Isabelomali umqondo, essence yayo. Ibhajethi imigqa. Isimo nemithetho yendawo amabhajethi

Ibhajethi - a term okuyinto kungahunyushwa kakhulu ngobubanzi. Kodwa ngokuvamile isetshenziswa, uma kuziwa ezindabeni isimo. Yiziphi izinhlobo isabelomali ezisebenza eRussia namuhla? Ngokwawo zifana ezenzeka emhlabeni?

Sithini isabelomali sakho

Ngomqondo obanzi, umqondo isabelomali kubonise noma yimuphi umthombo equkethe isisetshenziswa ngesimo imali. Kodwa njengoba umthetho, le nkulumo isetshenziswa lapha, njengoba sishilo, nokuxhaswa komphakathi. Kulokhu, umcabango we isabelomali cabangisisa okungaka umthombo into njengoba lonke uhlelo, ngaphakathi kwalo la i ukuphathwa kwemali.

Public wemboni okungukuthi ngokuvamile ziqhathaniswa kwezohwebo. Kungani? Lesi sigaba kuyinto, kumele wathi, kunalokho isihlobo. Futhi ibhizinisi mali izakhiwo ukubhekana notshwala zezimali, izimali ezibizwayo, izinkokhelo, yokuthengisa. ngezinye izikhathi Ezinye izikhulu engumthengisi (ithi, ngaphandle kokuhileleka) ukunikeza lobo bunzima osomabhizinisi abanolwazi. Uyini umehluko eliyisisekelo? Umbandela main esihlukanisa ibhizinisi kusukela isabelomali izakhiwo, - injongo ukusungulwa kwezinhlangano kwezomnotho - amabhizinisi, izikhungo zenhlalakahle, izinhlangano zokuphatha. Endabeni imali yebhizinisi esivuna umnikazi, abangakwazi ayihambise uwedwa. Ufuna - ake ikhambi izinkinga zenhlalo, kepha uma kungenjalo, ukuthenga yacht noma indlu ngendlu esiqhingini lubhekisele oLwandle iMedithera.

Uma sikhuluma isakhiwo isabelomali, injongo yokusungulwa zabo kukhona ithatha izinkinga zenhlalo, kanye nalabo ezihlobene yesondlo ngokwayo kobukhosi isimo, ukuqaliswa inkontileka kwezenhlalo, waphetha phakathi kukahulumeni nezakhamizi. abahola State (ukuthengisa izintela uwoyela ukukhokhisa intela, nokunye. D.), Ingabe lokhu ukuze uthumele ukuqhutshwa ukukhokhwa amaholo othisha, odokotela, amaphoyisa aqapha, lempi.

Ngakho, isabelomali sezimali isimo - umthombo ngesisekelo kuyo, eqinisweni, esebenza ngayo. Indlela emigqeni amandla ukuphathwa imali uhlelo? Manje sizohlola lesi sici.

Izimiso inqubomgomo emalini kahulumeni

Emazweni amaningi emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise eRussia, kukhona isabelomali sikahulumeni. Luhilela uhlelo lwezimali enilondolozwa namagunya aphakeme - uhulumeni, umengameli, iphalamende. Kuye inqubomgomo isakhiwo uhlelo, amabhajethi ifomu ibhodi nakho kungase zesifunda, kamasipala (ngesiRashiya), noma ube kwezinye izinguqulo ehunyushelwe.

Ezingeni ngalinye umsebenzi isabelomali ezihlobene ku imali izikhungo kwamandla Kwenziwa, kanye nokuphathwa kwezimali wenziwa isici izindleko. Mhlawumbe "interbudget" ukuxhumana. Ngokuvamile lubonakaliswa usizo mutual phakathi nezikhungo abasemazingeni ahlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho uqondiswa uxhaso, izibonelelo, subventions ukuba zesifunda noma kamasipala noma ekhishwe ukubolekisa yakhelwe ngokufanele kusukela isabelomali sikahulumeni.

Isakhiwo isabelomali Russian

Cabanga indlela lapho wahlela uhlelo lokusebenzisa imali (ngomqondo wokuthi leli gama siqonde kwakhiwa isimo cash flow management system) eRussia. Umthombo oyinhloko umqondo zomthetho kulo mkhakha, Ikhodi Ibhajethi. Ngokusho isenzo zomthetho nezokulawula, isimo isakhiwo uhlelo lwezimali lusekelwe amazinga amane ayisisekelo: federal, yesifunda, zendawo, futhi lendawo (ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi, abanye ochwepheshe ehlangana, kodwa wabonisa eceleni umthetho).

On ezingeni lokuqala notshwala zezimali control, ngokulandelana, iziphathimandla sikahulumeni. Futhi inhloko yemali kanye nezindleko ngaphakathi kwamakhono azo. On the yesibili ukuphathwa kwemali kuyokwenziwa nguMkhandlu iziphathimandla Izikhonzi Russian Federation - republic, izindawo, izifunda. Esigabeni sesitsatfu - omasipala (izifunda, emikhukhwini emadolobheni). On the yesine - imiphakathi yendawo (amadolobhana, emizaneni).

Ingabe umqondo wegama elithi "isabelomali elihlanganisiwe". Ingasetshenziswa e ezimbili okuqukethwe. Uma kuziwa engenayo opheleleko Arch zezezimali zomasipala nezindleko kufakwe lezi imiphakathi yendawo kanye sonke isifunda, bese ibhajethi lesifunda ahlanganisiwe. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, iqoqo yabo kuzo zonke izikhonzi Federation, kanye notshwala zezimali eliqhutshwa namagunya aphakeme, yakha isabelomali elihlanganisiwe lazo WaseRussia.

Phakathi izinhlangano zezombusazwe ukuthi enze umsebenzi isixhumanisi kubalulekile phakathi nohlelo lokuphatha zezimali emazingeni ehlukene, - Federal Treasury. Lokhu isigungu kokubili ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu futhi ku abanye igunya ezifundeni enze umsebenzi ukwesekwa isabelomali imali Ukudluliselwa, kuqinisekisa ngokunemba izinqubo ukubala oluphathelene nokuthuthukisa ngezimali.

Centre kanye nezifunda

Indlela ezimbili amandla ka kwesabelomali iziphathimandla at ezahlukene amazinga? Ngaphambi kokuhlola ukuthi lesi sici ngokomongo isiRashiya, sibheke ukuthi yini emhlabeni uyisibonelo lapho kukhona ukusatshalaliswa efanayo. Futhi bobabili. umphakathi wabo ngokwesayensi ngokuthi endlalekile futhi nibe nomoya wokubambisana.

Ngokuphathelene lokuqala - idlala indima isabelomali sikahulumeni ikakhulu "umhlabathi ophakathi". Iziphathimandla zesifunda abe ukuzimela kahle esikhulu ekubumbeni Inhloko management system yabo, ukuqoqa omningi walo izintela (futhi kwezinye izimo Unelungelo setha bebodwa). I federal isikhungo akazange ngenkuthalo angenelele lesifunda isabelomali izinqubo. Umqondo isabelomali isimo emazweni lapho umkhuba wokusebenzisa uhlelo endlalekile (lokhu Japan, USA), kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa izinhlelo akhambisana nezokuvikela, imali yokwakha ingqalasizinda obaluleke kakhulu ezweni. Ukuze uthole ukuhlinzekwa imali zezinkinga emphakathini ukuhlangabezana lesifunda kanye kamasipala amandla isakhiwo.

The main ethile zalesi simiso okungukuthi ukuthi emazweni lapho sisetshenziswa, kukhona nhlobo isikhungo ngokuthi "kwezimali zokulinganiswa", lapho izifunda kanye lendawo nemizana ihlangabezana nezinkinga engenayo, esiza (njengoba umthetho, kusukela federal uhulumeni).

Uhlelo wokubambisana, esikhundleni salokho, yinye imakwe likhona. Umqondo isabelomali kulawo mazwe lapho isicelo, kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa enhloko-dolobha yesifundazwe ezingeni namagunya aphakeme. In izinhlelo ezinjalo, esikhundleni salokho, ukuthuthukiswa "zokulinganiswa kwezimali". Ngakho, izakhiwo lesifunda kanye lendawo ngezinga elincane kakhulu kunezinye ohlelweni endlalekile, obakhathalelayo nekusebenta zokuqoqa imali (eqinisweni, kuyinsakavukela khona, okubandakanya umthetho kazwelonke ngesabelomali, ingafakwa ukulinganiselwa abalulekile).

Kanjani ukusabalalisa amandla?

Kwezinye izimo, State ekhetha imodeli endlalekile, lapho - yikhopharethivi? Inketho kuqala ngokuvamile lisetshenziswa ezimweni lapho nekuniketwa lamazwe lesifunda mayelana efanayo noma efanayo. Amandla ungaqiniseka ukuthi izintela lengenako zikhokhelwa bucishe bulingane, nengeniso izakhamuzi - njengoba ucishe alingane. Imodeli wokubambisana, ngokuphambene isicelo uma umehluko ekuthuthukisweni komnotho ezindaweni kakhulu wazwakalisa. Isigaba samanje ukuthuthukiswa koMnotho Russia kuyinto ekahle isicelo lokhu model.

Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, umthetho isabelomali Russian kuhlanganisa amalungiselelo zingase zibe Indlela kwezifunda ngokwanele ezinkulu yokuzimela ngokuphathelene Inqubomgomo dolobha ukuphathwa. Ake sihlole lesi sici ngokuningiliziwe.

ngezabelomali zabo siqu kule Russian Federation

Ukuthola uzibuse izabelomali emazingeni ahlukahlukene kuleli Russian Federation kusikisela ukuthi iziphathimandla zendawo (izifunda noma komasipala) iqoqo amalungelo athile. Futhi lokhu naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi nomqondo isabelomali eRussia cishe njalo ezihlobene neziphathimandla ephakeme. Yini sivezwe kula ukuzimela kwezifunda nabomasipala mbuzo?

Okokuqala, ilungelo nokuphatha isabelomali, izinqolobane zezimali okuyizinto ngesikhathi iziphathimandla zendawo ngokwabo. Lokho, isikhungo sikahulumeni uye antulayo ukuba angenele izinqumo yasendaweni ehlobene imali yokwakha ahlukahlukene. Futhi, izifunda kanye nomasipala isabelomali uxhaso kungenzeka ngezithukuthuku siqu imithombo. Futhi ngokuvamile baziswa. Ideal - lapho isifunda noma idolobha ongakwenza ngaphandle nemixhaso, izibonelelo.

Omunye umbandela okubalulekile ngokuzijamela isabelomali Russian - yokuthi ezithathwe ngesikhathi ngamunye amazinga abafanele kwamandla ezombusazwe eceleni. Ngesikhathi uhulumeni bekwi Russian Federation, uMbuso Duma Federation Council, kuhileleke futhi uMongameli yeRussia. Ezindaweni - emizimbeni yazo esemthethweni neyokuphatha, kanye komasipala.

Ngesikhathi esilandelayo, sibonakalisa ngokuzijamela ukulawula amazinga yemali yomphakathi ukugeleza, ilungelo sisebenze ngokusemthethweni ukuba bazokhokhisa izintela ezithile. Futhi, izifunda kanye nomasipala banegunya ngokuzikhethela kwayo ukucacisa ezingenayo kanye izindleko isabelomali izinto. Izinto eziphathelene nezinye, kancane xaxa.

Izimali kanye izindleko

Lapho amabhajethi ezingeni ngalinye ukuze uthole inzuzo? Lokhu kungenxa kakhulu tinhlobo letehlukene izintela nezimali. Khona-ke lokho ncamashi uzoqoqa umasipala, esifundeni noma federal amandla isakhiwo, kunqunywa lesishaya. Izintela Ibhajethi - izindawo kakhulu exhunyiwe omunye komunye. Izindleko yena, libonise orientation yezenhlalakahle inqubomgomo kwezimali zikahulumeni, ukusakaza ezifundeni kanye nomasipala (kanye nesidingo silondoloze izinhlangano zezombusazwe ukhiye). ERussia, zihlotshaniswa imali eseduze, imikhakha ikakhulu ezifana:

• imfundo;
• kwezempilo kanye nokuvikeleka komphakathi;
• ukuzivikela;
• umsebenzi ukuphepha ejensi;
• ukusebenza uhulumeni izikhungo.

Kuvele caveat ezibalulekile: impesheni ngokusemthethweni okukhulunywe Inqubomgomo njengezigqila ezingewona ama-kwesabelomali. FIU nesinabantu abaningi NPF baneHholo zezimali izinqolobane.

Izindleko isakhiwo, okuyinto sici Russian uhlelo lokusebenzisa imali, kungaba okufanayo ukuthi kwamanye amazwe, kodwa akazange siqambe kungenzeka lapho umehluko uyophinde yavama. Konke kuncike ngokuqondile ekutheni uhlelo wokuphathwa kwezimali imikhuba nesimo - a endlalekile futhi nibe nomoya wokubambisana. Esimweni sokuqala, isibonelo, ezindaweni ezifana kwezempilo nemfundo, bathembele ngokuphelele ezintweni isabelomali - abayikho yangasese.

Fair isabelomali: Russian simo

Ake sicabangele ezibaluleke kakhulu, ngokusho kongoti eziningi, isici wokuphathwa kwezimali zomphakathi - okufanayo "zokulinganiswa kwezimali". Ngamuphi izindlela ke Kwenziwa eRussia? On Nhloboni yosizo bangalindela izifunda, omasipala, uma isabelomali core akanayo imali eyanele, kanye nezindleko bahlale bemazi?

Basic izindlela okukhulunywa ngakho, kuyoba.

1. amabhajethi Local ukuthola nephesenti elithile (lapho kunqunywa imithetho umthetho) intela okufanele iqondiswe amazinga aphezulu of isimo indlela zezimali.
2. Izibonelelo kusukela zezimali ukwesekwa ngezimali - yesifunda, yesigodi.
3. Uxhaso, subventions kanye namagranti ezikhungweni zezimali zomphakathi ngezinye amazinga.

indawo engokomfanekiso

Ngakho, umqondo isabelomali zasendaweni kungaba ngempela ngaphandle kokubonisana nomkayo. Kukhona amacala lapho endaweni ethize, idolobha noma idolobha elincane ngenxa izici inhloso, zenhlalakahle kanye eknomicheskoy noma imvelo zezombusazwe ngokuyinhloko ngetimali. Izimali Lokudabuka wendawo ngeke kube ngaso sonke. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuzimela isihlobo zokwabiwa kwezinsiza kusebenza kwesabelomali kusuka inhlangano yendawo zaziyoqhubeka - yimaphi amalungelo anakho maqondana nalokhu okungukuthi, siye watshela ngenhla.

I okufana lapho amabhajethi bendawo ukuthola isibonelelo kokuba uhlamvu target. Ngokwesibonelo, kungase kube ngezimali zomphakathi amaphrojekthi. Kulokhu, umasipala okungukuthi kubalulekile, okokuqala kunakho konke, ukuqinisekisa ukuqaliswa ezifanele izinhlelo ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso ezamukelwe ngu yombuso kanye lesifunda amazinga.

isabelomali Fair: umkhuba emhlabeni

Manje ake sicabangele izindlela lapho "zokulinganiswa kwezimali" kwamanye amazwe.

Kukhona okuhlukile lapho izifunda ezithile enikiwe ilungelo bahwebe ngaphakathi imibandela ethize kwezomnotho lapho, isibonelo, kungase kube nezinzuzo intela. ukusekelwa okunjengalokhu luqhutshwa eChina, e-Australia, amanye amazwe zasePacific Region. Eyesibili indlela - okungukuthi ngokuxhasa umehluko phakathi olulindelekile futhi langempela engenayo (normative). Ingxenye yesithathu simo kungenzeka - isikhungo sikahulumeni inikeza izifunda lokungena nokuphuma kwemali, esekelwe zokuqoqa imali okulinganiselwe (practice - Dynamics kulindeleke kwezintela kanye namagugu abo wabikezela).