Afunwayo yokwelapha umdlavuza. okubhekiswe yokwelapha izidakamizwa

Umdlavuza - isifo esingalindelekile singehlela noma ubani. Kodwa! Ungesabi futhi bangayeki, ngoba imithi akemi namanje. ezintsha kanye nobuchwepheshe yesifo avele nsuku zonke, kanye nokwelashwa kwezifo oncological labetibambile ezingeni ehloniphekile.

Umqondo "umdlavuza"

Umdlavuza - inqubo lapho amangqamuzana omzimba zikhule bese ehlukana angalawuleki, amila ku ezicutshini ezincikene nawo futhi izitho akunika Ukudlulela. Umsuka umdlavuza okwamanje akuyona cacisa ngokuphelele. izici ngodlame yilezi: umphumela carcinogens, ukubhema, contact unomphela izinto eziyingozi, izifo ezingelapheki obulimaza isakhiwo amaseli enempilo, ufuzo, iziyaluyalu hormone, iziyaluyalu ngokuya immunological, ukonakala izimila ingozi. Ubhubhisa umdlavuza ngamakhemikhali okwamenza, angiogeneznaya, ukwelashwa okubhekiswe nemisebe eyingozi. Lokhu kumane nje kuyingxenye yezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwelapheni iziguli.

Ifomu kanye qophelo umdlavuza

Morphologically, okulandelayo izinhlobo zomdlavuza:

- medullary-isilonda noma esosweni-efana ijamo;
- scirrhoma;
- papillary carcinoma;
- infiltrative-esidalwa yizilonda emathunjini sibe ifomu;
- umdlavuza mushroom;
- umdlavuza Easy.

ngezigaba International Kwehlukanisa:

- adenocarcinoma;
- squamous cell carcinoma;
- carcinoma undifferentiated;
- yezindlala cell-squamous carcinoma;
- umdlavuza ungraded.

Kukhona ngezigaba mayelana izimila okuhleliwe. Kusukela izigaba zincike umdlavuza ukwelashwa:

- Isigaba 1 - isimila akuyona ezingaphezu kuka-2 cm ububanzi, ayibi ngaphezu umngcele Ukudlulela lwamafinyila iphinde ivimbele.
- Isigaba 2 - Usayizi Ithumba 4 kuya ku-6 ngamasentimitha, zingakhula zibe submucosa noma ungqimba kwemisipha, kungase kube metastases olulodwa.
- Isigaba 3 - isimila ithumba kakade podserozny noma serosal izicubu izingqimba, ikhula izitho eseduze. Kukhona metastases amaningi e-lymph. Kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene izinkinga.
- Isinyathelo 4 - isimila ifinyelela usayizi umxhwele futhi ukhiqiza metastases, kakhulu ezikude.

Lwasemtholampilo isithombe futhi isikhalazo main

Uma sicabanga isithombe sokucindezeleka, ezihlukahlukene kakhulu. Konke kuncike isitho ethintekile, isigaba, ezingeni, impilo jikelele isiguli, kanye ezingeni lability ekwelashweni. Hlukanisa lobo isifo kanye nezimpawu ezihambisana wabo:

1. Early noma kokuqala kwenkathi. Iziguli esekhala ubuthakathaka, ukungakuthandi ukudla, okusheshayo kwesisindo. Lapho isimila itholakala iphaphu: ezomile ukukhwehlela non-elikhiqizayo, iphika, ubuhlungu besifuba, kukhuphuke ajulukayo. Uma inkinga ihlobene esiswini: ukuhlanza, regurgitation, ezingamahlalakhona esiswini ukopha. I izinso abathintekayo wegazi lenza igazi libe emchamweni, izimpawu ukucwasa kanye kokucindezelwa kwezitho eduze.
2. Isikhathi izimpawu ezisobala emitholampilo ye isifo. Esebenzisa isihluku zonke izimpawu, eziya ziba zimbi isimo jikelele isiguli. Can ziqale inqubo Ukudlulela.
3. Ukuphela kwenkathi. I ezibucayi kakhulu futhi nzima esigulini. Kube kwamazinyo umdlavuza isakhiwo ngakolunye uhlangothi kanti kuhlume yayo iyasebenza ku izitho eduze namanye. Kwangathi ukuthuthukisa ubovu izinqubo kanye ukopha okukhulu. Ithinta imizwa, kukhona ukulahleka umsebenzi othile yomzimba.

Sifo futhi uphethwe

Ukuxilongwa kanye nokwelashwa lomdlavuza esikhathini sethu kukhona ezingeni eliphezulu. Une- umdlavuza, ngokusekelwe amaphuzu alandelayo:
- iqoqo umlando idatha;
- isithombe emitholampilo ye isifo;
- Ukuxilonga;
- imiphumela yokuhlolwa yase-laboratory.

Isikhathi esining impela zisebenzisa-X-ray indlela yokuhlola. Indlela ezidumile usebenzisa biopsy endoscopic. Ukuze uphethwe ochwepheshe echography nakuma-CT scan. Iskena liyasetshenziswa nesimiso sokuqondisa izinto radioactive. Ikakhulukazi Ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi impikiswano ophoqelelwe afeze laparotomy zokuxilonga.

Izindlela sokwelashwa ukusebenza kwabo

Umdlavuza ukwelashwa incike izici eziningi ezifana uhlobo isimila, indawo yayo, isimo jikelele isiguli, khona noma ukungabi khona izinkinga. Indlela ejwayeleke kakhulu futhi ngempumelelo yokwelashwa ubhekwa kuhlinzwa. It likuvumela ukuthi ususe wonke nhlanganisela of amaseli isimila, uma indawo yayo ikuvumela ukuba wenze lokhu. Kukhishwe hhayi kuphela isimila nendlala okuthiwa i kodwa futhi zezicubu ezizungezile. Nale indlela yokwelashwa lihlotshaniswa omunye umqondo - ukunakekelwa okuthuthukisa. Lapho empeleni isiguli cha lamula ukuze siphinde sithole ngokuphelele, kodwa kungenzeka ukuba sinciphise ubukhulu isimila nendlala okuthiwa i ekunciphiseni izinhlungu amaphuzu.

Ibe isilandelwa ku ukuthandwa futhi ukusebenza - radiotherapy. Lokhu ukwelashwa, okuyinto ibulala isenzo ray isakhiwo anomdlavuza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunemiBhalo eminingana izimila, kuba ikakhulukazi ebucayi ukuze lolu hlobo ukwelashwa. Ngokwesibonelo, liposarcoma futhi metastases yayo. ukwelashwa ngemisebe isetshenziswa lihambisana nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kanye nokuhlinzwa. Livame ukusetshenziswa emva kokuhlinzwa wedwa ukususa metastases kungenzeka.

ngelashwa nangemithi

ukwelashwa komdlavuza ngemithi - kokubili wedwa futhi lihambisana nezinye izindlela - futhi evame kakhulu. Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali nokushiswa nge ubuthi ethize nethonya elilimazayo amangqamuzana omdlavuza, lwenza ukubhujiswa okusheshayo. Hlukanisa cytotoxic (cell ukubulala) kanye cytotoxic (kokuma waso wokukhula) nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali. Common ukusebenzisa ezingaphezu kweyodwa hlobo izidakamizwa oncological, futhi sihlanganise in a "iziphuzo zezempilo" oluthile. Lokhu kwandisa amathuba okuthi kube okuphumelelayo umdlavuza ngokubulala ejenti. Imithi ingasatshenziswa ngemithambo yegazi, mancane amathuba okuthi ukusebenzisa ifomu tablet. Ezimweni ekhethekile, imikhiqizo iphathwa intrathecal nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali indlela (ku uketshezi lomgogodla) noma ngqo ngaphansi kwesikhumba. Konke kuncike esimweni ngabanye lesi sifo.

izinhlangothi emihle nemibi ngamakhemikhali

Iziguli eziningi besaba izinqubo ngokuthi "chemotherapy". Izibuyekezo basikisela ukuthi lokhu kungenxa inqwaba izinkinga kanye nezinkinga ezivukayo ngesikhathi sokwelashwa.

Ngoba amangqamuzana enempilo ahlupheke cishe wonke umzimba, iziguli ukubhekana nezinselele eziningana:

- nezinwele;
- ngokushintsha indlela yokwakheka igazi;
- izinkinga emathunjini;
- nolwelwesi lwamafinyila;
- ukucanuzelelwa inhliziyo;
- ukuhlanza;
- ukuhlupheka kokusebenza kwesibindi, okuyinto ophoqelelwe ukucubungula zonke ubuthi imfucuza chemical;
- isibonelo esifanayo kwenzeka kanye nezinso;
- ngokucijile encishisiwe amasosha omzimba nokunye.

Phawula Okuhle nenqubo efana ngamakhemikhali. Izimpendulo ezigulini abaye baphathwa nge le ndlela, kwenze kucace ukuthi kubalulekile ukuba zikhuthazelele imiphumela emibi ekululameni. ikhambi Qedela noma ukunciphisa okuphawulekayo isimila - lawa imiphumela ingaba wanelisekile.

Afunwayo yokwelapha umdlavuza: isinyathelo maqondana impilo

Muva nje, indlela entsha zokwelapha izimila anomdlavuza. Lokhu okubhekiswe yokwelapha. Lona ukuthuthukiswa yakamuva esiyingqayizivele, ezakhelwe ukulwa umdlavuza. Umehluko isici phakathi zokwelapha okubhekiswe ngakolunye izinhlobo ezinkulu ukwelashwa itholakala nokuvikeleka elingaphezu kukahhafu maqondana amaseli okunempilo emzimbeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu yokwelapha inikeza ukubhujiswa okusheshayo eziningi zamangqamuzana elimazayo. Ngenxa yalokho isifundo eside futhi ukuqonda izinqubo kumiswa kanye nokusebenza izimila anomdlavuza ukuthuthukisa izidakamizwa ukuthi ngokukhethekile nomthelela izikhungo cell ukukhula. Nalapha futhi, imishanguzo okubhekiswe - ke iwuhlobo ezimele yokwelapha, futhi ongumphelelisi nezinye izinyathelo kwezempilo.

Ngeshwa, indlela innovative ezinjalo ukulwa umdlavuza anezinye ngokuphazamisa Lezi ziguli. Nakuba akusebenzi ku isimiso ngamakhemikhali classical, lezi izinto nazo eyalo enomopho ngomzimba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ziyasebenza ekubhekaneni metastases ezikude. Ngakolunye - emakamu incipha ezindaweni kwesokudla. Ngokuvamile lolu hlobo izidakamizwa tableted ukuvumela nesineke ukuhlala ekhaya bese uqhubeke yokwelashwa okuphumelelayo. Cabanga ngomphumela yokwelapha okubhekiswe endabeni ethile izinhlobo zomdlavuza.

Lokho esebenzisa lokho onqotshwa umdlavuza,

Uma sicabangela okushiwo umdlavuza, imbangela nansi kuguquka VHL zofuzo. izimbangela Kwezakhi anda uketshezi amaprotheni, ekhuthaza ukukhula amangqamuzana anomdlavuza. Amalungiselelo kufanele ukuvimba ukukhula nokuthuthuka okwengeziwe yesimila. Ethandwa kakhulu elisetshenziswa ukwakhiwa samanje, "Votrient", "Nexavar" ( "Sorafenib"), "Sutent", "Bevacizumab" ( "Avastin") "Everolimus" ( "Afinitor"), "Aksinitib" ( "Inlita "). Zisetshenziswa ngisho ezigabeni zokugcina yokwelashwa. Ngeshwa, ukuba balungele ukubukeka ezifana izenzakalo ezimbi njengoba umfutho wegazi ophakeme, isifo sohudo noma ekuthuthukiseni ukuzwela wemikhawulo. Ake sicabangele e kabanzi izidakamizwa yokwelapha okubhekiswe.

• Izidakamizwa "Sorafenib" ( "Nexavar") - ngempumelelo siyehla ngokukhula komdlavuza conglomerates. Blocks angiogenesis nemisebenzi for kabusha molecule ukukhula. It ikhiqizwa ngesimo amaphilisi. Ungase uhlangane imiphumela emibi: ukuqubuka, uhudo, umfutho wegazi ophakeme, edema nokukhathala.
• Kusho "Bevacizumab" ( "Avastin") - is injected ngemithambo yegazi. kuthiye Onekhono ukukhula imithambo yegazi ukuze entsha. Ngokuvamile kuhlangene interferon-alpha. Lokhu kuthuthukisa izinga lokunakekelwa. It is kahle kakhulu ikubekezelele iziguli, umfutho wegazi ophakeme okuncane kanye amahlule.
• Izidakamizwa "Everolimus" ( "Afinitor") - iyaphumelela ekuvimbeni mTOR amaprotheni. Uphuzwe kanye ngosuku ngefomu ithebhulethi. Isetshenziswa ukulwa umdlavuza emabangeni kakhulu kakhulu sokwelashwa. Ngeshwa, eziningi side effects.
• Izidakamizwa "Temsirolimus" ( "Torisel") - isiguli uthola nge umjovo emthanjeni. Kuyinto efanayo nomphumela walo kanye nezinkinga nendlela odlule.
• Izidakamizwa "Sunitinib" ( "Sutent") - ngempumelelo amabhlogo umsebenzi tyrosine kinases ezithile. Ngaphansi imakwe emibi, kodwa ukwelashwa esihle kancane kuka uma usebenzisa ezinye izidakamizwa.

wokubuyekezwa okuvumelekile

yokwelapha Afunwayo nokusetshenziswa le mithi kakade yazuza abantu abaningi nomdlavuza. Izibuyekezo emihle kakhulu. Iziguli zithi ukuncipha izimpawu laligujwa cishe ngokushesha. Ukuzizwa engcono, futhi imiphumela emibi kuthiwa neze ukhathazwa phakathi nayo yonke inkathi ukwelashwa. Eziningi zigxila indlela yokwelashwa ukude kusuka esibhedlela - akuve elula futhi ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo lula isiguli ukukhuthazelela ubunzima ngezinye isifo ekhaya kuka egunjini lasesibhedlela. Njengoba imithi eminingi itholakala e ifomu tablet, Kuyaqapheleka futhi iziguli njengendlela lula. Abaningi bayakujabulela igweme ukuba kube khona izinhlungu nokuphatheka kabi.

ukwelashwa okuhloswe umdlavuza izinso

Esikhathini sethu, iphrofayli isifo yomdlavuza ezithinta uhlelo genitourinary, kungatholakala zonke lesine. Umdlavuza - isifo esiyingozi, nolaka, ehlasela umzimba womuntu. It is ithuthuka ngokushesha, kanye nomthelela emzimbeni uyozizwa kusukela ezinyangeni zokuqala zalesi sifo. ukwelashwa komdlavuza kulezi iziguli wenziwa khona ngaphansi kweso oncologist, Urologist. Kukhona isithombe ejwayelekile zesifo: igazi emchamweni, isitho ukungasebenzi, ukungakhululeki kanye nobuhlungu nezinso. Iziguli eziningi namuhla ziye zasiza izidakamizwa yokwelapha okubhekiswe. Ukuze uqonde imiphumela zokwelapha kungase kube into njengoba yimpumelelo, kudingeka siqonde indlela ye lezi zimali.

Isimiso: isimila ukukhula incike lemali izakhi kanye nowe-oxygen ukutholakala. Lokhu kusebenza ikakhulukazi ethintekile umdlavuza izinso. Izidakamizwa okubhekiswe zokwelapha ukufuna kuphela omdlavuza futhi senze ngokusekelwe izindlela yamangqamuzana lapho ukwabelana amaseli "okubi", ezivimbela isimila ukukhula uwuchithe. yokwelapha oluhlosiwe umdlavuza kwezinso has izinzuzo ezilandelayo:

- asikho isidingo hospitalize esigulini;
- amalungiselelo ingasetshenziswa for ekwelapheni asebekhulile;
- imithi eyeka cell division kanye nokukhula kwe-isimila;
- ukubonakaliswa side effects nje ngokwanele ukuba inciphise izidakamizwa yokuqothulwa.

Ukwelashwa Umdlavuza Wamaphaphu

Enye inkinga ezibalulekile emhlabeni of Oncology yasekhaya khulumela umdlavuza wamaphaphu. amakhemikhali ayingozi ezimbonini, ukubhema, carcinogens futhi nomthelela izifo ukusabalala wonke zamangqamuzana omdlavuza ephashini ukwakheka kwezicubu.

ukwelashwa okuqondiswe umdlavuza wamaphaphu kuyinto ekwelapheni eziyisisekelo futhi ethandwa kakhulu. Izidakamizwa ukuthi nomthelela ngempumelelo umdlavuza wamaphaphu, - inhibitor ka EGFR tyrosine kinases, okungukuthi, kusho "Erlotinib" futhi "Gefitinib." Futhi kuwufanele kokukhuluma amasosha omzimba monoclonal ngokumelene EGFR - «Tseruksimab" izidakamizwa "Panitumumab". diskomfotra Ubuncane nomphumela Kuyashesha kakhulu - ukuthi luwumgogodla eyinhloko izibuyekezo mayelana nokwelashwa.

umdlavuza isisu

umdlavuza esiswini libhekisela izifo nge Yiqiniso ezingezinhle kakhulu futhi umphumela. Lesi sifo ngokuvamile iqhubeka ngokushesha okukhulu. Okuhlangenwe nakho nesineke ubuhlungu futhi eziningi ngokuphazamiseka.

Bayanda, ochwepheshe bethu bendawo baqala ujike kule indlela yokwelashwa njengoba umdlavuza isisu yokwelapha Afunwayo. I ingashiwo izidakamizwa yimpumelelo kakhulu kusho "Imatinib" ( "Glivec") esetshenziselwa isimila conglomerates pheshana emathunjini. Lihlanganisa nokulungiselela "Rituximab", okuyinto ngempumelelo ikakhulukazi nomdlavuza esiswini, futhi uma kwenzeka lymphoma-non-Hodgkin sika. Futhi izidakamizwa "Herceptin", okuyinto inomthelela umdlavuza webele.

Afunwayo yokwelapha umdlavuza - emisha esiyingqayizivele. Lena elinye ithuba abantu ukuwina kubonakala okwamanje isigwebo sokufa - umdlavuza.