Annealing steel njengoba uhlobo ukwelashwa ukushisa. ubuchwepheshe metal

Ukudalwa izinto ezintsha futhi ulawule izakhiwo zabo - kuyinto ubuciko nobuchwepheshe metal. Omunye amathuluzi ayo kuyinto ukwelashwa ukushisa. Lezi zinqubo zenza Singakwazi yini ukushintsha izici, ngokufanele, kwenkululeko ukusetshenziswa Alloys. Annealing ensimbi - kukho kabanzi ekuqedeni ukukhubazeka yokukhiqiza emikhiqizweni, okwandisa amandla abo kanye nokwethembeka.

Inqubo Imisebenzi kanye ezahlukeneyo zalo

annealing imisebenzi eyenziwa ukuze:

• Ukuthuthukisa intracrystalline isakhiwo, ukuhleleka kwebhodi izakhi alloying;
• ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka okungajwayelekile yangaphakathi kweqiniso ngenxa ngokushesha kobuchwepheshe lokushisa umehluko;
• pliability okwandisa letigcogcwe ngaphambilini for machining okwalandela.

ukusebenza Classical ibizwa ngokuthi "annealing ngokugcwele", kodwa kukhona eziningi zayo ezihlukahlukene, kuye izakhiwo oyifunayo futhi izici imisebenzi: akuphelele, ukwanda okusheshayo ongaphakeme (homogenization), isothermal, recrystallization, normalizing. Zonke zifana ngokomthetho, kodwa izindlela ensimbi ukwelashwa ukushisa zihluke ngokuphelele.

ukwelashwa ukushisa esekelwe imidvwebo

Zonke kugucuka embonini steel, okuncike umdlalo okushisa luhambisane ngokucacile umdwebo lensimbi carbon Alloys. Kuyinto insiza-kufundisa ukucacisa microstructure carbon lezinsimbi noma waphonsa ziboshwe ngozankosi, zase kanye amaphuzu ezinguquko izakhiwo kanye nezici zabo ngaphansi kwethonya Ukushisa noma Ukupholisa ngomoya.

Metal ubuchwepheshe ulawula leli igrafu zonke izinhlobo annealing carbon lezinsimbi. Ukuze akuphelele, ongaphakeme futhi recrystallization "ukuqala" umugqa lokushisa awazisayo PSK, okungukuthi waso ezibucayi _Ac1. annealing Okugcwele steel normalizing ezishisayo ngamakhasimende umugqa GSE umdwebo, iphuzu zayo ezibucayi kanye IzE ₃ IzE _m. Futhi ishadi likwenza kucace uxhumano indlela ukwelashwa ukushisa bucaciswe okwalotshwa okuqukethwe carbon kanye nokwenzeka eliyifa layo efanele ingxubevange ethile.

annealing ngokugcwele

Izinto: Castings futhi Forgings ka ingxubevange pro-eutectoid, lapho ukwakheka steel kufanele bagcwalise carbon e isamba kuze kufinyelele 0.8%.

Inhloso:

• ushintsho esiphezulu kule microstructure ukhonkolo okuholela futhi kushisa ingcindezi actuation nonuniform indawo isakhiwo ferrite-pearlite endaweni okuncane eyohlobo;
• wehlise ubulukhuni futhi ukwandisa ductility for machining okwalandela.

Ubuchwepheshe. Annealing steel ashisa ngaphezu sikhathi esibucayi 30-50˚S _AC3. Lapho ufika sezindawo predetermined khathi ezishisayo we kwensimbi sibasekele kulelizinga isikhathi esithile, ikuvumela ukuba ugcwalise zonke kugucuka kunesidingo. pearlite elikhulu nokusanhlamvu ferrite lawuguqula ngokuphelele ku austenite. Esigabeni esilandelayo - Ukupholisa ngomoya kancane esithandweni, lapho inqubo zihlukaniswa kusukela ferrite austenite futhi pearlite kokuba okusanhlamvu okuhle futhi isakhiwo eyohlobo.

annealing steel Okugcwele aqede eyinkimbinkimbi kunazo ukukhubazeka zangaphakathi, namkha kunjalo, yindaba ukudliwa eside kakhulu futhi amandla.

annealing ezithambile

Izinto: steel hypoeutectoid, okungezona sina semfene yangaphakathi.

Injongo usayizi ukunciphisa kanye ukunqandwa of okusanhlamvu pearlite, ngaphandle kokushintsha substrate ferrite.

Ubuchwepheshe. Amalahle kwensimbi lokushisa falling in igebe phakathi amaphuzu ezibucayi _Ac1 futhi _AC3. Exposure of izikhala esithandweni ezinezici esitebeleni kusiza kokuqeda izinqubo ezidingekayo. Ukubandisa wenziwa kancane, nge esithandweni somlilo. Ngesikhathi okukhiphayo ukunikeza okuncane sakhiwo lesifanako pearlitic-ferritic. Nge ithonya ezishisayo enjalo iguqulwe ibe pearlite esihle, crystal ferrite uhlala ingashintshiwe, futhi kungashintshwa kuphela ikhipha futhi ugaye.

annealing Soft of okuhlinza kwenza silinganise isimo sangaphakathi kanye izinto zobujamo elula, kuba isilinganiso samandla esingaphansi kakhulu.

A annealing ongaphakeme (recrystallization)

Izinto: zonke izinhlobo iphuma carbon steel, ingxubevange steel nge okuqukethwe carbon phakathi 0.65% (isib ibhola nithela), futhi izingxenye nalutho esenziwe nonferrous ukuthi awanalo izici yangaphakathi eside, kodwa zidinga non-amandla ukulungiswa.

Inhloso:

• ukususwa ekucindezelekeni yangaphakathi kanye uhlobo lukhuni umphumela ngenxa ukusonteka kokubili abandayo kanye hot;
• ukuqedwa imiphumela emibi Ukupholisa engalingani izakhiwo ashiselwe, ductility namandla amalunga owandiswayo;
• homogenizing le microstructure we yokusansimbi non-ayoni;
• lamellar pearlite spheroidization - wasinikeza ifomu luyimbudumbudu.

Ubuchwepheshe.

Ukushisisa izingxenye inyatheliswe 50-100˚S ngezansi _Ac1 sikhathi esibucayi. Ngaphansi kwethonya miphumela kuyaqedwa ezincane izinguquko zangaphakathi. Yonke inqubo ithatha amahora mayelana 1-1.5. Lesilinganisiwe ukubaluleka lokushisa ububanzi kwabanye izinto:

1. Carbon steel nethusi Alloys - 600-700˚S.
2. Nickel Alloys - 800-1200˚S.
3. Aluminiyamu - 300-450˚S.

Ukubandisa wenziwa emoyeni. Martensitic lezinsimbi bainitic ubuchwepheshe metal inikeza igama elehlukile le nqubo - iholide okusezingeni eliphezulu. Kuyindlela elula futhi ezingabizi yokuthuthukisa izindawo izingxenye kanye nezinhlaka zawo.

Homogenization (okusheshayo annealing)

Izinsiza: imikhiqizo enkulu ekusakazeni, ikakhulukazi waphonsa insimbi engagqwali.

Injongo: ukusatshalaliswa umfaniswano izakhi alloying athomu eheleni crystal futhi wawuqeda wonke lo mqulu we ingot ngenxa okusezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa okusheshayo; ukuthambisa isakhiwo preform, ekunciphiseni ubulukhuni bayo ngaphambi kokubulala okwalandela inqubo imisebenzi.

Ubuchwepheshe. Amalahle okokusebenza ukukhiqiza eliphezulu lokushisa 1000-1200˚S. izici Esitebeleni ezishisayo kufanele igcinwe okwesikhathi eside - amahora angaba ngu-10-15, kuye ngokuthi ungakanani nokuba yinkimbinkimbi isakhiwo yokusakaza. Ukupholisa kancane kulandela ukuphothulwa zonke izigaba ukusabela ephezulu lokushisa.

Isikhathi esiningi, kodwa inqubo ephumelela kakhulu ka zokulinganiswa we microstructure izakhiwo ezinkulu.

annealing isothermal

Izinto: carbon steel plate elendlalekile, articles elixutshiwe futhi ephezulu ingxubevange.

Inhloso: Ukuze uthuthukise microstructure, ukususwa ukukhubazeka zangaphakathi ngesikhathi esincane.

Ubuchwepheshe. Metal ekuqaleni evuthayo kuze kube yilapho ephelele annealing lokushisa bagcina isikhathi kudingeka ngenxa yokushintsha kwezakhiwo ezikhona ukuze austenite. Okulandelayo kancane selehlile ngokucwiliswa emanzini anosawoti esivuthayo. Ngu ekufezeni ukushisa 50-100˚S ukuze ngezansi _Ac1 iphuzu ibekwe esithandweni ukuze silondoloze ke kulelizinga phakathi nesikhathi kudingekile ngenxa yokushintsha ephelele austenite ukuba pearlite futhi cementite. I Ukupholisa yokugcina wenziwa emoyeni.

Indlela evumela ukufeza izakhiwo edingekayo of elixutshiwe workpieces steel, kuyilapho saving time uma iqhathaniswa annealing egcwele.

ukuzinza

Izinto: Castings, Forgings nobumnene, medium and steel ephansi elixutshiwe.

Inhloso: Ngukwejwayeza isimo sangaphakathi, enika nobulukhuni oyifunayo futhi amandla, ngcono isimo sangaphakathi phambi izigaba alandelayo ukwelashwa ukushisa kanye machining.

Ubuchwepheshe. Steel ukufuthelana okushisa ukuthi kukhona kancane ngaphezu line GSE futhi amaphuzu ayo ezibucayi, futhi ayelokhu selehlile emoyeni. Ngakho, izinga beqeda izinqubo kwandisa. Nokho, ngokusebenzisa le nqubo ukufeza isakhiwo okunengqondo ekhululekile kuphela esimweni lapho ukwakheka steel kuchazwe carbon e isamba ezingekho ngaphezu 0.4%. Nge amanani okwandisa carbon kukhona ukwanda ubulukhuni. I steel efanayo ngemva ukuzinza has a ubulukhuni enkulu nge nombala ngokufanele okusanhlamvu encane. Le nqubo kungaba ngokuphawulekayo ukwandisa ukwa ukumelana naso futhi kwenze ductility Alloys ahlabayo ukucubungula.

ukukhubazeka Okungenzeka annealing

Phakathi ekukhishweni ukwelashwa ukushisa imisebenzi edingekayo ukuze banamathele predetermined izindlela lokushisa Ukushisa kanye nokupholisa. Uma ukwephula izici ezihlukahlukene kungenzeka izimfuneko.

1. Namachibi ungqimba surface futhi kumiswa esikalini. Ngesikhathi kokuhlinzwa metal oncibilikisiwe ihlangana emoyeni oksijini, okuholela kwetinhlavu isikali phezu workpiece. Ngokweyame uhlanzekile esebenzisa mechanical noma ngokusebenzisa ekhethekile amakhemikhali reagents.
2. carbon ukutubeka okukhulu kakhulu. Futhi-ke kwenzeka ngenxa umphumela umoya-mpilo phezu kwensimbi ashisayo. Ukwehlisa inani carbon ku ungqimba ebusweni kunciphisa impahla yayo mechanical nakwezobuchwepheshe. Ukuze uvimbele lezi zinqubo, annealing steel kufanele kwenziwe parallel okokufaka kwesithando Ingaphakathi igesi zokuzivikela umsebenzi kabani main - ukuvimbela ekusebenzisaneni ingxubevange nomoya-mpilo.
3. Ukushisa. It is phetho ukuguga nokunwetshiwe kuhhavini ashisa kakhulu. Ezenye e ngokweqile ukukhula okusanhlamvu, yokufuna-non-iyunifomu isakhiwo okusanhlamvu indawo, anda fragility. Asitholayo ukulungiswa ngokwenza yolunye annealing ephelele.
4. Ushise. Kuvela ngenxa impermissibly okusezingeni eliphezulu Ukushisa ukubaluleka nesivinini yokushutha, kuholela ekubhujisweni izibopho phakathi okusanhlamvu ezithile ungcolisa ngokuphelele isakhiwo metal lonke futhi hhayi ngaphansi ukulungiswa.

Ukuvimbela eziyimbangela yezinkinga ezizuzwa kubalulekile ngokuqinile landela ukwelashwa ukushisa yenkinga, babe namakhono kanye ngokuqinile ukulawula inqubo.

Annealing steel microstructure kuyinto anomthelela ukushayela ubuchwepheshe izingxenye yanoma yimuphi yinkimbinkimbi, futhi ukwakheka elilungile kanye Sakhiwo sangekhatsi njengoba kudingeka ezigabeni okwalandela amathonya ezishisayo, machining futhi ethula isakhiwo ukusebenza.