Elikhulu kunawo wonke phakathi nezwe lake Eurasia. Elikhulu kunawo wonke phakathi nezwe lake emhlabeni

Emhlabeni, itholakala emachibini kwezigidi ezinhlanu. Akulesi 1.8% we ndawo Imininingwane. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke echibini maphakathi nezwe emhlabeni eyaziwa ngokuthi yoLwandle iCaspian. It yabakhanga ososayensi kanye izivakashi ezivela emhlabeni wonke.

isikhundla ezindawo

Umbuzo "Kuyini ichibi elikhulu kunawo wonke endaweni," impendulo kungaba edidayo. Phakathi okukhethwa ubizwa ngokuthi Upper, Victoria, Huron, kodwa impendulo enembile kungaba yoLwandle iCaspian, ngokuthi ulwandle kuphela ngoba ngomsuka wayo zomlando nosayizi giant.

OLwandle iCaspian itholakala kuleli zwekazi Eurasia lapho kwakuphambana khona amazwekazi amabili - Asia naseYurophu. Le ndawo Imininingwane kwesigubhu kuyinto 321 000 amakhilomitha square. Ngaphezu amanzi, nazi siqhingi (350 amakhilomitha square) kanye le nhlonhlo. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke kubo - lolu uch-Kos (Dagestan), ubhavu-Karagan (Kazakhstan), Ashuradeh (i-Iran), Coeur dashi (Azerbaijan) nabanye.

Five uthi ukufinyelela okugcwele amanzi oLwandle iCaspian. Kuyinto Russia, e-Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan futhi Turkmenistan. Ugu omude kunayo yonke imayelana 2320 amakhilomitha futhi kungokwalabo ensimini ka Kazakhstan. Ukuze uqhathanise, Russian Federation ugu aphansi phakathi wonke amazwe - amakhilomitha 695 kuphela.

Sea coast is zihlukaniswa isikhundla salo ongaphakeme futhi ukuthungwa bushelelezi. Okuwukuphela kwendawo lapho ungabhekana ukuphakama, akhiwe entshonalanga. Kukhona impela ogwini emazombezombe.

Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke echibini nezwe azihlangene izilwandle, yize iqalisa emifuleni ngu-130. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke them - iVolga Russian.

Ngo ezingwini empumalanga yoLwandle iCaspian itholakala Salt Lake Garabogazköl, okwakuwuphawu ichibi amanzi asolwandle nge strait encane kuze 1980. Khona-ke bakha Dam kanti edamini, kodwa echibini wawusomile ngokushesha futhi wabuyela endaweni Strait.

Amadolobha ezifana Baku, Turkmenbashi (Krasnovodsk), Avaz, Aktau, Derbent uvikelekile ku-Ugu, ichibi elikhulu kunawo wonke phakathi nezwe eYurophu nase-Asia.

physiography

Umqulu yoLwandle iCaspian imayelana 44% zigcine bamanzi echibini emhlabeni wonke. endaweni balo buyahluka kuye ngokuthi ezingeni amanzi, okuyinto ishintsha njalo, kodwa isilinganiso siyizinsuku 321 000 amakhilomitha square.

I we iCaspian ukujula ngempela engalingani. Enyakatho ichibi ayijulile kakhulu, futhi ebusweni kuya phansi ngamamitha amane nje. Kodwa kukhona South iCaspian Basin, iphuzu aphansi elisemandleni ngezithuba 1025 amamitha.

Amazinga amanzi iyahlukahluka futhi kuncike indawo. Isikhathi olufudumele yoLwandle iCaspian kufika ngo-August, ngesikhathi umzimba amanzi eliwu 26 ° C. Nokho, eningizimu phansi engajulile zingakhula futhi angafika ku-32 ° C.

Leli chibi elikhulu kunawo wonke by endaweni - okunosawoti. Kodwa-ke has a ngokucacile elivumela ukuba amanzi abe ezahlukene Ukwakheka olwandle. Ngokuyinhloko, lokhu kungenxa emifula ezwekazini. Imifula zahlulelwa ingxenye enkulu iCaspian calcium carbonates futhi sulphates. ukwanda usawoti ezingeni kusuka emlonyeni iVolga kuya eningizimu-mpumalanga.

Ukuma kwendawo yendlela phansi uhlukanisa Northern, Ephakathi naseNingizimu iCaspian Sea usebenzisa imibundu (Mangyshlak, Absheron). Lokhu kungenxa kakhulu ebusweni silty, igobolondo yesihlabathi Bedrock kwezinye izindawo (the ejulile).

Izimo zezulu yoLwandle iCaspian kunqunywa esishintshashintshayo yezwekazi esipholile nakwezifudumele. Ngakho-ke, izinga lokushisa aphansi esifundeni sima emhlabeni - 8 ° C, aphakeme + 26 ° C. Kwathiwa eqoshiwe yerekhodi yokuqala + 44 ° C eningizimu echibini.

emhlabeni isilwane

Le ndawo enkulu Zomhlaba echibini kuqhathaniswa nezinye amachibi engacebile ikakhulukazi zinhlobo, zazo zikhona mayelana 1800. Kulezi, zinhlobo 101 kuphela kungokwalabo izinhlanzi. OLwandle iCaspian iyona Indawo izinhlanzi ezibalulekile kwezohwebo, kuhlanganise Sturgeon. Nakuba yoLwandle iCaspian ubhekwa echibini engajulile nezakhamuzi zawo abe babebaningi kakhulu. Ngakho, Beluga izinhlanzi ifinyelela ubude 4 amamitha.

Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke echibini maphakathi nezwe e-Eurasia yayigcwele isehlane kusukela izilwandle zomhlaba, ngakho ngeke ahlanganyele kulo nemiculo ulwandle mollusk jellyfish, ama-polyp, nokunye. N. Kodwa ekhaya iCaspian uphawu (uphawu), okuyinto on the esengozini yokuqothulwa. Winter-ke ulindela eqhweni esifundeni North iCaspian Sea, futhi ehlobo kungaba uhambo sifinyelela engenhla iVolga futhi Urals.

izwe yemifino

Ubude 728 zama-flora, uhlala yoLwandle iCaspian. Ngesisekelo ulwelwe kanye phytoplankton.

yemifino emhlabeni iCaspian okuhambisana ngokuphelele emanzini yimvelo engajulile. Kusukela izimbali zikhule lapho abameleli ababili kuphela. It Zostera futhi Rupp. igama Okwesibili Zostera - ulwandle utshani. It zisetshenziswa namahlamvu eside elikhanyayo umbala oluhlaza. Imbali libukeka Onendlebe.

Rupp uthanda amanzi brackish, ngakho amanzi ahlanzekile akuyona ihlangabezane. Ngu ukubukeka kwayo lesi sitshalo sifana proliferating evundlile. On the kwamanzi livela phakathi izimbali kuphela, zikhetha lonke ukuphumula phansi. Rupp okusakazwa vegetatively, futhi izinhlanzi nezinyoni ningadla izithelo zawo.

Ngakho, i-ngobukhulu maphakathi nezwe lake emhlabeni ocebile yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene. imiphakathi Esikhathini esincane zixhumene ezomnotho kubantu futhi isimo jikelele kwemvelo esifundeni.

kwemithombo yemvelo

Le ndawo elikhulu echibini inothile uwoyela negesi. Imizamo yokuqala ngesikhathi izimayini basonta ezikude 1820. Yingaleso sikhathi-ke ukuthi kahle lokuqala lalibizwa yamba ngasogwini Baku.

kamuva Kakade amahlanu kwakukhona uwoyela eziningi commercial. Kuze kube manje, kodwa zibe sebuthweni lezokuvikela amafutha yoLwandle iCaspian balinganiselwa ku amathani ayizigidi eziyishumi.

Ngaphezu kwalezi babashayeli amabili egolide, iCaspian abelana yayo nosawoti yokusungula, ubumba, isihlabathi namathempeli ngokhonkolo namatshe.

Ngenxa yokuba khona udaka nokumbiwa amanzi ekwelapheni yoLwandle iCaspian baba zokwelapha ukuzilibazisa endaweni. Nokho, sandile kuphela e-Azerbaijan. Iran kanye Turkmenistan kuthiwa seduze ibhizinisi izivakashi. Umncintiswano liphezulu kakhulu e Russian Black Sea coast.

Elikhulu kunawo wonke endaweni echibini ikhanga Anglers. Lapha-ke limbiwa cishe u-90% catch ezweni Sturgeon. Ngokuvamile emthethweni.

ukuphepha Environmental

izinkinga zemvelo ezibhekene kule ndawo kusukela ekuqaleni umkhiqizo kawoyela. Drilling, zokuthutha izinsiza nokuningi esongelwa ukungcola ukuze imvelo yasolwandle kanye ushintsho yayo esinqunyiwe.

Ngo-November 2003, i-iCaspian uthi ngemvume Framework Convention, okuyinto ihlose ukuvikela iCaspian Sea, ukuvikela ibhoduluko ukuqapha imithombo yemvelo.

Inkinga oluthile ukuzingela ngokungemthetho, okuyinto kunciphisa lizinga sezinhlanzi nezimpawu futhi ivumela inyamazane umnyuziki esisemthethweni.