Iyiphi isikhali esinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni?

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-pacifist ibuka kanjani umholi wombuso, ukukhathazeka ngokuphepha kwabakhamuzi bayo kubhekwa njengenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu emisebenzini yakhe. Ukuthula kungafinyelelwa kuphela ngekhono eliqukethe abaphikisana nabo. Qinisekisa ukuthi ukuphepha kwezakhamuzi kungaba ngumholi wombuso kuphela, onamandla ngezikhali kakhulu emhlabeni. Kakade ubukhona bayo buholele ukuhlonipha abahlukumezayo. Ngakho-ke, namuhla amazwe amakhulu athola izikhali ezinamandla kakhulu. Ezweni isikhali esiyingozi kakhulu nuclear. Namuhla, kunezifunda eziyishumi eplanethi enezinqolobane zenuzi. Njengoba isimo samanje sibonisiwe, imibono yabaholi bayo ilalela njalo. Isifiso sokuba abangane nabo, noma okungenani, hhayi ukuxabana kuyindlela yokuziphatha echazwe ngokugcwele kumakhanda emazwe angenalo inzuzo enjalo.

Kunokuba abantu balwe esikhathini esidala?

Kuwo wonke umlando walo, isintu senze njalo izindlela ezintsha zokubulala. Kakade eminyakeni yeMinyaka Ephakathi kule ndawo kwakungenzeka ukufeza impumelelo enkulu. Ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwesibhamu, isikhali sasibanda. Kodwa kakade ngaleso sikhathi, abantu babe namasampula ahloselwe ukubhujiswa okukhulu.

"U-Clamed's Claw"

Ezikhathini zasendulo kwakungesikhali esinamandla kunazo zonke ensimbi. Isimiso sesenzo salo kwakuwukuphakamisa inani lenqama lesitha bese liphonsa phansi. Ngalokhu ngenhloso yokwakhiwa kwesibhamu, izingwegwe ezikhethekile zanikezwa ukufaka isitha. Ngesinye isikhathi izingwegwe zavuleka, amasosha ezitha awela phansi futhi aphula. "Uzipho luka-Archimedes" lwalusetshenziselwa ukuphakamisa nokuphonsa izingodo ezitheni, futhi njengesivinini sokuguqula imikhumbi yesitha.

Inqubekela phambili yezesayensi yashiya "U-Clampie" we-Archimedes esikhathini esedlule, ngokubuyisela ukuhlinzeka ngomuntu ngezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokubhujiswa komunye nomunye.

Izikhali zokubhujiswa kweMisa

Kuwo wonke umlando walo, isintu selokhu sibuzwa umbuzo: yiyiphi isikhali esinamandla kakhulu ongayisebenzisa ukuze unqobe kakhulu isitha? Kuvunywa ukuthi isikhali se nyukliya sinamandla kakhulu. Kodwa labo abanentshisekelo kufanele bazi ukuthi namuhla izindlela ezilandelayo zokubulala umuntu ngomuntu zifakwe esigabeni 'sezikhali zokubhujiswa okukhulu':

• Izikhali zenuzi.
• Amabhomu e-hydrogen.
• Izikhali zamakhemikhali.
• I-Laser.
• Ibhomu le-neutron.
• Izikhali eziphilayo.

Inhlobo ngayinye ihlukile kwabanye ngesimiso sesenzo nezici. Ihlanganisa ukusebenza kwabo okungenamkhawulo namandla amakhulu ethonya.

"I-Tsar-Bomb"

Ngokuqinisekile abaningi abazibuza ukuthi yisiphi isikhali esinamandla kunazo zonke emhlabeni abazophendula ukuthi amandla amakhulu kakhulu futhi abhubhisayo aqukethe i-megaton hydrogen bomb. Isikhathi sokuqala izikhali ezinjalo zaxoxwa ngokusemthethweni ngo-1963.

Ukubonakaliswa kwamandla

"I-Tsar-bomb", noma njengoba ibizwa nangokuthi "umama kaZuz'kina," yahlolwa ku-Novaya Zemlya ngonyaka nonyaka ngaphambi kwesitatimende esisemthethweni sikaNicita Khrushchev mayelana nokuba khona kwe-USSR yesikhali esinamandla kangaka. Uma kuqhathaniswa nebhola laseMelika le-thermonuclear, iSoviet yayinamandla izikhathi ezine. Lapho bezama, ososayensi bathi "i-king-bomb" yaqhuma imizuzu emithathu ngemuva kokuba ilahlekelwe ebhomu. Ukuphakama kwe- fungus yenukliya kwakungama-67 km, kanti i-fireball yayinendawo engama-5.6 km. I-wave shock yahlanganisa umhlaba wonke kathathu. Ionization edalwe imizuzu engaphezu kwezingamashumi amathathu yakha ukuphazamiseka kwezokuxhumana zomsakazo ngamakhilomitha angamakhulu amaningana. Esikhathini esiphezulu se-ukuqhuma, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lavula amatshe waba yilotha. Ekupheleni kovivinyo, ochwepheshe baphetha ngokuthi: "I-Tsar-bhomu" iyisikhali "esihlanzekile," ngoba amandla ayo angama-97% ngenxa yokusabela kwe-fusion thermonuclear, ngaphandle kokudala ukungcoliswa komzimba.

I-Atomic Gadget Gadget

Ngo-1945, ngoJulayi, abaseMelika ngaphansi kwe-Alamogordo bavivinya ibhomu lokuqala, i-Gadget, eyadalwa ngesisekelo se-plutonium. Ngonyaka ofanayo ngo-Agasti, wehliselwa phezu kukaHeroshima noNagasaki.

Lo mcimbi uboniswe emhlabeni wonke ukuthi i-United States inezikhali ezinamandla kakhulu. Eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva, ubuholi baseSoviet babuye bamemezela ngokusemthethweni ukuthi kukhona isikhali se-athomu, esisebenza ngamandla akhe okubhubhisa akusiwo angaphansi kweMelika.

Izikhali zeMikhali

Emlandweni wesintu okokuqala kwasetshenziswa ngo-1915 ngamabutho aseJalimane ahlasela amasosha aseRussia. Ama-cylinders akhethekile akhiqiza ifu elikhulu le-chlorine, okwaholela ekufeni kwabantu abayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu, abanye abayizinkulungwane ezingu-15 bathola ubuthi obukhulu.

Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, eJapane nayo yayisebenzisa izikhali zamakhemikhali. Ngokuqothulwa kwamadolobha aseShayina, amabutho aseJapane axoshwa ngezikhali zamakhemikhali eziyinkulungwane. Ngenxa yobuthi, abantu abangu-50 000 bafa.

Izikhali zamakhemikhali nazo zasetshenziswa amaMelika phakathi neMpi YeVietnam. Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa zaseMelika akuzange kushiye ithuba lokusindiswa kokubili emasosheni nakubantu abanokuthula. Phakathi nenkathi yempi yezempi, amabutho ase-US ahambisa amalitha ayizigidi ezingu-72 zama-defoliants. Izikhali zamakhemikhali zaseMelika zaziqukethe izingxube ze-dioxin, okwaholela ezifweni zegazi, isibindi nokuhlukunyezwa kwezinsana. Abantu abangaba yizigidi ezinhlanu baphathwe yizikhali zamakhemikhali asetshenziswa yi-US kule mpi. Izinkinga nezinkinga zempilo zahlala ngemuva kokuqedwa kwazo.

Izikhali ze-Laser

Ngokokuqala ngqa wahlolwe yi-USA ngonyaka wezi-2010 ezigabeni zaseCalifornia. Ukusebenzisa i-laser cannon, enegunya layo lingama-megawatts angama-32, amaMelika akwazi ukugoqa izimoto ezine ezingenasidingo ezivela emkhatsini wamamitha angu-3 000. Izinzuzo zezikhali ze-laser zihlanganisa:

• Ukukwazi ukuqhuba imivimbo ngejubane lokukhanya.
• Ikhono lokuhlasela amathekithi amaningi ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Biological

Lesi sikhali saziwa njengasekuqaleni kuka-1500 BC. Amandla akhe asetshenziswa amabutho amaningi. Ngokuvamile, amaqhawe ayekhukhula izitha zezitha ezinezifo ezithathelwanayo. Kunombono wokuthi izilonda ezikhulunywa ngazo eBhayibhelini aziyona into kuphela kodwa imiphumela yokusebenzisa izikhali eziphilayo.

Enye yezinhlobonhlobo zayo zanamuhla ukusetshenziswa kwamagciwane ahlukahlukene. Ngo-2001, okuyingozi kakhulu kulawa kwakuyigciwane le-anthrax, elikhishwa ezinhlamvu ze-bacterium ebulalayo Bacillus anthracis. Ukwelashwa komuntu kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthinta le mpikiswano noma ukungafaki kwayo. Namuhla, amacala angu-22 okutheleleka komuntu anthrax ayaziwa. Amagciwane ayisihlanu ashonele.

Ibhomu le-neutron

Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zezikhali zokubhujiswa okukhulu, lesi sikhali, esakhiwe ososayensi baseMelika, ochwepheshe abaningi babheka enye "yokuziphatha" kunazo zonke. Ukubhujiswa kwezinhlobo eziphilayo kuphela okuyingxenye yesibhamu se-neutron. Lokhu kuchazwa ukuthi ngenxa yokuqhuma, amandla angu-20% kuphela awela ku-wave wave. Ngesikhathi sezikhali zenuzi, ama-50% anikezwe ku-wave wave. Naphezu kokuphakanyiswa kobuholi be-USSR ukucabangela ukuthi lezi zikhali zivinjelwe, phakathi kwamakhanda aseNtshonalanga amazwe le kholi yashiywa ngaphandle kokusekelwa. Izindleko ze-neutron zaqala ukudala eMelika ngo-1981.

Inqubekela phambili yesayensi inike isintu izinhlobo eziningi zezikhali zamandla anamandla okubhubhisa. Phakathi kwazo, indawo ekhethekile ihlala izikhali zenuzi njengesikhali esinamandla kunabo bonke emhlabeni.

I-Top 10 ithi nenqolobane enkulu yenukliya

Ezweni lamazwe anenamandla enyukliya:

• Indawo yeshumi ihlala eCanada. Ngezinga lezinto zenuzi zezwe ezitholakale, akukho izitatimende ezisemthethweni ezenziwe nguhulumeni wayo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi iCanada ayilona amandla enuzi egcwele. Isitoreji sazo sezikhali sisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhwebeni.
• Endaweni yesishiyagalolunye ngokwemithombo yamandla enyukliya u-Israyeli. Nakuba ngokusemthethweni umbuso awubhekwa njengokhilikliya, uma kwenzeka ingozi, ngokusho okulinganiselwe, ingasebenzisa okungenani izimpi ezingamakhulu amabili.
• Indawo yesishiyagalombili ihlala eNyakatho Korea. Ngenxa yezitatimende eziphindaphindiwe zenhloko yombuso owenziwe phakathi neminyaka embalwa edlule, kungase kukholwe ukuthi leli zwe linalo izikhali zenuzi ezinamandla kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Noma kunjalo, lokhu akunjalo. I-North Korea kule ndawo iyisiqalo. Ngokwezibalo ezinzima, inani lezimpi zalo zenuzi alidluli eziningana eziyishumi nambili.
• Indawo engu-7 yiPakistan. Ngokusho kwamandla akho enyukliya, lesi simiso sinamandla kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Izikhali zezwe (i-nuclear potential it) zimelelwa impi eyikhulu neshumi. Njengamanje basesimweni esisebenzayo futhi basuke baphinde bagcwalise.
• I-India inendawo yesithupha ngokwezikhali zenuzi. Thuthukisa kule ndawo umbuso waqala ukugcina ukuthula. Namuhla kunezimpi zamandla enyukliya ezingaphezu kwekhulu.
• Endaweni yesihlanu yi-China. Isinqumo sokuthola isikhali esinamandla emhlabeni wonke sithathwe nguhulumeni walesizwe ngo-1964. Namuhla umbuso unempibe yenukliya engamakhulu amabili namashumi amane.
• Indawo yesine ingokwamaFrance. Naphezu kokuthi abantu abaningi bahlobanisa leli zwe ngothando, bathatha izinkinga zempi ngokujulile. Izikhali zenuzi zaqala ukuvela eFrance ngo-1960. Okwamanje inezimpi ezingamakhulu amathathu.
• E-England. Izwe laqala ukuthenga izimpi zenuzi emuva ngo-1952. Wenza nezinye izinto. EBrithani, izimpi zempi zisendaweni esebenzayo. Inani labo yizingcezu ezingu-225.
• I-Russian Federation ithatha indawo yesibili. Ukuhlolwa kwensimu yenukliya kwaqala ngo-1949 futhi kuyaqhubeka nanamuhla. Ngokwezibalo ezinzima, inani lezimpi zenuzi selivele lidlulile izinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili.
• I-America yaba umholi ezikhali zenuzi. Kulesi sigaba, lesi simiso sinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni. Njengoba kuyaziwa, izikhali zase-US azisebenziswanga ngenjongo yokuthula. Amandla ayo enuzi aseMelika asebenzisa wona abe buthakathaka empilweni yezizwe.

I-Russian "Smerchs"

Ngokusho kochwepheshe abaningi bezempi nabososayensi, uhlelo lweSmerch lwe-rocket launcher luyisisombululo sesibili esiphezulu kunazo zonke ngemuva kwebhomu lenuzi. Ukuze ulethe le MLRS esimweni sokulwa, sekuwanele okungaphezu kwemizuzu emithathu.

Ukugcwalisa i-volley egcwele kuzothatha isigamu somzuzu. I-12-barrel "I-Tornado" iyakwazi ukushaya amathangi wamanje nanoma yiziphi ezinye izimoto zempi. Ukuphathwa kwe "Tornado" kwenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili:

• Kusuka egumbini le-MLRS.
• Ukusebenzisa ukulawula okukude.

I-Topol-M

Isakhiwo se-missile "iTopol-M" (sesimanje) saba yinhloko yeqembu lempi yamasosha. Isikhali yisiketshezi se-monoblock esine-propellant esinezigaba ezintathu, esiqukethe isitsha esikhethekile sokuthutha izithuthi. Kuyo, angahlala iminyaka engamashumi amabili. Isici sesici salesi simiso sezinsizakalo kungenzeka ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi indawo yokuqothula impi yayo ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu ezihlukene. Ngenxa yalokhu "i-Topol-M" iba yinto engasakwazi ukuvikela izinhlelo eziningi zokuzivikela emoyeni.

Ngokuvumelana nezivumelwano okwamanje ezitholakalayo, ochwepheshe bezempi baseRussian Federation abavunyelwe ukukhiqiza okunye okunye. Kodwa-ke, ekukhanyeni kwezenzakalo zamuva, kungenzeka ukuthi lezi zivumelwano zizobuyekezwa.

Izwe laseRussia likhona izimali ezinkulu ezinikezwayo zamanje zamandla kagesi namasu akhokliya. Ukutholakala kwezikhali zenuzi kanye nezinhlelo zenuzi zaseRussia ezinamakhemikhali enyukliya kuye kwaba yimpumelelo ehambisana namazwe e-NATO eminyakeni yamuva.