Kusukela kumfanekiso wayo we-3M8, wawubonakala ngokutholakala kwamasondo angaphezulu okuhambayo. Ngenxa yokusebenzisa kwabo, ubukhulu bephiko elijikelezayo lancishiselwa kubayiklami. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imishini yokuqondisa ayidingi amandla amakhulu. I-drive ye-hydraulic yafakwa esikhundleni se-pneumatic elula.

Ukuthunjwa kwehlongo kusukela ekuqalweni nasekulandeleni kwayo imvamisa ye-Doppler kwenziwa nge-self-guided head radar head 1SB4 etholakala ngaphambili kwe-rocket equkethe uhlelo lokuqhuma oluhlangene. Isisindo se-warhead high-explosive sasingu-57 kg. I-detonator yomsakazo we-autoradio wesiteshi amabili inikeze umyalo wokufeza ukukhishwa kwayo. Ubukhulu be-rocket babuyi-5.8 wamamitha, ububanzi babuyi-33 cm. I rocket eqoqwe yayithunyelwa ezigodini ezikhethekile, ezenziwe ngokunamathisa izidudu zokuzinza.

Ikhamera ye-rockburning ye-rocket isebenza kanjani?

Ukukhokhiswa kwegesi kagesi ngemva kokushisa kwalo kuvela emoyeni kungena ekamelweni lokulandelela, lapho kuqhutshwa khona ukushisa komlilo. Ukukhokhiswa kwamafutha aqinile ngokwayo kwakuyisihloli esingu-172-kilogram esinebubanzi buka-29 cm nobude bamamitha angu-1.7. Ukuyikhiqiza, kusetshenziswe uphethiloli we-ballistic. Ukufakelwa emoyeni kwaklanyelwe izimo zokusebenza ze-supersonic. Ngesikhathi sokuqaliswa kwe-rocket, zonke izivuli zomoya ezifakiwe zivalwe ngokuqinile ngosizo lwe-fiberglass plugs. Ukuqaliswa kwe-missile kwaqalwa endaweni yokuqaliswa, ngaphambi kokuba injini yashintsha.

Ukuqala kwaze kwafika kumasekhondi angu-5. Ingaphakathi langaphakathi lombhobho we-rocket, owawubanjwe yi-GRP, waxoshwa emva kwemizuzwana engu-5-6, kanti isigaba somsebenzi sasisendleleni yokuhamba.

Ukwakhiwa kanye nemisebenzi ka-1C91

Ukufakwa kokuzimela nokwazisa ukuzithokozisa kubandakanya:

• I-radar yesiteshi se-radar, lapho ukutholakala nokulandelwa komgomo we-air.
• Ukukhanya 1С31. Ngosizo lwalesi thuluzi, ukuqashelwa okuhlosiwe, ukuhamba, ukudweba, nokuxhumana kwe-radiotelekhodi nalo lonke uhlelo lwe "Cube" luyaqaphela. Isistimu yomshayeli wezindiza (isithombe esingezansi) sinezinsimbi ezimbili ezijikelezayo ze-radar: 1С11 no-1.

Benza inhlolovo yochungechunge ngesivinini sezinguquko ezingu-15 ngomzuzu. Ama-antenna ayehlukanise ukuhamba kwama-carrier. Iziteshi zokuthola nezokudlulisa zinezimo zokuthutha, indawo okuyiyona indiza eyodwa yokugxila. Ukuthola, ukukhomba nokwenza isiphakamiso somoya kungaba kude kuka-300 kuya ku-70 000 kanye nokuphakama kwamamitha angu-30 kuya ku-7000.

Ukufakwa okuzenzekelayo 1S91 kwakukhona ku-chassis GM-568. Isisindo salo muthi sasingu-20.3 amathani. Ukubala ukulinganisa kokuphatha kwakhiwe abantu abane.

Ukuhlola kwe-SAM

Ngo-1959, uhlelo lwe-anti-aircraft system "Cube" ludlulisa ukuhlolwa kwalo kokuqala. Njengomphumela womsebenzi, lezi ziphutha ezilandelayo zikhonjisiwe:

• Umoya owenzayo ube nomklamo ongaphumelelanga.
• I-afterburner yayinezingubo zokushisa okushisa-ukushisa. Lokhu kunzima ngenxa yokuthi i-titanium isetshenziselwa ukwenza amakamelo. Ngemuva kokuhlola, le nsimbi yashintshwa yinsimbi.

Ngo-1961, abaqambi abakhulu ababandakanyeka ekuthuthukiseni "iCuba" bashintshwa. Noma kunjalo, lokhu akuzange kuthinte ukusheshisa komsebenzi ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lokulwa kwamabhanoyi. Kusukela ngo-1961 kuya ku-1963, kwaqalwa izikhali ezingu-83. Kulezi, ukuqaliswa kwezintathu kuphela kuphumelele. Ngo-1964, umkhankaso wokuqala owasungulwa, oqukethe i-warhead. I-IL-28 yadutshulwa phansi, ihamba ngezinyawo. Ukuqala okwengeziwe kwaphumelela. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-1967, iKomidi Elikhulu le-CPSU yanquma ukwamukela uhlelo lwe-Cub lokulwa nomshayeli wezindiza zokubamba amabutho emhlabathini. Uhlelo lokwakha imodeli yokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe lwaqala.

Thumela ukuguqulwa kwe-2K12 "I-Cube"

Uhlelo lwe-missile lwe-anti-aircraft, olunezici zalo ezingafani nesisekelo sayo sengqondo, lwahlanganiswa ngo-1971. Ukuhlukanisa kuye kwathinta izinhlelo ezenza ukuqashelwa kwamatshe okubhekelelwa emoyeni.

Uhlelo lwe-missile yokuzivikela emoyeni "Kub" ("Kvadrat" - igama lokufakwa okuhloswe ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle) linikezwe ngezinga elivikelwe lokuvikelwa ngokuphazanyiswa, okwenza kube lula ukuhlukanisa izinhloso ngamasevisi kahulumeni. Imodeli yokuthekelisa yayifanele ukusebenza ezindaweni zokushisa ezishisayo.

I-anti-aircraft system missile "Kub-M1"

Ngemuva kokusebenza kwamanje ngo-1973, inguqulo ethuthukisiwe yabonakala ku-Arsenal ye-USSR Army - uhlelo lwe-missile ye-air-defense ye-Kub-M1. Ukuthuthukiswa komklamo ophelile kwandise imingcele yendawo eyonakalisayo, kuthuthukiswe ukuvikelwa kwenhloko ye-homing kusuka ekuphazanyeni okuhlukahlukene, isikhathi sokuqala asizange sidlule imizuzwana emihlanu. Ama-antenna esiteshini se-radar ahlinzekwa ngokuvikelwa ekusebenzeni imicibisholo elwa-radar.

Bekuphi i-SAM esetshenzisiwe?

Kusukela ngo-1967 kuya ku-1982, uhlelo lwe-anti-aircraft system "Cube" lwadluliselwa emazweni ahlukahlukene lapho kwenziwa khona ukulwa okusebenzayo. Hhayi ngaphandle kosizo lwale SAM empini ye-Arab-Israel yanqotshwa i-air force yase-Israel. Ngo-1999, ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuqhunyiswa kwamabutho e-NATO, iYugoslavia yayisebenzise ngokugcwele lokhu okuyinkimbinkimbi. Ukungahambi kahle kwe-SAM kwakuwukungapheleli kweziteshi zalo zethelevishini, hhayi kusetshenziselwa umsebenzi webusuku. Ngalesi sikhathi sosuku, i-NATO yayihlaba umxhwele kakhulu.

Kulokhu, umsebenzi we "Cuba" wawungasebenzi. Ecabanga ngezimpi zomoya ebusuku, amabutho aseYugoslavia alahlekelwa ama-SAM amathathu.

Namuhla, i-SAM "Cube" isetshenziswa yiSlovakia. I-SAM iqukethe isiqalisi sokuzithumela kanye nemikhosi emithathu. Kulo lonke uchungechunge lwesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi, lokhu kuguqulwa kubhekwa njengesiphambili kakhulu futhi kwaziwa ngokuthi "iCube-M2".