Imisebenzi kanye nezinhlaka we ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo

Umlomo wanoma yimuphi izidalwa eziphilayo - kuyinto kwakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi biomechanical, ukuhlinzeka kuye ukudla, futhi ngaleyo ndlela khona. Ezintweni eziningi eziphilayo ephakeme, umlomo, noma, uma sikubeka ngendlela yesayensi, umlomo, ine umthwalo obalulekile eyengeziwe - zvukoproiznosheniya. Isakhiwo umlomo yomuntu okunzima kakhulu, ukuthi baba nethonya imisebenzi yokuxhumana kanye nenombolo izici ezihlobene ekuthuthukiseni zomzimba womuntu.

Ukwakheka nemisebenzi ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo

Zonke izinto eziphilayo, kuhlanganise nabantu, umlomo waso emnyangweni lokuqala isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene. Lena wakhe obaluleke kakhulu futhi evamile ukuba iningi imisebenzi ekhona, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ifomu Wakhuphuka nemvelo. Kubantu, kuba igebe okungaziphuca evulekile kakhulu. Umlomo, thina ubambe noma ukuthatha ukudla bese ubamba phansi, ugaye, ngobuningi ogelezayo nokumanzisa ngamathe, futhi lalifuna emphinjeni, eqinisweni, yilokho ngamapayipi ozwakala lapho ukudla ilele esiswini ukuze kusetshenziswe. Kodwa ekuqaleni ukugaya iqala umlomo. Yingakho izazi zefilosofi zasendulo zazithi, kanjani izikhathi eziningi prozhuesh, ngeke aphile ngisho neminyaka eminingi.

Umsebenzi wesibili umlomo yokubiza imisindo. Man akuyona nje inkinga, kodwa futhi uxhuma inhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngakho-ke, isakhiwo se-ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo kubantu kuba eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalelo labo wabazalwane bethu.

Umsebenzi wesithathu umlomo - iqhaza inqubo emishinini yokuphefumula. Kukhona imithwalo yakhe yemfanelo yayihlanganisa kuphela air eyanele izingxenye futhi sithumele ukuba yomoya lapho, ngoba noma ngabe yisiphi isizathu akakwazi ukubhekana nale ekhaleni futhi ingxenye ingxoxo.

Isakhiwo yokwakheka

Nsuku zonke sisebenzisa zonke izingxenye umlomo, futhi abanye kuzo babeze ukucabanga ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ngo isayensi eziningana isakhiwo concretized we ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo. Photo libonisa ngokucacile ukuthi limelela.

Odokotela lesi sitho isehlane izigaba ezimbili, ngokuthi embundwini umlomo futhi ingaphakathi yayo efanele.

Ngokuhamba-up has emizimbeni yangaphandle (izihlathi, izindebe) kanye yangaphakathi (izinsini, amazinyo). Okungukuthi, emnyango emlonyeni ngokuthi emfantwini ngomlomo.

wona kanye umlomo uhlobo isikhala nxazonke emizimbeni kungagcini nezingxenye zazo. Bottom - phansi umlomo wethu, phezulu ulwanga, ngaphambili - izinsini namazinyo, ngemuva amalaka, liwumngcele phakathi emlonyeni nasemphinjeni, izihlathi singatsheki, maphakathi ulimi. Zonke izingxenye sangaphakathi umlomo embozwe ulwelwesi lwamafinyila.

izindebe

Lokhu umzimba, okuyinto unaka kakhulu abobulili buthaka, lokubusa ubulili namandla, eqinisweni, isicubu abhanqiwe folds emhlabeni umqhewu umlomo. Kubantu, ababandakanyeka ngokugcina ukudla bengena emlonyeni, ukwakheka womsindo ukunyakaza ebusweni. Ukwabela izindebe engenhla nengezansi, isakhiwo okuyinto cishe okufanayo futhi siqukethe izingxenye ezintathu:

- Outdoor - embozwe flat keratinizing epithelium wakubo.

- Lesisemkhatsini - inezendlalelo eziningana, ngaphandle zazo futhi uphondo. He is mncane kakhulu futhi esobala. Ngalo capillary kahle angenisa ukukhanya, elibangela pink-bomvu umbala lip. Lapho cutaneous ungqimba Horny iba mucosa, sebuningini kwalapho bagxila (amashumi amaningana izikhathi kunangendlela amathiphu umunwe), futhi izindebe womuntu ke ebucayi kakhulu.

- lwamafinyila, okuyinto oluthatha ngemuva umlomo. It has a lot of Amapayipi we nezindlala salivary (labial). Ihlanganisa ke epithelium neorogovevayuschy.

lip lwamafinyila ludlulele ngaphakathi le mucosa we izinsini kumiswa emphethweni ezimbili longitudinal, ngokuthi amatomu lip engenhla nengezansi.

Umngcele udebe lwangezansi kanti kwesilevu kuyinto ovundlile kwesilevu-labial furrow.

Border udebe eliphezulu nezihlathi kukhona emphethweni Nasolabial.

Izindebe axhumene ezisemagumbini emlonyeni ukuvuvukala labial.

izihlathi

luhlaka ngemlomo uhlanganisa abhanqiwe sitho, bonke eyaziwa ngokuthi esihlathini. Basuke ihlukaniswe sokunene nesobunxele, ngalinye linezinsuku izingxenye zangaphandle kwangaphakathi. I yangaphandle esikhumbeni esithambile embozwe nomzimba omncane, kwangaphakathi neorogovevayuschy Ukudlula lwamafinyila ku le mucosa we izinsini. Futhi e izihlathi it has a fat umzimba. Ngo izinsana, idlala indima ebalulekile inqubo Sucking kangaka athuthukile. Kubantu abadala, fat umzimba likufahlaze futhi ushukumisela emuva. Kwezokwelapha ibizwa ngokuthi pad namanoni Bichat. Ngesisekelo imisipha esihlathini buccal. Nezindlala ku submucosa we izihlathi kancane. Amapayipi yabo ukuvula ku le mucosa.

ulwanga

Le ngxenye ingaphakathi kusala ukwahlukanisa phakathi ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo kanye nekhala kanye phakathi impumulo ingxenye pharynx. ulwanga umsebenzi ngokuyisisekelo kuphela kumiswa nemisindo. I ukuhlafuna kunomthelela ngokuphawulekayo kusukela elahlekile inkulumo yayo ecacile emphethweni transverse (izinsana abonakala ngaphezulu). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye apharathasi ulwanga ukuhambisana ukuhlinzeka bite. Hlukanisa emkhatsini ulwanga kanzima futhi ezithambile.

Ku-akhawunti ngoba 2/3 esiqinile. Lakhiwa amapuleti wethambo LasePalatine nezinqubo amathambo maxillary tho ndawonye. Uma nganoma isiphi isizathu akukho Splice, umntwana wakhe esezelwe nge anomaly ngokuthi ulwanga emfantwini. Ngakho ingaphakathi acinene futhi ngomlomo akuyona ihlukaniswe. Ngaphandle kosizo ezikhethekile ingane enjalo uyafa.

Lwamafinyila phakathi ukuthuthukiswa evamile kufanele zikhule kanye nolwanga engenhla bese ukuhambisa ngokushelela ku ulwanga elithambile, futhi phambili ithambo alveolar ku ongenhla, ukwakha izinsini engenhla.

Ngo ulwanga ezithambile ebangela kuphela 1/3 ye, kodwa nomthelela obonakalayo nokwakheka ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo kanye pharynx. Eqinisweni, ulwanga ezithambile - kuyinto nesibaya ezithile lwamafinyila, efana izilenge uhlanganyela ngenhla impande olimi. Kuhlukanisa emlonyeni kusukela pharynx. Ngo maphakathi "amakhethini" a otrostochek ezincane, okuthiwa nolimi. Kuyasiza ukwakha imisindo.

Kusukela "izilenge" imiphetho fade phambi umnsalo (palatal-lingual) kanye emuva (palatal-pharyngeal). Phakathi kwabo kukhona umgodi kubunjwa khona ekuqongeleleni lymph izicubu amaseli (idlala LasePalatine). I 1 cm kuwo itholakala carotid Umthambo.

ulimi

Lokhu umzimba wenza imisebenzi eminingi:

- ukuhlafuna (abancela ezinsaneni);

- zvukoobrazovatelnuyu;

- salivary;

- niqonda ukunambitheka.

Ukuma nolimi lomuntu asithinti nje nokwakheka ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo, futhi esimweni saso sokusebenza. Ulimi isehlane impande kanye umzimba kokuba emuva (ohlangothini ebhekene ulwanga). komzimba kweqa inkatho longitudinal, futhi esikhundleni uxhumano yayo empandeni anemifantu transverse. Ngaphansi yolimi esibayeni okhethekileyo, obizwa ngokuthi frenulum. Eduze ke zitholakala Amapayipi we nezindlala salivary.

Lwamafinyila wakubo epithelium esehlanganise ulimi, okuyizinto ukunambitheka receptor wesinye lymph kumiswa. Top, ekupheleni futhi ohlangothini amashumi ulimi papillae ezimboziwe, ngesimo fungiform separable, filiform, oyindilinga, leaf, evulekile. Ngesikhathi impande papillae ulimi, kodwa kukhona amaqoqo lamaseli lymph ezakha amalaka ulimi.

Amazinyo nezinsini zakho

Lezi zingxenye ezimbili oxhumene abe nethonya elikhulu isakhiwo ethile ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo. ngamazinyo womuntu bacale kutfutfukisa esigabeni umbungu. A kuzalwa emhlathini ngamunye has follicle 18 (10 ubisi amazinyo 8 bomdabu). Basuke ahlelwe imigqa emibili: labial futhi lingual. Kuyinsakavukela Akukhona ukubukeka ingane amazinyo, nxa ingane aphambuka 6 izinyanga ezingu-12. Umnyaka lapho yinto evamile ingane namazinyo fall out, nakakhulu welulela - engu-6 kuya 12. Umuntu omdala kufanele kube emazinyweni 28 kuya kwezingu-32. umthelela ezimbalwa omubi okulungisa ukudla, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kwi pheshana emathunjini, njengoba ngamazinyo ukudlala indima ekulu ukudla nut. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ahlela izinto ilungelo ukukhiqizwa sound. Isakhiwo yimiphi namazinyo (olukhulu noma Milky) futhi kuhlanganisa okufanayo impande, umqhele kanye wesibeletho. Impande kuyinto alveolus amazinyo kwi ekupheleni orifice amancane lapho izinyo ihlolwe imithambo yegazi, nezinzwa. Le ndoda kwamiswa 4 izinhlobo amazinyo, ngamunye ephethe umumo othile umqhele:

- bezihlahla (kancane nge surface ahlabayo);

- amazinyo (oyindilinga);

- premolars (okusaqanda, has a ukuhlafuna ebusweni encane nge dimples amabili);

- impande esikhulu (cubic nge 3-5 lamachubu).

amazinyo wesibeletho hlala endaweni encane phakathi umqhele kanye nezimpande futhi izinsini zabo zisitshekelwe. Enkabeni yalo, ushingamu - kungcono nolwelwesi lwamafinyila. Ukwakheka kwazo ngokwama-kuhlanganisa:

- papilla interdental;

- wekhasi gingival;

- endaweni alveolar;

- ezihambayo ushingamu.

Izinsini kuqukathe epithelium multilayered kanye plate.

isisekelo yabo ethize iyona stroma, ehlanganisa sebuningini imicu collagen ezinika kufanelekile Ukuthokomala emazinyweni mucosa lesifanele mastication inqubo.

nezilwanyana ezincane

Isakhiwo umlomo futhi ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo ngeke wachazela ngokugcwele, uma ingasaphathwa izigidigidi ezincane, okuyinto ngokuhamba ukuvela umlomo womuntu wawungelona nje uhide endlini, futhi yonke. umlomo wethu ukhange kulencane bioform sibonga izici zalo ezilandelayo:

- esitebeleni, lapho, izinga lokushisa elikhulu;

- njalo umswakama high;

- imvelo alkalescent;

- khona cishe njalo kwezakhi itholakala mahhala.

Izingane zizalwa ezweni kusukela amagciwane emlonyeni wakho ukuthi ukuhambisa kusukela nokubeletha lokuzalwa umsele ngesikhathi lemfisha unikezwa, kuze abantwana babo kukhona. Esikhathini ikoloni esizayo ihamba ngesilinganiso ezimangalisayo, futhi ngemva kwenyanga eziphilayo emlonyeni ingane, kukhona kwezinhlobo kweshumi eziningana futhi kuza izigidi zabantu ngabanye. Kubantu abadala, isibalo sezinye izinhlobo zama-bacterium emlonyeni kuhluka 160 500, futhi isibalo sawo sifinyelela zezigidi. Hhayi indima okungenani kule kudlalwa emikhulu isiphetho isakhiwo we ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo. Kuphela amazinyo (unpeeled ikakhulukazi neziguli), futhi cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi-plaque yamazinyo aqukethe izigidi nezilwanyana ezincane.

Phakathi la magciwane kwandile, okuyinto umholi phakathi streptococci (60%).

Ngaphezu kwalokho kubo emlonyeni isikhunta bukhoma (ikakhulukazi Candida) nama-virus.

Sakhiwo umsebenzi le mucosa ngomlomo

Against kwema- namagciwane abangela izifo kwezicubu temlomo ivikela mucosa. Lena enye yezinhlobo ezingu umsebenzi wayo obalulekile - ngowokuqala ukuthatha babekezelela amagciwane namagciwane.

futhi evala izicubu umlomo emisebeni endaweni eshisa kakhulu, izinto eziyingozi futhi ukulimala lokukhanda.

Ngaphandle zokuzivikela, ulwelwesi lwamafinyila wenza esinye umsebenzi obalulekile - secretory.

Izici isakhi mucosa ngomlomo yokuthi ungqimba yayo submucous ngokufanele amaseli yezindlala. Bakha namahlukuzo amancane nezindlala salivary. Bona njalo futhi njalo moisturize ulwelwesi lwamafinyila, kucinisekisa kusetjentiswa imisebenzi yayo zokuzivikela.

Kuye ngalokho izigaba ihlanganisa le mucosa, kungase kube ungqimba surface noma keratinizing epithelium (25%), kanye neorogovevayuschy (60%) kanye okuxubile (15%).

Keratinizing epithelium embozwe ulwanga kanzima kuphela futhi izinsini, ngoba ababandakanyeka ukuhlafuna futhi uxhumana izingcezwana okuqinile ukudla.

epithelium Neorogovevayuschy ihlanganisa izihlathi, ulwanga elithambile, inqubo yayo - olimi, okungukuthi, labo emlonyeni, okuyinto kudingeka ukwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo.

Sakhiwo kokubili epithelium yakhiwa 4 izingqimba. Abokuqala ababili babo, basal prickly, babe bobabili.

Ngezinye stratum isikhundla yesithathu oluthatha ungqimba luyimbudumbudu, futhi uphondo wesine (amaseli ngaphandle nuclei therein futhi cishe akukho igazi).

Ngezinye neorogovevayuschy lwesithathu ungqimba Lesisemkhatsini, kanti owesine - ebusweni. It is baphawula ekuqongeleleni leukocyte emangqamuzaneni okuthiwa sithinta umsebenzi ayisivikelo lwamafinyila.

epithelium ezixutshiwe ihlanganisa ulimi.

Isakhiwo mucosa ngomlomo unezinye izici:

- Ukungabi imisipha plate yakhe.

- Ukungabi bikho ezindaweni ezithile ngomlomo ingaphakathi submucosa, okungukuthi, lwamafinyila ku imisipha amanga ngqo (kukhona, isibonelo, ngolimi), noma ngqo ithambo (isibonelo, kwi ulwanga kanzima) futhi ngokuqinile spliced sandise izindwangu Kutholwe.

- Ukuba khona capillary amaningi (inikeza isici ngokubomvu umbala ulwelwesi lwamafinyila).

Isakhiwo ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo ezinganeni

Phakathi nokuphila yayo idivayisi imizimba yabantu kuyahlukahluka. Ngakho, ukwakheka ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo izingane ezingaphansi konyaka sihluke kakhulu isakhiwo yayo abadala, hhayi nje ukungabi khona amazinyo, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngenhla.

kwakhiwa umlomo Primary e-embryo ibizwa e ngesonto lesibili ngemva kokubamba. Ngo izinsana, njengoba wonke umuntu uyazi, ayinakho amazinyo. Kodwa lokhu akufani ukungabi amazinyo kwasebekhulile. Iqiniso liwukuthi esikhathini ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo abantwana aso esimweni amagciwane, ngesikhathi esifanayo, nobisi, unomphela. Ngesinye isikhathi esededelwe, kuzovela phezu izinsini. Emlonyeni nabantu asebekhulile uqobo alveolnye izinqubo kakade atrophied, okungukuthi, namazinyo futhi ngeke ube naso. Yonke iminyango emlonyeni nosana adalwe imvelo ukunikeza inqubo abancela. umehluko Isici ezisiza wasithatha ingono:

- izindebe Soft nge pad ethize labial.

- Ngokulinganiswa evuthiwe imisipha isiyingi emlonyeni.

- gingival ulwelwesi kanye sebuningini uhlevane.

- emphethweni transverse e ulwanga okuqinile eshiwo ngokucacile.

- Isikhundla aphansi emhlathini distal (umntwana ubeka phambili umhlathi wakhe ephansi, futhi kwenza kube ukunyakaza emuva naphambili, hhayi eceleni noma embuthanweni, e ukuhlafuna).

Isici esibalulekile salo izingane - bakwazi ukugwinya ukuphefumula ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Isakhiwo mucosa emlonyeni kanye nezinsana kubantu abadala. Epithelium e izingane ezingaphansi konyaka siqukethe kuphela izingqimba basal spinous futhi papillae EPITHELIAL kakhulu kabi athuthukile. I kunenze nisondelane ungqimba we lwamafinyila samanje amaprotheni isakhiwo sisuka nabonina amasosha omzimba. Sikhula, izinyane ilahlekelwa impahla yayo mzimba. Lokhu kusebenza futhi izicubu umlomo. Ngemva kwalokho-ke sikhula epithelium, glycogen ulwanga okuqinile nezinsini sinciphile.

Ngu iminyaka emithathu e izingane mucosa ngomlomo has a umehluko zesifunda abahlukene, le epithelium iba uyakwazi keratinization. Kodwa kule ungqimba uthayi imithambo lwamafinyila negazi eduze kusadingeka eziningi izakhi yeselula. Lokhu kunomthelela permeability sithuthukiswe futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukubukeka herpetic stomatitis.

Iminyaka 14 isakhiwo le mucosa ngomlomo e intsha esikhulakhulile has zihlukile abadala hhayi kakhulu, kodwa isizinda hormone sishintsha umzimba bona kungabonakala nasemkhakheni isifo mucosal: leukopenia mnene futhi gingivitis bobusha.