Amazwe Isabelomali: simo

Ibhajethi zomhlaba - ichibi imali esetshenziswa ohulumeni bazo ukuze sikhokhele imisebenzi yabo. Kuyinto uhlobo izilinganiso zikazwelonke engenayo kanye nezindleko. isabelomali State baxhumana eziningana amayunithi uhlelo lwezimali. Kuyinto ngosizo imali ngayo bazosizisa izimboni ethembisa nokhiye.

imiqondo eyisisekelo

Ibhajethi zomhlaba has eziningi izici. isakhiwo kwakho kuncike ezicini eziningana, kubalulekile phakathi kwalezi isakhiwo zokuphatha-sendawo isimo. Isabelomali Ngokuvamile kwenziwa nguhulumeni futhi kuvunywe ephalamende noma eminye imigwamanda ophakeme zomthetho. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umqondo sekukhona ne obhekwe isimo. Nokho, ngendlela idokhumenti evunywe umzimba ophakeme zomthetho, wathola kuphela eza emandleni onxiwankulu. Treasury ngokuthi uMnyango wezimali, elibhekene nomse- ekubulaweni isabelomali, okungukuthi, Isilondolozi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimali zawo.

Lo mbhalo uveza izimali kanye izindleko onyakeni. Ngokuvamile kucatshangelwe isikhathi kusukela ngoJanuwari 1 kuya ku 31 December. Ngakho-ke ubonisa ubudlelwane yemali ukuthi bavele uhulumeni kubantu ngabanye nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho mayelana uhlelo lokuhlelwa kabusha ingeniso kazwelonke. Lihlanganisa izihloko ezimbili. Izimali ikhiqizwa ngokusebenzisa:

• Izintela. Basuke icala iziphathimandla emaphakathi kanye lendawo.
• Non-intela ezibanjwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izimali namanye amazwe noma ukuqasha impahla, laphetfwe nguhulumende.
• Seigniorage. Okungukuthi, inzuzo kusukela udaba lwemali.
• Income kusukela ithemba izimali futhi azimele.

ERussia, mayelana 84% wesabelo izimali zivela eziqoqwayo.

Ukusetshenziswa - lawa amathuluzi ithunyelwa nguhulumeni ukuze sikhokhele imigomo yabo ethize kanye nezinhloso. Ngokombono macroeconomic umbono, bahlukene zibe amaqembu ezilandelayo:

• emisebenzini ethengwa nguhulumeni.
• Ukudlulisela.
• Sokuyokhonza debt umphakathi.

Izindleko kungenziwa uhlukanise futhi isizathu sazo ehlosiwe:

• Ngetinhloso tetepolitiki. Lapha ungakhetha izindleko ukuphepha kanye apharathasi isimo.
• On the imigomo kwezomnotho. Lena izindleko nokugcinwa engxenyeni kahulumeni kanye nemixhaso yangasese.
• Ngezinhloso nomphakathi. Lena izindleko impesheni, izibonelelo imifundaze, kanye imfundo, ezempilo, isayensi kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.

Emongweni zomlando

Umqondo isabelomali emhlabeni uvele ngekhulu le-18. Umqondo engenayo kanye izindleko isimo kungokwalabo uSir Robert Walpole. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwase Shansela we Exchequer, wafuna ekuvuseleleni yomphakathi ohlelweni emva kokuwa South Sea Inkampani e 1720. Ngo 1733-m Walpole yamemezela izinhlelo zayo ukwethulwa intela mkhuba phezu ukusetshenziswa ezihlukahlukene imikhiqizo, kuhlanganise iwayini kanye nogwayi. Umthwalo wentela phezu gentry, kunalokho, ezihloselwe ukwehlisa. Lokhu kwabangela igagasi nentukuthelo yomphakathi. It ishicilelwe incwajana enesihloko esithi "Ibhajethi ivulekile, noma impendulo iphamfulethi." Umbhali wayo uWilliam Pulteney. Nguye owokuqala wasebenzisa igama elithi "isabelomali" ngokuqondene inqubomgomo kwezimali isimo. Walpole isinyathelo sahoxiswa. Kodwa nge amarekhodi maphakathi no-ngekhulu le-18 imali futhi uhulumeni imali isibe kuwumkhuba ovamile emazweni athuthukile.

izinhlobo isabelomali

Ngokuvamile benjalo ezintathu. Ukushoda ezivamile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izindleko zikahulumeni idlule izimali. Ukunikeza imali kusilela, namaphepha eyinhloko. isabelomali isivuno sisiningi kakhulu khona lapho izimali idlule izindleko. Lena isimo kunalokho ezingavamile. Inketho engcono kuyinto kwesabelomali olinganiselayo. Libonisa ukuthi izimali nezindleko alinganayo. Kuyinto eziyimbangela yalokhu wayefisa wonke amazwe emhlabeni.

aphoyintimenti

Ngo isabelomali zezwe kukhona imisebenzi ezine eziyinhloko:

• Distribution. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kwakhiwa isabelomali ngezithukuthuku izimali eyodwa futhi wasebenzisa emazingeni ehlukene kahulumeni. distribution ingeniso ikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa olinganiselayo izifunda.
• Ukuvusa. Isimo ngosizo isabelomali elawula umnotho wezwe. Kungase ukuthuthukisa ngokuqondile noma zivimbela izinga lokukhula okukhipha kwezinye izifunda.
• Komphakathi. Ibhajethi buthelela imali engasetshenziswa kwezempilo, imfundo, isiko nokusekela abantu abangenabani.
• Control. UMbuso sizoqinisekisa irisidi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimali kwesabelomali.

izimiso sokuhlanganiswa

Kukholakala ukuthi iyiphi isabelomali kumele iqedwe, bemunye, yangempela futhi esobala. Kusukela ukwenza ngokuvumelana nalezi zimiso incike ukuthembeka uhulumeni, kanye ibhalansi nesivinini nokuthuthukiswa emnothweni kazwelonke. Ngaphansi ukuphelela kwakusho ukuthi isabelomali zonke engenayo nephumayo ngempela kumele zifakwe. Zonke kwamasela amakhebuli akubikwa isithunzi umnotho futhi ubangela nesanda intuthuko engalingani. isabelomali ubunye kusho khona idokhumenti olulodwa, lapho bonke engenayo kanye nezindleko ihlukaniswa ngendlela ethile. Ngakho-ke, ungakwazi ukuqhathanisa nekuphikisana. Reality noma, njengoba babeyibiza kanjalo le lesi simiso, ukuba yiqiniso kwale ndaba. isabelomali lukhomba ukuthi zonke izihloko kwale dokhumenti kumelwe babe abacabangelayo futhi elungile. Ukuze wenze lokhu, futhi kufanele kube mpikiswano kawonkewonke ukwamukelwa yasephalamende uhulumeni. Nje yokugcina futhi axhunyiwe lesi simiso okubalulekile nokuvuleka. Lihlanganisa isidingo imibiko isabelomali ukusebenza ngezikhathi ezithile imizimba ehlukahlukene.

Treasury njengoba isikhungo ezikhethekile zezimali

Le nhlangano osebenzelana cash ukukhishwa isabelomali. Emazweni ahlukahlukene kungase anamagama ahlukene. Nokho, zonke Treasury wenza iqoqo efanayo izici. Phakathi kwabo:

• Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izimali isabelomali.
• Ukuqinisekiswa ukuzibophezela kukahulumeni imali.
• Ukwenza izinkokhelo egameni kubamukeli imali wombuso.

Izabelomali lamazwe emhlabeni e-2017

Le nkomba ingabonwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ebhekisela amabhajethi elikhulu amazwe emhlabeni, ungakwazi acabangele engenayo (isivuno sisiningi kakhulu khona) usayizi kusilela. Cabangela izwe lokuqala emhlabeni ngokuya ngezimali. amazwe Income senhlobo isabelomali kusuka $ 3.4 isigidintathu eU.S. 1 million Pitcairn Islands. Phezulu ezinhlanu kulolu inkomba kuhlanganisa, ngaphezu-United States, amazwe anjenge-China, Japan, Germany neFrance. Bangabaholi abaholi zonke izindleko. ukalwe amazwe Kodwa interesting okuningi isabelomali kusilela zomhlaba (isivuno sisiningi kakhulu khona). Endaweni yokuqala - eJalimane. isabelomali sayo babutha 23 bhiliyoni aseMelika. Phezulu ezinhlanu futhi zihlanganisa amanye amazwe ezifana Norway, Macau, eSwitzerland nase-Iceland. Uma sicabanga iphesenti insalela, abaholi Uyi nezinye izifundazwe ezimbalwa. Lokhu Macau, Tuvalu, Iceland, Palau kanye Turks and Caicos Islands.

Isabelo mali lempi emhlabeni

Le nkomba ibalwa yizinhlangano ezimbili. Ngokwe-Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, ibhajethi nakwezempi emazweni emhlabeni lidlule 1,686 amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu e-2017. Lena 2.2% we-gross emhlabeni womkhiqizo wakuleli. Endaweni yokuqala ngokuya ihogela unikezwa wase-United States izindleko. Ngo-2017, bachitha 611,2 zamaRandi noma u-3.3% we-GDP. On the yesibili - China. Kodwa kubiza kancane cishe kathathu kuka-United States - zamadola 215,7 bhiliyoni kuphela, noma 1.9% we-GDP. Esikhathini abaholi ezintathu nazo ezifakwe Russia. RF esichithwa emkhakheni lempi 69,2 amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu noma 5.3% we-GDP. Phezulu ezinhlanu kulolu inkomba sihlanganisa amazwe ezifana Saudi Arabia naseNdiya. Ngokusho kwe-International Institute for Strategic Studies, endaweni yokuqala izindleko zempi njengoba i-United States, kanti eyesibili - China. Kodwa-ke kukhona amazwe ezifana Saudi Arabia, Russia, e-UK e-India. Ziyakwazi ukuhluka kanye izibalo ngokwabo, kodwa akubalulekile.

Isabelomali ingenye amathuluzi ebaluleke kakhulu umthetho kahulumeni. Kuyadingeka okuphatha umuzi, ukuhlela nokuthuthukisa umnotho kazwelonke.