Cross monohybrid

Monohybrid ukuwela - lokhu ibhuloho, ngoba okuyinto sici ngokungafani amafomu sabazali komunye nomunye ngomunye pair of atholakalayo izici okunye okungafani. Ukungena okukhulunywa kunoma isici i umzimba, noma yiziphi izakhiwo zalo noma izinga, kuyinto ngawo kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa abantu. Ngo izitshalo, lokhu impahla, isibonelo, ukuma Corolla (lesinesitfombe-sibuko quin noma), umbala waso (omhlophe noma onsomi) futhi t. D. izimpawu zifakwe nokuvuthwa isilinganiso (yokuvuthwa yokuvuthwa ngasekupheleni noma), kanye ukumelana noma ezifweni ukungenwa yizifo ezithile .

Zonke izakhiwo ndawonye, kusukela yangaphandle nesiphetho ezinye izici ku isakhiwo noma ukusebenza amaseli, izitho, izicubu, ngokuthi phenotype. Lo mqondo singasetshenziswa futhi maqondana esinye sezici okunye okutholakalayo.

Ukubonakaliswa izakhiwo kanye izimfanelo wenziwa ngaphansi kokulawula yokuba izici zofuzo eziyingozi ekhona - ngamanye amazwi, lokhu ngezakhi ezingamaqoqo. Bebonke izakhi zofuzo kukhona genotype.

Monohybrid engu- Mendelian emelelwa ukweqa uphizi. Kulokhu kukhona ezifana kahle ngokwanele esiphawulekayo okunye izakhiwo, ezifana mhlophe futhi izimbali purple, eluhlaza nephuzi Umbala ubhontshisi angavuthiwe, imbewu esishwabene futhi surface bushelelezi, nabanye.

Ngokusebenzisa monohybrid cross, Mendel, Austria sezitshalo X mina e., Found ukuthi isizukulwane sokuqala (F1) hybrid izitshalo zonke kwadingeka izimbali imajenta luhlaza, umbala omhlophe akusho kubonakala khona. Ngakho owokuqala wethulwa Law Mendel sika Wobunye models-lokuqala isizukulwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ososayensi batholé ukuthi isizukulwane sokuqala zonke amasampula babe eyohlobo futhi kuwo wonke eziyisikhombisa wafunda izici zabo.

Ngakho engu- monohybrid kusikisela isizukulwane abantu lokuqala khona izinhlamvu okunye umzali oyedwa kuphela, kanti izakhiwo omunye umzali babonakala zinyamalale. I predominance izakhiwo Mendel ngokuthi ukubusa bese izimpawu ngokwabo - evelele. izinga awaveli usosayensi ngokuthi esikhubazayo.

Ngokusebenzisa engu- monohybrid, Mendel ngaphansi self-impova we nzalo isizukulwane sokuqala etshalwa. Kwakheka kuzo imbewu eningi ayihlwanyela usosayensi futhi. Ngenxa yalokho, wanikwa isigamu okulandelayo, isizukulwane sesibili (F2) nzalo. Amasampula etholwe okukhulunywa cleavage izici ehlukile kuleli isilinganiso silinganisiwe 3: 1. Ngamanye amazwi, izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zabantu isizukulwane yesibili sathola izindawo ezivelele, futhi ingxenye eyodwa kwezine - esikhubazayo. Ngenxa yalokho lezi ucwaningo, Mendel baphetha ngokuthi imfanelo esikhubazayo ukuthi ukuyiveza ku amasampula, kodwa alukapheli, Kubonakala esizukulwaneni yesibili. Lokhu sokuhlanganiswa liye labizwa ngokuthi "uMthetho eqhekeza" (umthetho wesibili ka Mendel).

Ngaphezu kwalokho monohybrid usosayensi engu- olwenziwa ukukhomba njenge ifa okuyokwenzeka kwesithathu, kwesine, futhi subsequent zukulwane. Wakhulela amaphethini usebenzisa self-impova. Ngenxa yalokho zokuhlolwa kwatholakala ukuthi izitshalo, izici yiziphi esikhubazayo (izimbali ezimhlophe, isibonelo) ku subsequent zukulwane yenzalo wenziwa ukudlala emuva kuphela nalaba (esikhubazayo) izakhiwo.

Ngandlela-thile ngendlela ehlukile isinyathelo izitshalo isizukulwane sesibili, property okuye okuthiwa Mendel evelele (abanikazi, isibonelo, izimbali onsomi). Phakathi masampuli, ososayensi ngokuhlaziya siyinzalo wembula amaqembu amabili kokuba umehluko ngokuphelele ukubukeka ngayinye isici esithile.

Ukuze ngabanye, zihlukaniswa izici ezimbili, sebenzisa i-crossover ezimbili hybrid. Inkinga yokunquma genotypes futhi phenotypes kukhona elula, kanti imithetho isinqumo sabo Mendel asebenza.