"Zubatovism" - is ... Kuyini "Zubatovism" emlandweni?

indima ebaluleke kakhulu eyadlalwa "Zubatovism" Emlandweni ukunyakaza Social-Democratic eRussia. Kuyini lokhu? Kwenzeka kanjani kusuka? Kungakhathaliseki osekunesikhathi? Lawa izindaba ezintathu eziyinhloko ezathonya ukuqhubeka inhliziyo Yokuvukela isimo ke monarchical.

Umqondo "Zubatovism" kafushane lichazwa ngokuthi isenzo umbuso Tsarist maqondana umbuzo zabasebenzi esavela eRussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX. It yayihloselwe ukuphambukisa uquqaba olukhulu lwabantu kusuka umzabalazo yezombangazwe engekho emthethweni ngenkathi amandla monarchical futhi ukuguqula le nhlangano ukuze ukunqunywa izimfuno kwezomnotho kuphela kuhulumeni. Bavelaphi "Zubatovism", kuyini futhi yiziphi izimbangela zalo? On ke ungafunda isihloko sethu esikhuluma ngaso.

definition

Okokuqala, kumele bavisise. Ngakho, "Zubatovism" - uhlobo umzabalazo wokulwa uhulumeni tsarist kule minyaka 1901-1903. umqalisi aso eqala, Isimanga siwukuthi, induna amaphoyisa imfihlo edolobheni laseMoscow SV Zubatov ngokusekelwa neziphathimandla.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, "Zubatovism" - umzamo inkanuko nguhulumeni Russia tsarist ukuphazamisa abantu kusukela emzabalazweni wamavukelambuso ngokumelene izinqubomgomo autocratic. Abantu baye bazama ukubandakanya ezinhlanganweni yokufakelwa abasebenzi monarchist '.

Futhi, "Zubatovism" - kuwuhlobo ekhethekile emzabalazweni ngawo uMbuso Russian wazama akuqede ithonya elikhulayo Democrats zomphakathi isigaba sabasebenzi.

ukuthola

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, inhloko yomnyango nokuvikeleka edolobheni laseMoscow kwaba Zubatov Sergey vasilevich. Kwaba sibonga kuye ababe kwambulwe futhi wabhubhisa eziningi ekhona ngesikhathi izinhlangano wamavukelambuso. Ngo-1896, abasebenzi wamaphoyisa omshoshaphansi wathola omunye izinkampani lokuqala amaqembu Social-yeningi, ngokuthi "eMoscow Workers 'Union, obadalwa ngokuhlanganisa imibuthano eziningana zezombusazwe.

Ngenxa yalokho we ngemibuzo icebo Kuboshwe Zubatov kulo kuqala enenkolelo yokuthi awavamile. Iqiniso lokuthi yonke iziboshwa angase ngamaqembu amabili. Omunye lalinabashumayeli nezihlakaniphi, abavukeli, kanti kwesinye - abasebenzi abavamile. Bonke babone ukuthi kwenzekani eceleni kwabo ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngakho, nezihlakaniphi babeyazi ukuthi kwalethwa ubulungiswa. Kodwa abasebenzi abakwazanga ukuthola ukuthi ncamashi ebekwa icala. Babona sisuke singekho isisusa esiqondakalayo zezombusazwe e izenzo zabo.

Qala of Social Democratic ukunyakaza

Qonda zonke Zubatov wasiza izincwadi ekhethekile. Singasho ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi wokuqala wathola khona mkhuba zenhlalo-yeningi. Wathola ukuthi, kusukela 1890s, izinhlangano eziningi aqala ukwamukela izimiso bakhi German.

Social Democrats German bakwazile ukuhlanganisa zibe munye izingxenye zezombangazwe Revolution izidingo zomnotho wezisebenzi. imfundiso yabo walala yokuthi ukufeza izimfuno zabo, bazokwazi kuphela ngokusebenzisa revolution nomphakathi. Kwakumelwe inkulumo-ze afundiswe ezindaweni zokusebenzela. Inhloso ye-Social Democrats kwaba ukuheha ezikhundleni zayo kusukela phakathi kwesigaba sabasebenzi ezisemadolobheni njengoba abantu abaningi kamuva liphenduke ibutho wamavukelambuso enamandla.

Umqondo Zubatov

Njengoba wazifunda izincwadi ekhethekile futhi eqaphela ingozi, zona ngokwazo pose nemigomo yentsandvo yelinyenti kwezenhlalo, inhloko yawo amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi eqonda Into esemqoka: ezinye izindlela zokucindezela ngeke futhi ngingafune kufeza lutho. Zubatov olwaluzoba buthaka ukunyakaza kuyoba kungenzeka kuphela uma, uma ususa ingxenye yayo esemqoka - isigaba sabasebenzi. Futhi ukufezekisa lokhu-ke kwakudingekile ukuba uhulumeni wamanje kakhulu abe esehlanganyela naye abantu asekelwe umzabalazo wabo izithakazelo kwezomnotho.

Ngakho-ke, ngo-Ephreli 1898 i-Zubatovs ihlanganiswa futhi sebethula iSikhulu Samaphoyisa D. F. Trepovu ezinye inothi. Kwaba Imininingwane ngempela enemininingwane mayelana uhlelo izinyathelo ukuze kulungiswe isimo sabasebenzi.

Kwalandela inothi umbiko phezu kwedeski soMbusi-Jikelele eMoscow, okuyinto Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich. Zubatov umqondo ethanda, futhi kokumvumela ukuqhuba tinhlelo tekufinyelela ebantfwini, ngoba abasebenzi.

umqondo

Nakuba kwenziwa ngemibuzo iziboshwa Zubatov wazama ukuveza ukuthi uhulumeni ayikanye isitha sabo, ngisho noma kwamakhosi kungenzeka ukufeza ezokwenelisa wonke izimfuno zabo zomnotho. Kodwa kudingeka wazi ukuthi umehluko phakathi ukunyakaza izinguquko kanye zokusebenza-class. Esimweni sokuqala kukhona izithakazelo yamaSoviet, inhloso yesibili imali.

Le ncazelo Zubatov kwadingeka impumelelo yayo. Eqiniseka ngamazwi, abantu baqala umkhankaso sesazulwini sawo, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana wathola lesi sikhalazo kuqala ku ukusungulwa umphakathi wabasebenzi.

eziyisisekelo

Ngakho, uMbuso Russian aqala ukulwa izinhlangano Social-Democratic insimu yalo ngawo kamuva yase yaziwa ngokuthi "Zubatovism". Kafushane ke kungenziwa ngokufingqiwe izigaba ezimbalwa.

● esikhundleni wamavukelambuso ku esekela imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Uma sokuqala sihilela kokugumbuqelwa ahlomile uhulumeni, wesibili akakubekezeleli udlame e nganoma iyiphi indlela, noma izinhlobo.

● Ukukhuthaza siyothola izinzuzo eziphelele zomhlatshelo autocracy ngokuphathelene nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana. Umbandela main wafakwa phambili ukuthi amakhosi ohlanga ngokwayo ithambekele ubulungiswa, ke luphambene nakho konke izenzo zobudlova.

● unokuqiniseka okuqinile ukuthi isinyathelo uphela ngokuphelele lapho amalungelo angene amandla amandla, isb. E. ukwedlulela umngcele ukuphi nangobudlova kungamukeleki. Zonke izinguquko kuleli zwe kumelwe zivela kuhulumeni, futhi kuphela kulo.

● Ukushona phakathi incazelo yokuthi umehluko ekhona phakathi izinguquko kanye ukunyakaza inyunyana. Amadili lokuqala nezinguquko enobudlova zonke izigaba, kanti eyesibili - kuphela ukumkhathalela.

ukuthuthukiswa traffic

Entwasahlobo ka-1901 ngemva kokuthola imvume iSikhulu Samaphoyisa Trepov iqembu izishoshovu eMoscow wadala "Society of mutual ukusebenza ukukhiqizwa lokukhanda." Zubatov enikeziwe nabo incwajana ekhethekile. Bakhuluma ngoZiqu-professional emzabalazweni wabasebenzi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngonyaka ofanayo eMoscow laqala ukuqhuba ukufundisa abantu, ubani lavuselelwa okukhulu. Zonke imihlangano yayiqhutshwa ngaphansi kweso Zubatov ejenti babeyazi zonke izenzakalo ezenzeka edolobheni.

Ngalesi sikhathi, uMkhandlu olukhethekile Abasebenzi yadalwa, okuyinto Wemukela izikhalo eziqhamuka kubantu kanye ukuvikela izithakazelo zabo uma noma ubani owenza umzamo ukuhlukunyezwa ngabantu abakhiqizi. Ngakho, Trepov nge Zubatovs asekelwe Council. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nabo ukukhiqiza ingcindezi abakhiqizi. Umphumela umsebenzi wabo owawuhlelwe esitelekeni usilika manufactory, olwadonsa inyanga yonke.

impumelelo enjalo runaway iNkampani, okuyinto uvikela izintshisekelo abasebenzi, waqala ukuthola izici edume ngempela. Ngemva kwalokho Zubatov ukunyakaza uye wakwenza cishe akunakwenzeka ukuba khona inkulumo-ze zenhlalo-yeningi eMoscow.

ukuqedwa

Ekuqaleni, imisebenzi yeNkampani baye baphumelela kakhulu, eziningi abasebenzi ezobuka le imihlangano. Kodwa ngo-1902 Social Democrats waqaphela izingozi ezibangelwa Zubatov ukunyakaza. Bafike basakaza khona amahemuhemu ukuthi inkampani - kungcono nje isicupho amaphoyisa, wadala ngenhloso eyodwa - ukuze kuhlonzwe abantu atikaneliseki ohlanga. La basebenzi, wabambisana Zubatovs, wathola isimo izitha, "Zubatovism" - kwencazelo "sicasulwa".

Social Democrats inkulumo-ze yaba nemiphumela emihle kakhulu, futhi inkampani entsha iye esikhonkwaneni. Manje lo profesa wenqaba abathethise emihlanganweni, ngoba baxwayiswa ukuthi uma uvumela ukuba ngayo bangatuswa ngokungahlonizi.

Entwasahlobo ka-1903 waqala isiteleka mass eningizimu yezwe, ephelezelwa emibhikishweni yezombangazwe. Ithonya Social Democrats waqiniswa ngokushesha. Ehlobo lika ngonyaka ofanayo, kwakusondela igagasi lokushisekela imiboniso ifinyelele nase-Odessa. Izibhelu wathatha ingxenye futhi "Zubatovites".

Against isizinda iziteleka okwandayo nokunganeliseki ifektri iziphathimandla kuphazamisa ubuhlobo bawo abasebenzi, uhulumeni anquma ukuba sisuke kuleli nezinqubomgomo zayo. Ngenxa yalokho, ehlobo lika-1903 zonke inhlangano Zubatov abasekho. Wona umqalisi bale nhlangano umiswe emsebenzini futhi kungakabiphi wayeseqhuba bathunjwe.

Ngakho-ke yini "Zubatovism" emlandweni? Kuyinto inqubomgomo okuthiwa socialism amaphoyisa. Injongo yalo kwakuwukulungisa ukubhodloza ukunyakaza abasebenzi 'zezombangazwe, ukudala izinhlangano ezingokomthetho elwa kuphela ukuze kufezwe izintandokazi kwezomnotho. Futhi nje, "Zubatovism" - kungcono nje show ukuvikela abantu kulawulwe ngokucophelela iziphathimandla kanye namaphoyisa.