Zubatov Sergey Vasilyevich (1864-1917): Biography. INhloko yoMnyango Special Russian Empire UMnyango Wamaphoyisa

Zubatov Sergey Vasilyevich (1864-1917 GG.) Ingabe uMdali simiso uphenyo zezombusazwe e-pre-wamavukelambuso Russia. Njengoba umphathi wamaphoyisa, wadala izinhlangano abasebenzi ngokomthetho ', ababizwa ngegama lakhe. Umsebenzi wakhe zisendaweni ebalulekile emlandweni yezenhlalakahle wezwe lakithi kwekhulunyaka. Kwezinyathelo ezathathwa kubo ukuthambisa ukushuba bangaphambi inguquko nomphakathi, kodwa, ngeshwa, azikwazanga ukuvimbela ukuqala yayo.

kweminyaka eminingi yocwaningo

Zubatov Sergey vasilevich wazalelwa emndenini lo mphathi. Uyise labetibambile izikhundla eziphakeme ekuphathweni eMoscow. Le nsizwa wayefunda ezikoleni zamabanga aphakeme, lapho wathumba imibono wamavukelambuso ngisho wadala umbuthano ngokwaphula kwakhe siqu nihilists. Wayelethwa imatasa self-imfundo, ugxile ikakhulu imisebenzi abalobi lokukholisa sezenhlalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, intsha wakhuthaza imibono nihilistic phakathi abafundi, sase sachithwa ngesikhathi ekufuna kayise okuyiwona.

Ubuhlobo wabaholi

Zubatov Sergey vasilevich ngemva kokuqedwa ngempoqo izifundo zakhe zaba isisebenzi ehhovisi eMoscow. Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu kwaba umsebenzi wakhe umtapo yangasese, okuyinto wawuvinjelwe futhi ikhishwe esiKhwameni kwegazi izincwadi. Abavukeli abasha babe izivakashi zayo njalo, okwaholela rapprochement yabo. Nokho Zubatov akazange ukwabelana ngemibono yabo kanye nemibono, njengoba kubhekwe yena lweli imibono Pisarev, ngenkathi abangane bakhe wabe ukubukwa zezombusazwe populists. Noma kunjalo, wayelokhu exhumana nomunye. Nokho, esikhathini esithile kamuva wabekwa icala elala Abavukeli. Khona-ke Zubatov Sergey vasilevich ukuthi eqinisweni, yilokho umsekeli umbuso samanje, futhi ukufakazela akanacala wathatha yokuzingela zonke labo e ngandlela-thile exhunywe ngemibuthano ngomshoshaphansi.

Inguquko kusevisi imfihlo

Kusukela 1886 kuya 1887 wasebenza ngaphansi sama-abazingeli phansi izinguquko of the People. Sibambe bayakwethemba futhi babanike izinkonzo ezihlukahlukene, Zubatov kwaveza imisebenzi emikhulu izinhlangano ngomshoshaphansi. Nokho, maduze nje yembula yabatshela provocateur. amalungu omunye eqenjini ngisho yanquma ukuba bambulale. Khona-ke, iziphathimandla wamcela ukuba ngokusemthethweni baya emaphoyiseni, okuyinto kwenzekeni ngo-1889. Lo msebenzi, wathi, kumbangela ubunzima obukhulu ukuthi kungenzeka kubangelwa umdlalo esenzeka kanye nje kuphela imibono izinguquko.

Imisebenzi kule umnyango wezokuphepha

Ngekhulu le-19, noma kunalokho, ingxenye yayo yesibili, kwaba sokuthuthwa kwempahla Wabantu Will ukunyakaza, ukwakha izinhlangano komhlaba owahlela ukubulawa futhi babelungiselela olwathatha ahlomile. Esimeni semakhaya ukukhula ngendlela engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili ukuthandwa ukubukwa sezenhlalo ukubhekana amalungu amakilabhu imfihlo sebuqala. Nokho Zubatov abasebenza eMoscow UMnyango Wamaphoyisa, wakwazi ukukhulisa umsebenzi inhlangano ezingeni eliphakeme. Mhlawumbe isizathu umsebenzi wakhe ngempumelelo itholakala lokuthi ukuthi wayekhetha lokukholisa izinyathelo ingajezisa. Zonke iziboshwa Abavukeli wayeqhuba umsebenzi yamaSoviet, abaningi kwenza ukuba side bakhe, kuyilapho abanye ebekela ukuba semthethweni endleleni abayikhethile. Ngekhulu le-19 leminyaka lapho intsha zazikholelwa ngobuqotho ukuthi ngosizo umzabalazo wetikhali bangazuza Russia. Nokho Zubatov ubabonisa ukuthi le njongo efanayo ingatholakala abasebenza iziphathimandla. Ngakho wakwazi ukwakha inethiwekhi ejenti ayo, okuyinto wasebenza kahle. Ngosizo emiphakathini eminingi imfihlo, Sivikele umzamo wokungena yakhishelwa. Yenzani izinto ngasese eMoscow kwakuyingozi. Ngemva kwesikhashana Zubatov ngo-1896 kwaba amaphoyisa main imfihlo.

On the post main

Inhlangano, okuyinto waqondisa, ngqo subordinated emnyangweni ekhethekile, okuyinto wawuyingxenye womnyango wamaphoyisa of the Empire, Russian. Umsebenzi yalolu phiko wawuyingxenye ekulweni imibono wamavukelambuso ezweni. It eyingoduso ekutadisheni kwemizwelo wokutadisha intsha, yaqondisa izisebenzi, ukudalula ubugebengu zezombusazwe. Zubatov esungulwe imisebenzi eMnyangweni wakhe imodeli European. He qamba uhlelo ejenti yasekhaya kodwa futhi angaphandle hhayi kuphela. abantu bakhe babesebenza hhayi kuphela e Moscow kodwa kulo lonke izwe, ukuzingela phansi zokuyithena amakilabhu komhlaba kanye nezinhlangano. uphenyo Political uvusiwe ezingeni elisha. Ngakho, Zubatov udale iqembu elikhethekile abaseshi ngubani amatasa ethungatha phansi Abantu ezweni lonke. Ngenxa yalokho, le nhlangano phendla hhayi kuphela e Moscow kodwa futhi inhloko-dolobha, Minsk.

Umqondo yokudala izinhlangano abasebenzi ngokomthetho '

Ekupheleni kwekhulu, iziphathimandla eMoscow abhekene ukunyakaza yesigaba sabasebenzi. Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga Zubatov bajwayelane izincwadi ekhethekile futhi wathola ukuthi le nkinga ingaxazululeka uma ukulawula izinhlangano zabasebenzi. Ngo 1898 wethula uhlelo lwakhe lokufundisa abantu inhloko project amaphoyisa Trepov futhi wathola imvume yokuqhuba umsebenzi ngemibono phakathi izimo zokusebenza disaffected abampofu. Ingqikithi isinyathelo Zubatov kwaba okulandelayo: isidingo ukukholisa abasebenzi bakwazi ukufeza izimfuno zabo futhi nguhulumeni tsarist, nokuthi ukuze bathuthukise ukuphila kwabo lokho akusho ukuthi afeze revolution kwezenhlalo, njengoba kudingwa yi-mbono Marxists. Zubatov isinyathelo ngakho skilfully lokuthi wayekwazi ukuyenga ukukukhuthaza wengxenye ngokunemba okukhulu lwesigaba sabasebenzi, futhi wamvumela ukuba uqhubeke nenhlangano Izinyunyana abasebenzi esemthethweni 'ngaphansi kokulawula neziphathimandla.

Jobe Petersburg

Ngo-1902, isigaba esisha emsebenzini wakhe zezombusazwe, washintshelwa Petersburg esimisiwe yoMnyango Special wathi. Ngesikhathi okuthunyelwe Zubatov waqokwa ngesiphakamiso we uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi Plehve, ongahambisani umbono wakhe ngale sidzingo setingucuko sina ofinyelela kude ukuze kuvinjelwe ukwanda kokukhiqizwa, kodwa wakuthola kudingekile ukuphathisa kuye nale isikhundla esibalulekile. Umsebenzi omusha Zubatov baqhubeka kabusha kohlelo amaphoyisa zezombusazwe. He qamba a Amahhovisi ekhethekile ukuphepha kulo lonke leli zwe, okuyinto wahola abantu bakhe aqotho angebona abajwayelene nendlela yokusebenza yakhe yokwenza umsebenzi okuphenya.

ukwesula

Njengoba kwanda Zubatov wathola isihloko zokuhlonipha "umeluleki enkantolo." Nokho, nje konyaka ekuphileni kwakhe wathatha nezinguquko ezingalindelekile futhi kubuhlungu ngempela. Iqiniso lokuthi yena Plehve asikwazanga ukuthola ulimi ezivamile ngenxa yokwanda umehluko phakathi kwabo. Zubatov baqhubeka ukugcizelela isidingo sokuguquka, futhi likangqongqoshe wezangaphakathi wazama ukuqinisa ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu. Kuleli phansi nokuphikiswa yafinyelela Sergey Witte, nabo ngisho uzungu bayeke Pleven. Nokho, uhlelo uyaziwa Zubatov ngokushesha basuswa ezihlalweni zabo eziphakemeyo. Waya eMoscow, futhi ukusuka lapho saya uVladimir. Ngemuva yafakwa ngeso elibukhali, wayenokuqonda futhi akavunyelwe ukwenza ukuxhumana nozakwabo yakhe yangaphambili. Nokho, umeluleki enkantolo umhlalaphansi, waba avuselelwa, ngemuva kokuthi kubulawe Plehve. UNgqongqoshe omusha Wezangaphakathi Svyatopolk-Mirsky wayefuna ukubuyela ehhovisi, kodwa wenqaba.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Ngemva ukuthethwa yicala, wabuyela eMoscow futhi waqala imisebenzi lesibonwa. Uye ezinyatheliswa komagazini monarchist, kodwa kamuva wangena ukuxhumana ne Burtsev, okwakuthiwa aluthembekile kakhulu. Yena okwakwenqatshelwe silondoloze ubuhlobo naye. Eminyakeni embalwa ezayo Zubatov mina engakathenjiswa umshado kwezombusazwe, olulandela ngentuthuko kuphela. Lapho ezwa abdication kombusi ngo-1917, wabe esemdubula yena.

misebenzi

Esikhathini emlandweni wezwe lakithi, le ndoda weza endaweni yokuqala, njengoba umhleli futhi umdali izinhlangano zabasebenzi professional, ogama Injongo kwakuwukwakha balwele amalungelo abo ngokusebenzisa lomthetho futhi enokuthula. kwamiswa Iqembu lokuqala ngo-1901. Ezincwadini zomlando lesi simanga kwahlanganiswa ngaphansi kwegama Zubatov futhi "Zubatovism", futhi leligama ngokuvamile beqonda ngomqondo bhinqa phakathi kwabantu besikhathi sakhe. Nokho, Sergey waqonda ukubaluleka isigaba sabasebenzi, futhi wayekholelwa ukuthi ukusabalala kwemibono sezenhlalo phakathi kungaholela nemiphumela eyingozi. Ngakho-ke, wayefuna ukubeka embuthweni wezabasebenzi ngaphansi kokulawula neziphathimandla futhi amaphoyisa. Ngokwengxenye akwenzayo, kodwa ke ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuphikiswa Plehve waphoqeleka ukuba kuphele imisebenzi. Izenzo zakhe nezinhlangano bavame ngokuthi amaphoyisa ndawonye, nakuba Zubatov ophika a ekwakhiweni ezinjalo. Waphawula ukuthi, kunalokho, nobunzima imibono sezenhlalo nokuthi ukukhuthazwa wakhe kusekelwe isidingo sokuthuthukisa sokusebenzela yangasese. Wabuye waveza ukuthi ingxenye amaphoyisa akuzange wadlala indima juqu imisebenzi yayo. Ngokusho kwakhe, kwakudingeka kube ikhava okwesikhathi nokubambisana ngempumelelo ngaphezulu neziphathimandla. Noma kunjalo Zubatov ngokuvamile wagxeka sokunene nesobunxele, naphezu incazelo yakhe.