Anthracite (amalahle kanzima): izici futhi ukukhiqiza isikhala

Anthracite uhlobo eliphezulu wezinsalela zamandulo amalahle. It libhekene nenkinga yezinga eliphezulu metamorphism (idigri amaminerali okuqinile futhi izinguquko ezihlelekile).

Njengezinye izinhlobo zezimayini, anthracite - amalahle kwakhiwa phakathi nezinkulungwane zeminyaka kusukela izitshalo ababe ngaphandle oksijini ngaphansi izingqimba zenhlabathi. Ukuze lokho kuthatha isikhathi eside isikhathi kwaba kuncike izinqubo coalification futhi humification. Lokhu kwaba ukubunjwa lomcebo wathi. Carbon lethiwa amazwi carbon international - carbon. Kuyiqiniso okuthembekile. amalahle Anthracite ukubukwa qualitative. Ibizwa nangokuthi i carbuncle.

izici Isici anthracite

Kulokhu kukhona ongakhetha eziningana. Okungukuthi, khona:

• ayegcwele omnyama noma omnyama grey;
• isicwebezelisi high;
• yamandla aphezulu calorific;
• eningi conductivity kagesi;
• ubulukhuni okusezingeni eliphezulu kanye kwabantu.

Izici kumiswa wezinsalela

Lokhu ucabangela izinqubo eziningana. kwakhiwa Anthracite is ngendlela ethile. Okokuqala kwakhiwa Peat, bese amalahle brown hlobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphansi ezithile inikezwe imithelela ezimbiwa phansi ku enye into. Okungukuthi, ku amalahle kanye anthracite. Kulo mBhalo, isixhumanisi kwathatha Graphite.

Lies anthracite (amalahle) at a mayelana 6 km ukujula. Izindawo lapho imithombo ngokuvamile idatha singobani, elinesimo uhlobo bededelana ngezinkulungwane koqweqwe. Ngokuyisisekelo iqhubezela.

Imali elikhulu yamalahle umcengezi elise endaweni laseDonetsk esifundeni.

Yamalahle Anthracite: Umkhiqizo Isici

Kulokhu, kukhona umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama amaningi ethize. Anthracite (anthrakitis ngesiGreki.) - kuba ilahle humus wezinsalela zamandulo. It has a degree ephakeme ka metamorphism. Uma kubhekwa ngesibonakhulu libonisa ukuthi isitshalo uhlala neze kuhluke. Anthracite - amalahle kokuba umbala omnyama, ngokuvamile tinge lemicu empunga elinamathela othini. Ngezinye izikhathi ezitholakala umbala waso discolouration nezinala. It ulunika Velvety umugqa amnyama ipuleti zobumba. Futhi anthracite (amalahle) elinesimo metallic ayebuthaka eqinile. It has a viscosity high, hhayi kubhakwa, has a conductivity ezinhle kagesi. The esiphezulu ubulukhuni Mohs esikalini - 2.0-2.5, organic mass kwabantu - 1500-1700 kg / M3. Ukuvutha omlilo - 33,9-34,8 MJ / kg (8100-8350 kcal / kg). It has an kohlaziyo umswakama ongaphakeme - 1-3% futhi iqukethe isisindo goryucheobraznoy-9% of uhlobo izinto, 93,5-97,0% carbon, 3.1% e-hydrogen, umoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen 1.5-2.0% oluyingozi. Kuyiqiniso eziqondile. Lokhu ezimbiwa phansi, equkethe carbon nenqwaba fuel mkhulu kunezinhliziyo 97% libizwa superantratsitom. Ngomthamo isivuno umkhiqizo izinto oluyingozi sehlukaniswe brand amabili ezimbonini. Okungukuthi, nokuba khona 220-330 l / kg - poluantratsity, futhi nokuba khona okukhiphayo volumetric engaphansi kuka 220 l / kg - anthracite.

Izinzuzo wezinsalela wathi

Lo mkhiqizo ukubuka eliphezulu amalahle likhishiwe. Kuyinto sihluke kakhulu ezinye izinhlobo, njengoba has nemingcele ezilandelayo:

• Okuqukethwe okusezingeni eliphezulu carbon isilungisiwe. Kulokhu, kubalulekile 94-99%.
• I ongaphakeme sulphur.
• High ukushisa ezithile amandla omlilo.
• I ongaphakeme umswakama okuqukethwe.
• Burns ngaphandle umusi namalangabi.
• Ngokushesha zishe.
• I-high density uyaca organic. Kulokhu, 1500-1700 amakhilogremu ngamunye imitha square.
• I isabelo yamalahle - 1.5-1.7.
• I okusezingeni eliphezulu conductivity kagesi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho yamalahle kabani isithombe enikeziwe lapha, ngesikhathi omlilo akuyona sintered. ubulukhuni yayo phezu Mohs esikalini level - 2.0-2.5. Enye inzuzo enkulu wukuthi emoyeni ngesikhathi omlilo of the anthracite zabelwe% 5 kuphela volatiles.

Kulesi hlobo wezinsalela calorific izinga kunanoma iyiphi nezinye amalahle, okungukuthi 8.200 kilocalories kilogram per. Ngokuqhathanisa, in the gas Ukushisa ukubaluleka - 7000 kcal / kg.

Yikuphi izinhlobo elinikeziwe ezimbiwa phansi selihlukene

Anthracite Amalahle komkhiqizo okusezingeni eliphezulu. Lokhu obekuxoxwa ngakho ngaphambili. Lokhu kanye nezinye izici eziningana ukudlala indima ekunqumeni ensimini yayo ukusetshenziswa. Ngokusho enjalo usayizi amakilasi klassifitsirutsya wezinsalela zamandulo amalahle anthracite (GOST 19242-73). Ukwahlukana Kwenziwa usayizi amafraktjhini komkhiqizo. okungukuthi:

• "Ako" - isibhakela anthracite nut. Kulokhu, lo ingxenyenamba ethumba kokuba Usayizi 26-100 mm.
• "AK" - a yamalahle isibhakela ezinkulu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ubukhulu ucezu 50-100 mm.
• "AO" - ibanga amalahle, ziyadliwa anthracite. Usayizi kukhishwa nezingxenyana ezithile 26-50 mm.
• "NGINGUYE" kuyinto anthracite esihle. Kulokhu, cabangela ingxenyenamba - 13-25 mm.
• "NJENGOBA" - ibanga amalahle, anthracite imbewu. Lezi zihlanganisa amafraktjhini kokuba Usayizi 6-13 mm.
• "Ashlam" - anthracite slurry. He is umkhiqizo yasekuqaleni amalahle egeza.
• "AL" - Anthracite duff. Kulesi simo ingxenyenamba lingaphansi kuka 6 mm.

Implementation anthracite isizinda wenziwa lapho imiphini abafanele. Banezinhliziyo 1500 m ukujula. Ilahle ke wasuthisa ezimayini ukuze amabhizinisi ukubhekisiswa. Kukhona-ke eyenziwa nokunonophala futhi uphenya izingxenyana zaso. Ngemva kwalokhu, yamalahle izikhwama (anthracite) ihlinzekwa kubathengi ahlukahlukene.

Ukusebenza kwalesi okokusebenza uhlobo ilungu (AP), futhi abacebile kanzulu. Wathi ezimbiwa phansi ngaphansi zokuhweba "AM" futhi "Ako" sezindawo ayafana yini. Nakuba le resistivity of amalahle uhlobo encane has a ephakeme.

Ukusetshenziswa anthracite

Lo mkhiqizo zithandwa kakhulu. Anthracite - kuba ifomu obukhulu kakhulu kwamalahle. Lokhu kuvumela ukuba kungene isikhundla kuqala isigaba ukudluliswa ukushisa kanye amandla omlilo isikhathi. Uma uthenga anthracite (amalahle) Ukushisa, uzodinga ke eziningi ngaphansi ukufudumeza endaweni efanayo kuka uma usebenzisa umkhiqizo ezifanayo kwezinhlobo noma ukhuni. Naphezu kwazo zonke lezo Izinzuzo lokhu phansi, isipho sakhe kanye nebubi. Nge kwabantu mkhulu, uyakwazi kukhuphukele emakhaleni ami alikho zonke izinhlobo boilers futhi amaziko. Kubalulekile ukwazi. Ukuze okuhle amandla omlilo anthracite kudingeka supply ezinhle emoyeni. Ikakhulukazi izinhlobo zanamuhla of okuqinile fuel boilers kuphoqelekile. Ukuze kwabantu elincane of zinhlobo amalahle zihlanganisa: amalahle eside elangabini bese caking.

Anthracite, sibonga yayo izimfanelo calorific aphakeme kwamanye analogue. Lokhu ipharamitha kuyinto 8200 kcal / kg. Ngokwesibonelo, yemvelo uhlobo igesi - 7000 kcal / kg. Anthracite - amalahle, okuyinto okunzima kunakho konke ontanga yayo. It volatiles ngesikhathi omlilo zabelwe% 5 kuphela. Anthracite isetshenziswa kuyo yonke imikhakha yomsebenzi womuntu. Okungukuthi, ekukhiqizeni uhlobo zezimboni (i-chemistry, yokusansimbi, umkhakha ushukela, njll) endaweni ohlanganyelwe (Ukushisa amanzi, Ukushisa kanye nokunye). Futhi-ke asetshenziselwa amalahle emakhaya. Okuningi kwale ezimbiwa phansi ukukhiqiza filtrants ezisetshenziswa wokuhlanza endle, amanzi nokunye.

Anthracite emandleni kagesi umkhakha

Kule ndawo, ukusetshenziswa komkhiqizo wathi nakho kubalulekile. Ukuhlola kusukela anthracite, lapho lo ash wokuqukethwe lelisetulu 0-13 ekilasini, zibizwa kabanzi njengendlela uphethiloli amandla kagesi. Kulesi umkhakha, lokhu ezimbiwa phansi isetshenziswa ngoba okuqukethwe ongaphakeme oluyingozi. Amandla kagesi osetshenziselwa omlilo of anthracite imishini ekhethekile.

Ukuze umkhiqizo ziyacolwa kwesithando amandla omlilo futhi kudinga umklamo ekhethekile. ukumiswa wabo kunalokho eyinqaba. Kufanele unikeze amandla omlilo ngokuphelele wezinsalela wathi ngesikhathi lapho uyakwazi omlilo zone ekhethekile.

Yamalahle nge izingxenyana ezincane, kanye nokuqukethwe ongaphakeme-sulphur, nitrogen ne phosphorus elisetshenziswa kettles ekhethekile ezakhelwe lo. Enye ukusetshenziswa wathi umkhiqizo encane usayizi esithandweni usimende hlobo.

Anthracite e yokusansimbi

Kule ndawo, lokhu ezimbiwa phansi futhi wathola uhlelo lwayo lokusebenza. Anthracite isetshenziswa yokusansimbi sintering yensimbi namathempeli ngokhonkolo namatshe. Domain electrosteel futhi kahle izinqubo ungavumeli ukuthi ilawule isibalo izidakamizwa eziyingozi ukhiphe emkhathini. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa wathi okuzenzakalelayo fuel okusezingeni eliphezulu kuholela ngaphezulu imvelo izinqubo Metallurgical.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu hlobo encane wezinsalela zamandulo lisetshenziswe ukukhiqizwa ephezulu carbon lezinsimbi esebumba carburization yesibili. Ngo kuqhuma amaziko, kokuba uhlelo PCI (beshaya kukaphethiloli ziyacolwa) lungasetshenziswa anthracite. Nangu inkomba eyinhloko nomswakama amalahle, okuyinto enikeziwe.

Kulokhu, wathi uphethiloli kungenziwa injected singene culm kuqhuma esithandweni. ubuchwepheshe obufanayo isetshenziswa kahle emazweni eNtshonalanga Yurophu nasemazweni ase-Asia - China, eJapane, eKorea. ERussia nase-Ukraine, le ndlela ukuzuza in ukuthandwa.

Esikhathini Metallurgical embonini yamalahle liyasetshenziswa njengoba metal ekunciphiseni ejenti.

Anthracite - sorbents

Kusengenzeka omunye Amathrendi ethembisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwalesi wezinsalela zamandulo. Anthracite angawasebenzisa wahlanza amanzi okuphuza nendle. Kulokhu, lapho udlala indima lemifanekiso kalula esikhundleni isebenze namalahle. Lokhu kuyisici esibalulekile.

Alternative ephezulu carbon izinto

Yamalahle emakethe ngokwesiko ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili. Ngezansi wabo kwakusho ukukhiqizwa amandla coke. Inani Amathrendi imikhiqizo incike ingxenye nezinye izinto. Futhi ngokuvamile ezahlukene.

Anthracite iwumkhiqizo esiyingqayizivele, isipho ngempumelelo e izingxenye ezimbili. Ngaphandle, wayesalokhu zisendaweni ebalulekile emakethe ezikhethekile kokusetshenziswa ezimbonini. Inani Dynamics yezimpahla ezifanayo izingxenye ezahlukene zingase zingafani, okungukuthi, kulesi sici, kukhona nokwabela abantu indawo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma izindleko ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zamalahle kanzima uwela ke omunye ngokuvamile likhula.

Anthracite ngempumelelo ancintisane-graphite, namalahle, petroleum coke. I amplitude we amanani ngabo ngoba lokhu kuzoncika izindleko amandla kagesi, imikhiqizo metal nokunye. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, intengo anthracite kuzothinta isimo emnothweni wezwe. Nokho, eminyakeni eyishumi edlule ephawuleka Dynamics njalo sokukhula.

isiphetho

Ngokusho imiphumela ngenhla, kungashiwo ukuthi yamalahle Anthracite ukubukwa ezivamile zezwe amaminerali. It has ezingeni lelisetulu net amandla okukhipha izinga lapho ugesi nokushisa ashisa kakhulu ngoba izinqubo zokukhiqiza. Wasebenzisa embonini ukwenziwa amakhemikhali futhi ayibizi kakhulu. Lapho isayensi yesimanje nobuchwepheshe ayikwazi indawo embonini anthracite ngokuphelele. Lena qiniso libalulekile. Ngakho-ke, esikhathini esizayo esiseduze kuyoba phambili isizinda kakhulu anthracite namalahle bituminous.