Amathambo nasemilenzeni womuntu engenhla

Ukuze izandla skeleton womuntu zihlanganisa amathambo esitho elingenhla kanye ehlombe. Ngo-anatomy, ngaphandle ingalo amathambo, sigqame ngisho amalunga nemisipha njengoba izingxenye eyinhloko yawo. nemilenze Upper yakhiwa: ehlombe ithambo, ngemilenze, izandla (esihlakaleni, metacarpal futhi phalanges).

Izici Ezihilelekile Kule humerus

Le ilungu esitho kuyinto amathambo ijabulise eside. Kuhlanganisa okuthiwa umzimba futhi epiphysis 2: engenhla futhi proximal distal aphansi. Upper Front ibhande lamahlombe has simise oyindilinga, kanti engezansi - esingunxantathu. Joint ehlombe kuyinto ekhuthaza ne epiphysis engenhla fossa glenoid blade. Zonke amathambo asemzimbeni sakhiwa wemikhawulo engaphezulu kuphela yomzimba kanye epiphyses futhi axhunyiwe nomunye.

Ukwakheka nemisebenzi ulna

Ngokusho isakhiwo yokwakheka ulna kanye engaba ubheke ibhodi lemisindo. Ulnar siqukethe sebuningini amathambo eside ukuthi ijabulise, nemikhawulo yomhlaba ezimbili (proximal futhi epiphysis distal). Kumila kuyinto ngesimo ithambo trihedron, uye kuchazwe imiphetho ukuthi kukhona amagama alandelayo: phambi (palm), posterior (amaphiko) interosseous (yangaphandle). Ngaphambili onqenqemeni wethambo has simise isiyingi. Ezingemuva futhi uya emuva kancane. onqenqemeni Interosseous has simise eziqondile ubhekene ithambo osabalalayo.

Ngokungafani distal, epiphysis proximal ngaphezulu uqweqwe. notch Trochlear, elisetendeni kuyahlanganiswa ngokuphelele uqwanga articular. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze singathwesi kusulwe onqenqemeni wethambo uhlale engenhla esitho ukunyakaza. Enisemikhawulweni trochlear notch elise ezihlobene: yenhliziyo futhi ulna. Ngaphambili ebusweni ithambo elise ngezansi inqubo coronoid has a isakhiwo esingemnandi.

I epiphyses engenhla nengezansi engaba futhi ulna yengalo nihlanganyele ngokusebenzisa amalunga omzimba. Noma ukuphi ukuxhumana lamathambo yezingalo nemilenze engenhla - is a indlela eziyinkimbinkimbi, ikakhulukazi endaweni endololwaneni. Uma ukulimala livelile futhi ezilimele endololwaneni ngokuhlanganyela amathambo noma wahlukana kuwo, kuyakwenziwa ezihlukahlukene imisebenzi kanye nokusebenza ochwepheshe, phambi indololwane ingasebenza futhi.

Uhlangothi lateral (ebusweni elingaphandle) elingenhla esitho ilungu kuhlanganisa ugodo ahlabayo, ikhefu ukuze ukungena ikhanda osabalalayo. Lokhu ingaphakathi front ingxenye ithambo bese ithambo uqobo ukwakha ngokuhlanganyela proximal we ibhodi lemisindo.

Njengomhlaba isici lateral we epiphysis distal, futhi eMnyangweni posteromedial has inqubo styloid, okuyilona elidingekayo ukuze umuntu kweqembu kangcono izakhi ezilinganiselwe. Siyabona ukuthi kunzima kakhulu ukuthola ulna, okuyinto kanye ugongolo yakha amathambo esitho elingenhla. komzimba womuntu - ukwakheka kwazo zonke izinhlaka futhi izinhlelo, kuhlanganise amathambo namalunga nemilenze yakhe - akukho aphansi ezahlukene.

Irediyasi esitho elingenhla

Umehluko phakathi kwalezi zinto zombili izingxenye ibhodi lemisindo wukuthi ekupheleni distal we engaba kakhulu mkhulu kunokhalo ukuphela proximal. Lokhu isiphetho yakha ikhanda oyindilinga, okuyinto has a flat ekhosombeni epiphysis. Ngenxa yalokhu kukhona ukuxubana kwesokudla amathambo. Lokhu iyinhloko ebusweni ngokuhlanganyela. On the front ohlangothini engaba kukhona ingxenye ukuthi unesibopho okunamathiselwe kwemisipha biceps we ngokuhlanganyela ehlombe. I timphawu tesakhiwo uxhumeke kwi-esihlakaleni esebenzisa omkhulu ithambo radiotherapy epiphysis distal. I ephansi epiphysis engaba futhi ulna, lapho kuhlangene, yakha joint radioulnar.

Izici esihlakaleni

Ithambo lomuntu esitho elingenhla aqukethe izakhi iDemo ahlelwe imigqa 2 (proximal futhi distal), futhi ube ukuma okungavamile. Esikhathini esihlakaleni linikezwa ngesimo inkatho lwalugobile, le convexity ka nozobamba ngemuva esandleni.

Esikhathini irowu proximal kukhona amathambo elincane abashiwo ngabobunjwa yabo: inhlendla emise, okwenyanga isikebhe, esingunxantathu. Futhi, lapha kukhona namanje ithambo pisiform okungukuthi eduze kwamanzi Palmar yesici trihedral. inombolo Distal efanayo akha trapezoid, capitate futhi hamate ithambo. Ukuze yenze imisebenzi yayo, zonke izingxenye zesakhiwo ahlelwe ukuze zingekho indiza efanayo. amathambo carpal womuntu irowu proximal wemikhawulo engenhla eziyimisebenzi iqhubu ellipsoidal. It ixhunywe epiphysis distal elingenhla emkhawulweni ngemisebe. Futhi isibalo ithambo distal sihambisane metacarpal.

Amathambo esitho elingenhla

I metacarpal phalanges kwakhiwa amathambo ijabulise (nomunye epiphysis), ezithinta umzimba, inhloko isizinda. Basuke agobile ngohlangothi ayizindunduma ebhekene maqondana ngemuva ibhulashi. Umugqa distal ngesihlakalo amathambo exhunywe kwi lezisekelo zawo, nenhloko - ne ekuqaleni phalanges. Tinhloko amathambo metacarpal eseduze kumila ndlela yokuhlasela yokuhlanganisa izihlangu proximal, namakhanda abo ingxenye sihambisane ekuqaleni phalanges distal elise. Njalo umunwe has 3 phalanges: i proximal, maphakathi, distal. Nokho, isithupha emibili.

ndlela yokuhlasela yokuhlanganisa izihlangu ngasinye, kanye nazo zonke ezinye amathambo wemikhawulo engenhla, anatomy alokhu ezichazwe ngenhla, futhi unomzimba isizinda kanye ikhanda. Kodwa isici zabo siwukuthi zikleliswe elilodwa ngemuva nezinye. Kulokhu, zonke phalanges ezintathu kukhona eyodwa kuphela epiphysis kweqiniso. Ingxenye proximal we esihlakaleni unayo eyodwa imbobo lapho ukuthi yizinto ezihlobene ithambo esilandelayo. phalanges Ephakathi futhi distal kukhona ukuhluka kusuka proximal, njengoba zinemigodi ezimbili ukwakha ngokuhlanganyela. Lezi kude babe ukuma flat, ahlukaniswe phakathi kwabo kukhona scallop ezincane. Njalo ndlela yokuhlasela yokuhlanganisa izihlangu lokugcina umunwe phezulu kancane tapered, isicaba futhi roughened.

Bone khulula esitho elingenhla kwakwakhe

Zonke mathambo ayindlu emalungeni oxhumene, ivumela umuntu ukuhambisa unomphela. Compound engenhla esitho amathambo, clavicle, futhi scapula amela ngokuhlanganisa amalunga omzimba ezimbili abhanqiwe: okuhlangana thoracic nge isibambo semikhawulweni clavicle kanye sternum acromial acromion emikhawulweni yaso nge izindwani. Okulandelayo blade besigaxa - the transverse engenhla, ine uhlobo emfushane ugongolo mncane, wawufinyelela phezu ikhaba imbobo. Ukuvulwa okukhuthaza imizwa nemithambo yegazi ezakhiwe umsipha transverse ne ukusika futhi ngokuvamile ossified. Kubantu, amathambo aqatha wemikhawulo engenhla kuyinto nezimo kakhulu.

ngokuhlanganyela Acromioclavicular Ungahambisa ukuphendukela kunoma iluphi uhlangothi, kodwa imvamisa ukunyakaza uphansi. It kubavikela umsipha rostral-clavicular. It ihlukaniswe yaba umsipha elingunxande futhi esingunxantathu. Quadrilateral kuyinto ukuma trapezoid, a esingunxantathu - Isigaxa. Bobabili nemisipha maqondana nomunye engela.

Incazelo ngokuhlanganyela ehlombe

Amathambo elingenhla esitho ukunyakaza linendima ebalulekile joint ehlombe. Ehlombe ngokuhlanganyela ezakhiwe ikhanda we humerus kanye ingaphakathi glenoid we blade. Lokhu ingaphakathi kuyinto okweqanda, ithatha ingxenye eyodwa kwezine endaweni ikhanda, kancane lithé ukushona phakathi. lip Glenoid elikhona ke, kwandisa congruence sezicubu zezinzwa, embozwe uqwanga hyaline. egobolondweni lelunga has a ukuhamba ngenkululeko, ngakho-ke ingalandwa ku emphethweni ne amathambo eyehlisiwe. Kwaqinisa imisipha, nemisipha, ise ngokuhlanganyela ehlombe. ikhanda humeral egxilile imisipha nemisipha kule ingaphakathi ngokuhlanganyela. Esikhathini aphansi phambi ingxenye ehlombe imisipha ngokuhlanganyela bengekho. Lizungezwe izikhwama lwamafinyila, okuyinto uxhumana ngaphakathi komgodi glenoid.

Igazi ukuba ilunga ehlombe liphuma ngokusebenzisa front futhi bakhulise Umthambo elise emhlabeni engenhla ingalo ithambo. Lokhu ithambo kwakwakhe is mobile kakhulu, it libhekene izinyathelo ezilandelayo: ligijima, motion yindilinga, isandiso, flexion, ukuthunjwa, ukuxuba. Kubantu, amathambo wemikhawulo yasenhla nemithombo yasenzansi kukhona ethé ukuhluka kancane, kodwa compounds ikhipha ezifanayo.

Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kwayo joint indololwane

Kumiswa ngokuhlanganyela indololwane is phakathi lokuqala, ulna kanye engaba. It has encane emalungeni ezintathu ngaphakathi lo uxhumano enkulu:

• humeroulnar;
• brachioradialis;
• radioulnar.

Ngenxa egobolondweni lelunga kanye ingaphakathi jikelele ehlangana ibe ngokuhlanganyela eziyinkimbinkimbi camera hyaline uqwanga.

Humeroulnar futhi brachioradialis amalunga omzimba asebenze ndawonye ukuze abangele flexion nokwelulwa, futhi radioulnar ehilelekile nokuhamba kwezindikimba ibhodi lemisindo. ezinyakazayo abahlukahlukene kubangelwa inqwaba imisipha. indlela enjalo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngeke kube khona kungekho ukusekelwa. Futhi lokhu ukwesekwa ngesikhathi Ilunga kulapho ngesimo le ulnar futhi osabalalayo nemisipha. Bona ahaqe amathambo ekhanda esitho elingenhla. komzimba womuntu yakhelwe ukuze yilo ngokuhlanganyela kwenzeka ukuvimbela eguqa kolunye uhlangothi.

kanjani amathambo ibhodi lemisindo?

Irediyasi futhi ulna zitholakala eziseduze, futhi ekupheleni exhunywe kwi-ngokuhlanganyela. Epiphysis zalezi zakhiwo uxhumeke kwi-emalungeni distal futhi proximal. It has a ulwelwesi okungukuthi ukuqala imisipha ezijulile elingenhla esitho isabelo amandla isibopho phakathi kwalawa mathambo. Uxhumano engenhla (proximal) iyingxenye ye indololwane nesenzo aphansi ngokuzimela. Distal radioulnar kwakwakhe wahlukana encane esihlakaleni articular disk. It has ukuma calantsatfu evele ngilugweda we ipuleti.

Isakhiwo ngokuhlanganyela esihlakaleni

amathambo carpal uxhumeke kwi-bone osabalalayo ngosizo evele articular we disk kanye uxhumano bonke abahlanganyeli. I proximal amathambo carpal ezinhlwini oxhumene kakhulu, ngakho ebusweni articular - lena endaweni eyodwa phezu ingxenye esihlakaleni. Yena-ke, ngaphansi kuka kobuso engaba, ukuze disc ngesimo unxantathu kusiza ukuxhuma endaweni ezimbili ezihlukene obujwayelekile ngokuhlanganyela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyasiza ukuhlukanisa ulna kwakwakhe, okuyinto uzungezwe nxazonke by nemisipha.

Yikuphi emalungeni zinengxenye amathambo esandleni neminwe yokuxhuma?

Bone ibhulashi kuthiwa oxhumene by izindlela amalunga amathathu:

1. Srednezapyastny. Itholakala phakathi amathambo lomugqa wokuqala nowesibili we esihlakaleni. On ezimbili evele we esihlakaleni (wesundu emuva) zikhona nemisipha eziningi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izandla ukukhuthalele isebenze, badinga ukwenza ukunyakaza ezincane, ungagobisi, unbend. Lokhu nemisipha eqinile libizwa nemisipha ekhazimulayo engaphakathi esihlakaleni.
2. Carpometacarpal. amathambo Four metacarpal unayo eyodwa capsule kanye indiza ngokuhlanganyela. I ahlangene isithupha uhlukane nabanye.

Jamal amathambo axhumene esebenzisa emalungeni metacarpophalangeal futhi interphalangeal. Ngaphandle kwalezi, kukhona namanje inqwaba nemisipha eqinile emunweni ngamunye evumela umuntu ukugoba futhi unbend iminwe. Njengoba ubona, isakhiwo esitho womuntu engenhla kunalokho eziyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa ngoba lokhu abayikho ukuhamba ezahlukene.