American rocket Falcon 9: izici nesithombe

Juni 28, 2015 at 17:21 (isikhathi eMoscow) empambanweni Ukwethulwa kwesayithi at Cape Canaveral wahluleka kanye ukuqalisa rocket "Falcon 9". Falcon 9 rocket abakulungiselweyo yinkampani ngasese US SpaceX eyasungulwa Eloni Musk.

"Ukhozi" futhi NASA

NASA ngo-2008 usayine isivumelwano nenkampani ukuba sifeze kwethulwa yenethiwekhi rocket "Falcon 9" Dragon nemikhumbi-mkhathi. Umqondo we ukukhiqizwa kulolu hlobo yenethiwekhi rocket is nje isuke ibangelwa yokuthi uchungechunge kuhlulekile oluqalisa okomkhathi. Futhi Eloni Musk ihlela ukunciphisa izindleko isikhala ohambweni izikhathi 10. Nokho, lo msebenzi ngaleso sikhathi elinganiselwa ku kuwufanele $ 1.6 billion.

Yehlulekile rocket kwethulwa iyangena linani lemisebenti, esabekwa NASA, ngaphezu ekhishwa ISS mkhathi okomkhathi. Falcon 9 rocket lithwele amathani angu-1.8 wezimpahla.

Injongo eyinhloko, okuyinto kwakufanele ukuba bafeze lo kwethulwa, kwaba ubuyise ukudla zilungiselela isikhathi amalungu ISS. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-rocket wayisa block kokuzalela futhi International befikile adaptha (ida), akhiwa Boeing. Kulesi siteshi docking enesisindo 526 kg kufanele lula Dragon mkhathi idokhwe ISS. Izinjongo ezifana Dragon wazama ukuletha futhi ivumelane ngoba spacewalk. Ngokungangabazeki, ukulahlekelwa izingxenye ezifana ebalulekile nomthelela ongemuhle esimisweni imisebenzi yesayensi ebhodini ISS.

Kodwa lokho akuyona yonke! Falcon 9 rocket ukuqhuma Kushone 8 iziphuphutheki umhlambi 1f, eyenziwe oda Planet Labs. Futhi ngamunye wabo eyenziwa ezintathu iyunithi CubeSat, okuyinto kwakufanele zigcine Umhlaba ikumodi optical.

Falcon 9: Ukucaciswa

ukwakhiwa rocket yakhelwe kangangokuthi ngezinye ngamunye imishini esiteji Avionics ezifakiwe futhi on-ebhodini amakhompyutha, okuyinto zenzelwe ukulawula zonke kwemigomo indiza.

Zonke Avionics esetshenziswa abagibele rocket, eyenziwe SpaceX. Futhi, ngaphezu siqu navigation system ayo, ukunemba emzileni usebenzisa imishini GPS.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-injini ngamunye efakwe ngumnikazi isilawuli, okuyinto yengamela zonke kwemigomo injini. isilawuli ngamunye has ezintathu processor amayunithi ukuthuthukisa uhlelo nokwethenjelwa.

Falcon 9 rocket ezimbili isigaba, futhi le nguqulo isidlulile izinguqulo ezimbili:

• 9 version v1.0;
• 9 version v1.1.

Ngokungafani version wesibili kuqala ukuthi kusungulwa injini sangempela. Futhi zihlukaniswa indawo yabo injini aphansi esiteji.

Nakuba kokubili izinguqulo izinjini run on kaphalafini oxidizer umoya-mpilo ewuketshezi, kodwa rocket Falcon 9 v1.1 kuye zafinyelela amathani 4,85 of Inkokhelo, kuyilapho ama-missile shtatovskih "Falcon 9" v1.0 - 3 kuphela, 4 m.

Kule-version ubude 1.1 - 68,4 amamitha nge isisindo kokuqala amathani 506.

Ukuze siwaqonde kahle la izilungiselelo - rocket Russian "Proton-M" elingamamitha emifushane kuka-10 (58.2 m), ukuqala inesisindo - amathani 705. Kodwa "Proton-M" ku-orbit Inkokhelo amathani 6,74.

NASA isicelo, izindleko kwethulwa Falcon 9 $ 60 million, kanti "Proton-M", lesi sibalo $ 30 million ngaphezulu.

Ngakho isinyathelo sokuqala?

Falcon 9 rocket umkhankaso NASA nge pads ezimbili. Basuke etholakala omunye e Florida, ezimbili eCalifornia. Futhi, umsebenzi uyaqhubeka ukunweba pads ezimbili.

SpaceX inkampani ngokuqhubekayo kusukela 2013, usebenzela ukudalwa ubuchwepheshe for izingxenye esebenza ka Falcon 9 v1.1. Umzamo wokuqala ukuba ugcine Falcon 9 owawuse ngoJanuwari 2015. Umbiko uqhuba uthi isigaba kwaba umhlaba eduze kwendawo yesikhulumi elintantayo. Kodwa isimo sezulu esibi olwandle ayivunyelwe eyolanda qophelo rocket.

Futhi kuze kube manje, le mizamo ungazange yimpumelelo. Akekho uqala akuzange inkampani ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ugcine izinga.

umbono uchwepheshe

Nakuba abezindaba kanye libike ukuthi zinyanga kwethulwa ngemphumelelo Falcon 9 (Disemba 2015) kwenza ukuba silondoloze esigabeni engezansi rocket, kodwa ochwepheshe singabaze ukusetshenziswa ikusasa esigabeni sokuqala. Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi, unikezwa lokushisa elifudumele-up njengoba umzimba rocket ekuqaleni futhi ngesikhathi sokwehla, ngemva ndima yayo lapho ingena emkhathini we uhlala ithuba kancane kakhulu ukuphinda kusetshenziswe element rocket.

Kodwa akugcini lapho. , Izakhi esebenza eyengeziwe - ukuthi kokufika strut, futhi lemali edingekayo nophethiloli. Futhi lokhu, esikhundleni salokho, kunciphisa Inkokhelo afika ku 30%.

rocket Esingawethemba?

Kusukela 2010 kuya 2013 senziwa siqala ezinhlanu, ezine zazo - kumodi evamile ngokuphelele.

Kodwa kwethulwa Falcon 9 ngo-Okthoba 2012, ubelokhu eqashelwa ochwepheshe ngokuthi "ingxenye yimpumelelo". Khona-ke rocket "Falcon 9" okokuqala ithunyelwa imishini ISS bengemuva Dragon. Kodwa bheke of Orbcomm-G2 satellite ku -orbit geostationary kuhlulekile ngenxa satellite yafakwa ibe orbit ngaphansana okuhleliwe.

Waba yini umphumela walesi "ingxenye yimpumelelo" Operation placheven. Orbcomm-G2 wahlala orbit isikhathi eside futhi 12 October walowo nyaka, yayishisiwe benganakwa emkhathini.

Kulokhu kuyathakazelisa njengoba SpaceX ukuchaza ukwehluleka. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, kwakukhona zokugwema ukuphuka kwesikhumba nge fairing e injini lokuqala esiteji.

Izimbangela le nhlekelele

Hhayi ukuthembeka kungezwa ukuqhuma Falcon 9 rocket ngoJuni 2015 wayekade flight isikhathi eside - imizuzu 2 19 imizuzwana. Njengoba nje lo missile safinyelela umbuso hypersonic, kwakukhona lapho kuqhuma, futhi ngemva amasekhondi angu-8 we-Falcon 9 bagqekeza izicucu. NASA ngokubambisana SpaceX usethule uphenyo izimbangela inhlekelele.

Inhloko SpaceX inkampani uye phambili version ayo. Ngokusho bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe, le ngozi yenzeke ngenxa ingcindezi ngokweqile amathangi ne oxidant esigabeni engenhla. Lokhu kwenzeke ngesikhathi lapho esigabeni sokuqala ingakamiswa ahlukaniswe.

nezinye ingozi

Yiqiniso, le ngozi embonini isikhala - hhayi siyindlala ezinjalo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-US kulo nyaka, kwakunabamemezeli izingozi ezintathu (ikhumbula inhlekelele, okuyinto uye wahlupheka imoto kwethulwa Falcon 9).

Ngo-October 2014, ngemva kokwethulwa kusukela spaceport at Wallops Island, ngokwesilinganiso, kwakubikwa ukuqhuma yangasese yenethiwekhi rocket Antares. Kulindeleke ukuthi ngeke orbit ISS iloli Cygnus (bobabili oluqanjwe Orbital Sciences).

Futhi ngo-2014, iphahlazeka omunye umkhumbi SpaceShipTwo. Kwakuthinta kucatshangwa ukuthi eziyokhishwa suborbital izivakashi izindiza. Futhi inkampani ukuthuthukiswa Virgin Galactic namanje ezama ukuqeda izimbangela ezingokwenhlalo le ngozi.

Ukwethulwa lokuqala rocket yenethiwekhi "Proton-M" senzeka ngo-Ephreli 7, 2001. Khona-ke rocket ne esigabeni engenhla "Umoya ohelezayo-M" selifakiwe ngempumelelo ku-orbit satellite "ekran-M". On uhlelo lokulawula missile efakwe inguqulo ethuthukisiwe, okwalithuthukisa ukuhlolwa Propellant ngokusebenzisa heptyl, okuyinto ukuba anobuthi ngesintu nangeplanethi imvelo ezaziwayo. Futhi, uhlelo olusha kuzokhulisa kunobukhulu bendawo Inkokhelo ukuzungeza.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kuye kwaba 90 ukwethulwa "Proton-M", kodwa kuphela 80 kubo babe yizinkulungwane njalo ngokuphelele. Imbangela enkulu ngezimo ezisheshayo kubangelwa ukwehluleka esigabeni engenhla.

Ngokungangabazeki, izibalo ezifana ungeyena inkomba Impumelelo ezicitshwayo nge umlando onothileko ezinjalo. Kunoma ikuphi, le Falcon 9 rocket ukuqhuma kuzosiza baqonde kangcono amaphutha ayo futhi sizibambele akhawunti ngesikhathi uqalisa olandelayo.

Yini okulandelayo?

Okwamanje, ukuletha othwala izimpahla ISS esimweni:

• "Inqubekela" Russian;
• HTV Japanese;
• Dragon;
• Cygnus.

NASA elikhulu luthemba phezu Dragon njengoba iyunithi ukuthi akwazi ukubuyela wezimpahla ezivela ISS Earth. Inkontileka nale nkampani ladluliselwa 2017, futhi kuhlelelwe 15 siqala.

Ngigcine esiphakamayo Falcon 9 ne Dragon Ezokuthutha Abasebenzi uye ngempumelelo umsebenzi wayo 22 Disemba 2015

NASA akusho singabaze ukuthi le ngozi ne Falcon 9 akuvimbeli ukudalwa mkhathi bavimba imigwaqo. SpaceX inkampani uhlose ukuqalisa kabuthaka Falcon Heavy rocket ngaphansi kwalolu hlelo. Lokhu kuvulwa uyakwazi ukuncintisana futhi Russian "Proton", kanye Ariane European 5.

Ingozi, ephinde wahlupheka rocket US Falcon 9, luveza waphinda ukuthi sonke sibhekana enhlekeleleni lapho ukuhlola umkhathi.