Drilling ohlangothini: emihle nemibi

Eminyakeni yamuva, ukwakhiwa aphume esibucayi okwathatha isikhathi eside kangako, inani izakhiwo ezakhiwa, izakhiwo zezimboni, imigwaqo kanye nezinye izikhungo izingqalasizinda kwandisa. Ngokulandelana, beba Izindlela zobunjiniyela bezobuchwepheshe zobuchwepheshe ethandwa kakhudlwana ukuthi sinciphise isikhathi kanye zabasebenzi.

Uhlolojikelele

Lezi zihlanganisa i-imishini ohlangothini. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kukhona kanye mpo (ejwayelekile) noma yomumo ezaziwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho okudingekayo ukuze lokhu ukuphambuka kusuka encane Mpo /: 2 kuphela degrees nge imishini esezingeni, ezingaphezu kuka-6 degrees ngoba ezijulile imishini (imithombo Artesian, uwoyela noma igesi).

Ngokwemvelo, khona kwale ukuphambuka kungadalwa hhayi kuphela yokufakelwa, kodwa izimbangela kungokwemvelo. Basuke zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu eziningana (Geological, yezobuchwepheshe, zobuchwepheshe). Uma wazi zonke lezi zici kahle, ungakwazi ukulawula ngokunembile yokuma kahle esikhaleni.

Ngakho, ngaphansi ukuphambuka yokufakelwa kusho noma iyiphi "warping" wellbore okwakubekelwa ayehlosile kwasekuqaleni. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi imishini ka ohlangothini kusho ukulawula okuqinile isiqondiso ukunyakaza sokuprakthiza kulo ukusebenza.

Izici imishini uwoyela negesi imithombo

Ikakhulukazi eziningi nobunzima emsebenzini onjalo uletha e isici uwoyela negesi umkhakha. Kukhona imishini ohlangothini kumele yente, usebenzisa amaphrofayli ekhethekile mhlahlandlela. Kubalulekile futhi ukukhumbula ukuthi imbobo engenhla uhlale (!) Ingabe ngokuqinile mpo, futhi ukuphambuka iqala emazingeni aphansi, ku azimuth lohleliwe.

Isikhathi esining impela imishini ohlangothini alisetshenziswa ukuthuthukiswa imikhakha, kodwa kuphela uma kuqhutshwe. Okuningi eshibhile ukuhlola khona "nakomaka", kokwenza olwehlelayo emgodini kunalokho eside okungaphezu nje uzama sokuprakthiza kwedwala ukujula eyanele thwi.

Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba kwenziwe imishini ohlangothini? Ubuchwepheshe lilula: owokuqala main imbobo amakhefu ke, ngedivayisi usizo watsheka indawo oyifunayo ihlinzekwa auger obliquely noma nendawo ngamakhasimende, osuvele ukwenza umgodi olwengeziwe. Ukuze silondoloze ngokunembile isiqondiso predetermined yephrojekthi, kufanele usebenzise "nakomaka", kunjalo futhi beacons. Ezimweni eziningi, isebenzisa amakhamera akhethekile ezikuvumela ngeso lengqondo inqubo imishini.

Izaziso ezibalulekile

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kwezinye izimo uphoqeleke ukuba enze ezinye imithombo enjalo izici Geological yamadwala. Ngakho, ngezinye izikhathi kuba eshibhile ukuchitha imbobo phezu kwendawo okuvela ezinye edwaleni igneous kuka ngezibhakela zakhe.

Phawula futhi ukuthi ohlangothini ukubhola kanye lisikisela kuphulwa kumbiwa imithombo ngokuqinile ovundlile. Zonke emithonjeni, etholwe le ndlela zihlukaniswe olulodwa futhi multi-branched. Kulo mBhalo, esiqwini ukuthuthela kude a cuttings ezimbalwa. Le ndlela ka Drilling ku uwoyela negesi umkhakha kabanzi kulezi zimo ezilandelayo:

• Lapho uvula uwoyela noma igesi esindayo kwezakhi, okuyinto amanga phakathi amaphutha ngokulinganisa.
• Uma kuvela ukuthi ukwakheka esikhiqiza evele ishintsha indlela.
• Esimeni lapho amafutha esindayo noma igesi esindayo khathizwe zilala usawoti domes (ngenxa imishini nobunzima kulamalanga ekugcina).
• Lapho udinga yokuwuthola zone kumhambela ezimayini.
• Slope (ovundlile, ikakhulukazi) imishini lubaluleke uma kwesigubhu ulala ngaphansi komuthi kwezinye emanzini noma ogwini ngaphansi amakota yokuhlala noma izakhiwo ehlukile.
• On imishini ezisekelweni kanye ramps, okuyinto zitholakala ngqo phezu kolwandle, e-90% amacala usebenzisa le ndlela imigodi wiring.
• Ngaphezu kwalokho, imishini ohlangothini lubaluleke uma kudingeka ukubamba imithombo kubasekeli ezindaweni ezimangelengele kakhulu (gullies, amagquma kanye nokunye okufana nalokho. D.).

A inqubo efanayo lubaluleke, uma ngenxa yesizathu esithile (ukuphahlazeka, rocks zomhlaba shift) Umphini uye wawugxilisa, kodwa ngoba kube nesidingo ukuhambahamba ezindaweni inkinga. Njengoba-ke kwenziwa uma ufuna ukuthatha amasampula core esiqwini, kusukela kungenjalo lokhu akunakwenzeka.

Futhi, imishini ohlangothini isetshenziswa uma udinga ngokushesha umlilo ku ngasizathu simbe, kahle, kanye ezimweni lapho engxenyeni engezansi emgodini liyadingeka ukuze sandise ngezizathu zokusebenza. Ngendlela efanayo ukwandisa endaweni amanzi e imithombo ubudala, lapho kuyadingeka ukukhulisa imiqulu ukukhiqizwa.

Imikghwa enjalo, lapho ekuqaleni eyaziwa ukuthi emkhakheni ingeyona isigaba ocebile, kodwa kudingeka ukuthi ngokushesha "milked". Bese sebenzisa imishini "ehlathini", amaningi futhi amaningi Thepha kusuka main emgodini ohlangothini. Uma kuleli cala sebenzisa izindlela ejwayelekile kusukela okukhipha ensimini kuyoba aphansi, kanye kahle yasheshe yaphela.

Ukusebenzisa ovundlile imishini ohlangothini ngesibhakela imigodi eyinhloko ngokusebenzisa carbon unamathisele, njengoba kulesi simo, badinga pre-release kusukela kungenzeka igesi emaphaketheni. Uma ungaphenduki, amathuba ukuvuvukala ngisho ukuqhuma ngisho ngesikhatsi kokuhlinzwa womthombo.

Ukuze breaking emgodini kuzo zonke izimo esetshenziswa motors downhole (Turbodrills, ngezinye izikhathi - sokuzivivinya kagesi, isikulufa motor). indlela imishini - rotary.

izindlela eziyisisekelo

Indlela eyisisekelo (njengoba senza, futhi phesheya) is ukusebenzisa izici ashukumisayo isimo sezwe. Lokhu kuyaqondakala, njengoba emathafeni ngokuphelele bushelelezi futhi emaqeleni akuzona yonke indawo.

Ngokuvamile, isampula sithathwa ithrekhi okujwayelekile (amaphrofayli), okuyinto zakhiwa kusengaphambili futhi ukusetshenziselwa lokhu izindlela ukumodeliswa zezibalo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi "amazinga" ndlela ingasetshenziswa kuphela (!) Ngo emasimini kakade athuthukile, zonke izici eziye eside kwaziwa. I engavamile le ndlela - ugobile endaweni ungazami ukulawula futhi ulungise kuso. Maye, kodwa kubonakala kusimo abalulekile ukwanda ngokuphawulekayo e intengo imishini.

Iphrofayela phrojekthi saziso ukumaka izindawo kokuba ngezinga esiphezulu ugobile, njengoba ngaphandle kwalezi idatha eziyimisebenzi msebenzi ngeke usebenze. Ukuze umklamo, kulesi simo ihlangabezana abaqeqeshiwe unjiniyela ohlangothini imishini.

Ukushintsha isakhiwo Rig imishini ushintsha ukugoba emthonjeni

Indlela ejwayeleke kakhulu uma kuziwa ekuphatheni goba emgodini ngqo ngesikhathi Ukungena kwakhe. indlela enhle ngoba akanayo ukusebenzisa imishini ekhethekile. kusimo wayo komkhawulo enamandla izimo imishini ngesivinini esikhulu.

Ukusetshenziswa diverters yokufakelwa

Emisebenzini zaloluhlobo esetshenziswa subs engonxantathu izingono uhlobo ome njengeqanda, amagejambazo nezinye deflectors. Wonke amadivayisi akhethiwe ngamunye, kuye ngokuthi isimo ethize kanye uhlobo isimo sezwe.

isihlahla zinhlobo

Indlela ebalulekile imishini ohlangothini kuyinto imigodi ehlathini Ukungena. Kulokhu, ekuqaleni zonke imigodi ebekwe endaweni eyodwa, futhi izigaba ukuphela - ezindaweni lapho izingqimba imali eyaziwa uhambe.

Indlela muhle ngoba ikuvumela kakhulu inciphise ukufakwa umsebenzi esizeni, kakhulu ukunciphisa inani elidingekayo yokuxhumana imigqa, kuhlanganise imigwaqo ezindaweni lapho umsebenzi futhi kunciphisa isidingo amanzi namandla imizila yokuthumela izimpahla. Lolu hlobo imishini yaqale ihlolwe e-USSR, ngokunembile, Azerbaijan usakhiwa lusebenza ku Artem Island.

Ububi main kuyinto ukubaluleka kokugwema kokuwela imilomo kwezimayini ngaphansi kukahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, siye saphoqeleka ukuba ukonga kakade ukusebenza ngesikhathi yesibili imishini imigodi, njengoba kudingwa yi-imithetho yokuphepha umlilo. Ekugcineni, ethile omkhulu imigodi Sectional kuyinto yinkimbinkimbi ukuzilondoloza okwalandela nokulungisa, futhi imvelo yasolwandle kunzima kakhulu ukuqeda okuphumayo.

Kungaphansi kwaziphi izimo esetshenziswa cluster imishini?

Ngakho kulokho izimo isihlahla obliquely iqondiswe imishini ovundlile? Izizathu uhlelo lwayo lokusebenza zihlukaniswe amaqembu ezilandelayo:

• Manmade - Drilling ngaphansi izakhiwo, kuhlanganise yokuhlala, nezinye izakhiwo lobuchwepheshe.
• Ubuchwepheshe - lapho kungenzeka ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa emithonjeni ejwayelekile uzobe ukusebenza emigodini ekhona iphazamiseke. indlela Sectional kulokhu akuyona "Kwenhlekelele" enjalo.
• Wokubalwa kweminyaka ngamadwala - lapho namaminerali amanga izingqimba engalingani, emazingeni ehlukene. Kulokhu, ukufaka imishini ohlangothini ukhetho kuphela uma kubalulekile ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukusungula ukukhiqiza, ngaphandle kokuchitha imali lokukwazi izimali.
• Orographic - iqembu ezivamile yezizathu, kuhlanganise nesidingo ekuvuleni insimu itholakala ngaphansi kolwandle, echibini, esimweni sezwe nzima, kanye kubekwa imigodi isisekelo ezisekelweni sogu lolwandle futhi ramps.
• Climate. Eminyakeni yamuva, ezingxenyeni eziningi eNyakatho Ekude kunomkhuba engaguquki ukuze incibilikiswa Iqhwa, yingakho ochwepheshe umane iphendukele kwaba lwentshebe imishini indlela. Ezinye izindlela zigcwele kokuwa mafutha anciphisa isikhala esingaphakathi womthombo.

Qaphela ukuthi umphumela esiphezulu wokusebenza cluster imithombo ugcinwe izimbuku, ezindaweni ngokuvamile enezikhukhula. Kubalulekile wazi ukuthi uma imishini ohlangothini ngaphansi kwamanzi kwesigubhu kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba sibe nokuma izisebenzi ezinolwazi ukwazi ukusebenzisa kahle imishini Ukuqondiswa kwemikhumbi, bengaphumuli ngokusebenzisa emgodini ezimweni ezithile ezifana kusuka kube nzima kakhulu.

Ngakho, umsebenzi imishini ohlangothini kufanele lifake ukufuna, bangabasebenzi tech-savvy abafundile.

izici ezibalulekile indlela

Ivolumu ezihlabayo efana imibhoshongo noma Izigaxa, ukubaluleka engivusa ngayo, njengasencwadini kungaqondakala, kuye ngokuthi ungakanani nokuthi 'blurring "we ezifakwa athuthukile. Ngakho, inani imigodi ngesibhakela kuchazwe amakhono obuchwepheshe. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kwencazelo ubukhulu ehlathini kufanele aphathwe ngendlela efanele, njengoba lokhu Inkomba kuncike endaweni zensimu expropriated.

Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa a imigodi ukuhlolwa ngaphakathi kwemingcele yakuleli dolobhana. indima enkulu enkonzweni imithombo eseqedile ukudlala wellheads indawo. Akumangazi ukuthi imishini ohlangothini iphayiphi isibe indlela yabo eyinhloko kule minyaka 15-20 edlule, kabanzi lisetshenziswe umkhuba.

Imiphumela emihle cluster imishini

Ngokuvamile, le ndlela iyehlisa izindleko inhlangano kwemayini noma ekwakheni izakhiwo zezimboni, kunomthelela ivolumu ezishintshayo yonke imisebenzi yokukhiqiza kanye nezinqubo. Okubaluleke kakhulu, le ndlela kusiza ukuvikela imvelo nokunciphisa umthelela kwemvelo.

Iqiniso lokuthi ukuqaliswa cluster imishini iba kungenzeka ukuqoqa ngokuphelele imfucuza imishini, singavumeli ukuba bafinyelele amanzi phansi, kanye kunciphisa amathuba ukwehlisa ezingeni esedlule. Lokhu ngokuvamile kubonakala nge imishini esezingeni, njengoba kulokhu kukhona lapho kubhujiswa lesi aquifers.

Omunye isidleke iqukethe imithombo okungenani ezimbili. Ngokuvamile, uwoyela ezweni lethu bahlanganyele behlukanisa imigodi ka 18-24 izicucu, kodwa kwezinye izimo inani maqembu ngoba 30. Nokho, lokhu akukhona irekhodi, kwazise ziningi izimo practice ngamazwe, lapho kwenye yalezi zimayini ungase ukusuka ngo-60 " izinqubo. " Ikakhulu, i-BP eziyihlazo yamba ku encane yokufakelwa esiqhingini 60 × m 60 ... 68 ngokushesha ukususa impi. Kungenzeka ukuba ngqo ukunyusa ivolumu lamafutha ikhiqizwa inkambu.

Ngakho ukuthi ohlangothini imishini nemithombo ovundlile emnothweni zanamuhla kakhulu ziphoqa ngokunembile ngenxa ukugcinwa kwezindawo kwezinto ezibonakalayo nokuma.

Multi-branched uhlobo imishini

Okwamanje, ngenxa Ukuwohloka abaningi emkhakheni ubudala, indlela kuphela okunokwethenjelwa ukuthola wamaminerali nokusebenzisa izindlela ezithuthukile ukukhiqizwa, okuhlanganisa imishini multihole. Ngesikhathi esifanayo egodini main ngesikhathi Ekujuleni athola "izinqubo" eziningana ezintsha. Ngenxa yalokhu anda endaweni kahle kakhulu kule umkhathizwe elikhiqizayo, okwandisa amavolumu kwemayini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo ungakwazi inciphise imishini phezulu, khathizwe non-elikhiqizayo.

Ezweni lethu kahle lokuqala lolu hlobo ukuthi yamba ngo-1953 Bashkiria. Kodwa emgodini, ku ukushuba kwesigubhu sihamba ngqo, kungentiwa kuphela ekupheleni 50s. Kwasekusithi Samara esifundeni. Ngokushesha kwatholakala ukuthi okukhiphayo yansuku zonke imithombo enjalo imayelana 40% kunakunoma cores eyenziwe ezivamile, indlela mpo.

Yingaleso sikhathi lapho ezweni lethu waqala ukuthuthukisa imishini ohlangothini. Imfundo kule okukhethekile ayaqalwa wonke nezikhungo lobuchwepheshe yezwe.

Uma esetshenziswa splitters indlela, ubude emgodini ukwanda kumiswa kakhulu kwandisa amanzi futhi filtration zone. Lokhu kuyabasiza kubenze ukwandisa umthelela Borehole hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi kwandisa izinga ukusebenza ngesikhathi umkhiqizo wawo. Lolu hlobo imigodi zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• Bayichezukisa uhlobo branched.
• Ngokuvundlile branched.
• Ukususa impi isiqondiso osabalalayo.

Kulo mBhalo, yokubhola ohlangothini (ovundlile ohlangothini imishini) isetshenziswa sezwe nzima futhi nonuniform lokuhlala isizukulwane khathizwe. Le ndlela ivumela (ngenkathi ukunciphisa izindleko) ukukhulisa isizinda amaminerali.

Izici splitters imigodi

Ukuyichaza imigodi obliquely branched kuqukathe kushaft main esukela isiqu kanye nakulezo yabo izinqubo, okuyinto zitholakala izindiza ezahlukene. uhlobo Empeleni nendawo eziqondiswe kuyinto ukushintshashintsha uhlobo nje kuchazwe. Umehluko kuphela - kusukela "amahlumela" wellbore main ukunweba ngokuqinile ngendiza ovundlile i-engela 90 degrees.

Ngakho, imigodi osabalalayo esiqwini futhi zibheka futhi eminye - circumferentially, isb ohlangothini osabalalayo. Eminyakeni yamuva, imithombo branched ezibhekwa isiqondiso ethembisa kakhulu imishini, njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwabo ngezinga ezimbonini kusivumela ukuxazulula izinkinga eziningi eziba khona isici ukuthuthukiswa subsurface izinsiza:

• ukuthuthukiswa Ubuningi bamahora ngempumelelo lamafutha izinkambu ilungiselelo obuhlukahlukene khathizwe. Kulesi simo mpo imishini ohlangothini umnotho kuyinto engenakwenzeka, kusukela Umqulu wokugcina etholwe izindleko ngokungadingekile ezinkulu.
• Drilling isiqondiso etshekile kungaba ngokuphawulekayo ukunciphisa inani imithombo esetshenzisiwe. Lokhu kuholela ukwehla izindleko imisebenzi, kanye ukunciphisa ukukhinyabezeka emvelweni.
• Isizinda viscous kakhulu amafutha ongahluziwe, okuyinto akhishwa ekujuleni okukhulu kakhulu.
• Indlela efanayo isetshenziswa uma kudingekile ukwakha isiteshi geothermal isebenzisa amandla amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ashisayo.

Ngakho, imishini kwemithombo ohlangothini - inqubo kabanzi uwoyela negesi umkhakha yesimanje kanye embonini yezokwakha.