Yamanje futhi ithule Icelandic intabamlilo

Kubantu abaningi, umqondo wegama elithi "Intaba-mlilo" lihlotshaniswa entabeni ende, kusuka phezulu lapho igesi ngokulambisa esibhakabhakeni Fountain, umlotha futhi umlilo, namathafa, nemithambeka zigcwele lava red-hot. izintaba-mlilo-Irish phezu Classic like kancane. Okude basuke Iningi akuzona umxhwele. Kuphela amanye "baweqile" uphawu 2 km, lonke agcinwa ngaphakathi 1-1.5 km, futhi abaningi ngisho kancane. Ngokwesibonelo, hverfjall, Eldfedl, Surtsey ngokulambisa basilalelwe e ukuphakama amamitha angamakhulu amaningana, iwumphumela amagquma abavamile. Kodwa lezi ekudalweni ezibonakala enokuthula nokulondeka of Mother Nature, empeleni kungaletha enkingeni engengaphansi kwengu-edumile yaseNtabeni Etna noma iVesuvius. Sinikeza ukubazi nabo asiqale ezweni lakubo.

Lesi siqhingi ezinzima

Nature uthanda lezimanga. Ngokwesibonelo, esiqhingini Iceland, uye wadala, nokuvusa ocean we-Atlantic Ridge, lapho nje endaweni a suture omkhulu zomhlaba. Wakhe amapuleti lithospheric, enye yazo kuyisisekelo Eurasia, kanti eyesibili - eNyakatho Melika, kuze kube manje kancane kancane washintsha, kanjalo yokugqugquzela ukuvivinya sentaba-mlilo-Icelandic. kuqhuma ezincane nezinkulu kuyenzeka mayelana njalo eminyakeni 4-6.

Isimo sokukhululeka ngokwenkolo Iceland, banikezwe budebuduze nendawo yayo kwe-Arctic Circle, angabizwa ngokuthi esithambile. A Ehlobo efudumele lapha Nokho, kungenzeki. Kodwa ebusika nokhahlo futhi ezingajwayelekile, kodwa eziningi kwezulu uwela. Kunengqondo izimo ezikahle ngokungavamile zezinhlobo ezahlukene izimila kufanele kube lapha buyat nge amandla kumnandi. Kodwa eqinisweni 3/4 lesi siqhingi futhi lisendaweni enamadwala, kwezinye izindawo embozwe wona kanye namakhambi ezingavamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, the amakhilomitha square 103 000 mayelana 12.000 elalihlala izinguzunga zeqhwa. Nayi landscape yemvelo ezungeze intabamlilo Icelandic nihlobise nemithambeka yabo. Ngaphezu iso ebonakalayo, azungeze lesi siqhingi okuningi kwezintaba-mlilo, ukucasha nge ungqimba amanzi abanda njengeqhwa abanga ulwandle. Bonke ngothi lwabo abale cishe ziyikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu, kuhlanganise 26 ezisebenza.

izici geological

Ukuma mlilo Icelandic kukhona lilidlula izihlangu. Bakha lava ketshezi ngokuphindaphindiwe kusakazwe ebusweni ingaphakathi emhlabeni. Lezi okwakheke rock isimo isihlangu ayizindunduma nge emithambekeni sasivumela emnene. izihloko zazo zobukhosi bethwele nemiqhele asemigodini, futhi ngokuvamile okuthiwa mgodi emelela imicengezi omkhulu nge phansi ucishe flat futhi izindonga evele aphule. Caldera ubukhulu ulinganiswa amakhilomitha, futhi ukuphakama izindonga - namakhulu kwamamitha. Isihlangu izintaba-mlilo bavame abaphila ngenxa ukuthululwa kwalezi lava. Umphumela uyisihlangu enkulu mlilo, okuyinto kulesi siqhingi ye-Iceland. Basuke eyakhiwa ikakhulu yamadwala basaltic ukuthi zincibilike welulele njengamanzi.

Ngaphandle isihlangu, e-Iceland khona stratovolcanoes. Lawa anomqondo ukuma Isigaxa nge emithambekeni steeper njengoba lava iqhuma kusukela viscous zabo, osemanzi ngokushesha, ngaphambi kokuba imidlalo ngezinyawo amakhilomitha amaningi. Isibonelo esimangalisayo lolu hlobo is kumiswa intabamlilo Hekla Iceland noma isb Askja ezaziwayo.

Ngendawo ukuhlukanisa ubuso, kwamanzi nangaphansi-ice okwakheke rock, futhi "ophilayo" - ithule futhi esebenzayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ziningi izintaba-mlilo encane yodaka ichitha lava akuyona, futhi amagesi nokungcola.

"Isango isihogo"

intabamlilo Ngakho ebizwa eseningizimu ye-Iceland, ebizwa ngokuthi Hekla. He kubhekwa omunye esebenzayo kakhulu kusukela kuqhuma kuyenzeka cishe njalo 50 iminyaka. Isikhathi sokugcina kwenzeka ekupheleni Februwari 2000. Hekla ubukeka ngokubabazekayo Isigaxa ezimhlophe, egijimela esibhakabhakeni. Ngesimo kuba stratovolcano, futhi ngokwesimo sawo iyingxenye zokhahlamba, okuyinto ibanga-40 km. Konke choppy, kodwa kubonisa umsebenzi eliphakeme endaweni ufa Geklugya ubude 5.500 m, enomnikazi Hecla. Nge-Iceland leli gama lingase lihunyushwe ngokuthi "hood nejazi." Ingabe igama intabamlilo kwaba iqiniso lokuthi phezulu kwalo futhi ngokuvamile limbozwa ngamafu. Manje kwemithambeka Hekla cishe esingaphili kodwa leso sikhathi nezihlahla, utshani babhikisha. Esikhathini esingeside esidlule, izwe zaqala ekubuyiseleni lo intabamlilo nezilwane, ikakhulukazi neminyezane futhi birches.

Yomsebenzi zokuzamazama komhlaba endaweni baye bahlupheka ngokuphindaphindiwe kusukela Iceland. Mount Hekla intabamlilo (ngokososayensi) ngenkuthalo ikhafule lava ku surface eMhlabeni isivele iminyaka 6600 ubudala. Ngokutadisha kwezakhi mlilo, izazi zokuzamazama komhlaba wathola ukuthi kuqhuma esiqine kwenzeka lapha isikhawu kusuka 950 iminyaka 1150. BC. Ngu ubuningi umlotha ukhiphe emkhathini lapho wanikwa 5 amaphuzu aphume 7 kungenzeka. Amandla kuqhuma kwakusobala kangangokuthi eminyakeni embalwa lehla izinga lokushisa emoyeni ukuthi aseNyakatho Nenkabazwe Zomhlaba. Imibhalo emidala kunayo yonke kuqhuma bodokotela ngezinye Hekla kwenzeka ngo 1104, futhi isikhathi eside - ngo-1947. Lo mbuso waqhubeka ubusa ngaphezu konyaka. Ngokujwayelekile, ukuqhuma Hekla zonke esiyingqayizivele, zonke ezahlukene. Iphethini lapha, eyodwa kuphela - isikhathi eside le ntaba-mlilo olalayo, okudlangile ezingaphezulu.

Askja

Enye "izivakashi" eziningi bese ibhekwa enhle kunazo lena intabamlilo etholakala engxenyeni esempumalanga yalesi siqhingi, ku Vatnajökull National Park, yaqanjwa yeqhwa omkhulu (kwekulu Iceland, kanti eyesithathu emhlabeni kule inkomba). Askja isezingeni usiko enyakatho futhi engamboziwe nge ice. Yena kunqoba ithafa at 1510 metres uphinde uthele kancane idume amachibi - ezinkulu nezincane Eskyuvati Viti, uvele lo mgodi ngenxa ukuqhuma Askja ngo-1875. Eskyuvati nge mayelana 220 amamitha ejulile echibini ejulile kuleli zwe. Viti ezincane kakhulu - kuphela afika kwangu-7 amamitha ukujula. Lidonsa amakhulu izivakashi engavamile Milky nombala oluhlaza njengesibhakabhaka yamanzi kanye neqiniso lokuthi lokushisa yayo ongasukuma degrees 60 Celsius futhi ungalokothi lehla ngezansi degrees 20. Viti esibukweni cishe ngokuphelele round, kanye namabhange ephakeme kakhulu (50 m) kanye emaweni. I-engela emthambekeni mkhulu kunezinhliziyo 45 degrees. Lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi Icelandic "Viti" kusho "isihogo", esizwa iphunga ezazihlala zikhona sulphur lapha. Lokhu kuqhuma lokugcina intabamlilo Icelandic Askja kwenzeka ngo-1961, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ulele, nakuba kubhekwa evumelekile. It akazange okwesabisa ezivakashela Askew asebenzayo ukuze kukhona ngisho egandayiwe izintaba umzila 2, no-8 km kusuka izitsha mgodi eyakhelwe amatende.

Bárðarbunga

Igama intabamlilo Icelandic Bárðarbunga ngokuvamile esifushanisiwe ukuze Bárðarbunga. Kwakubonakala egameni Baurdur. Yileso igama elilodwa lezifiki yalesi siqhingi, ngokusobala wahlala kulezi zindawo, njengoba ihunyushwe kusukela Icelandic "Bárðarbunga" lasendulo kusho "amagquma Baurdura". Manje kuyathandeka eyihlane, futhi ihlane, azulazule lapha abazingeli kuphela kodwa izivakashi, futhi ngisho nangalesosikhathi kuphela ehlobo. Le ntaba-mlilo kuyinto Aski umakhelwane, kodwa itholakala eningizimu nje, nje ngaphansi emaphethelweni Vatnajökull yeqhwa. Lena kuqhathaniswa ephezulu (2009 m) stratovolcano ngezikhathi 'uyothandeka "nokuqhuma yayo. Enye yezinhlangano ezinkulu kunazo, wathola 6 amaphuzu, kwenzeka ngo 1477.

I last "iqhinga" intaba-mlilo Icelandic Bárðarbunga kabi ashaywa nezinzwa izakhamizi lingasempumalanga yalesi siqhingi, ikakhulukazi abasebenzi yezindiza. Ngo-1910 kwakungekho mlilo, kodwa hhayi ikakhulukazi eqinile ke entabeni iconsi selehlile. Futhi manje, ngemva kokuphenywa kwecala cishe eyikhulu, okungukuthi ngo-2007, izazi zokuzamazama komhlaba ziye zaphawula umsebenzi wayo futhi, okuyinto liyakhula kancane kancane. sifinyelele sokulinda esiphezulu kusukela ngomzuzu kuya ngomzuzu.

ukuqhuma

Ngasekuqaleni kwehlobo lika-ka 2014 amathuluzi eqoshiwe ukunyakaza okuphawulekayo magma ekamelweni Bárðarbunga. Agasti 17, intaba-mlilo yendawo endaweni iphutha ukuzamazama ukuphoqa 3.8 amaphuzu, futhi mhlaka 18 ezidlula lande laba ngu-4.5 amaphuzu. Ingabe kwenziwe esimweni esiphuthumayo kwezakhamuzi amadolobha aseduze nabahambi, bavala nemigwaqo ingxenye, Wamemezela ophuzi ikhodi ngokuba izindiza. Lokhu kuqhuma intaba-mlilo Icelandic Bárðarbunga waqala 23. Ikhodi Color ngokushesha washintsha ibe bomvu, zonke izindiza phezu kwendawo wawuvinjelwe. Nakuba ukuzamazama ukuphoqa 4,9-5,5 amaphuzu baqhubeka, isengozini ngokukhethekile ukuthi indiza azange abe, futhi ntambama umbala ikhodi washintsha ukuze orange. 29, magma yavela. It elachithwa kusukela wentaba intaba-mlilo futhi lisakazeka maqondana Aski, wahlukana yeqhwa. Ikhodi Color ngaphinda ibe bomvu, wayeka zonke izindiza phezu intabamlilo, okuyinto kakhulu nzima umsebenzi izindiza. Njengoba magma esakaza ngokuthula kusihlwa ikhodi umbala 29 futhi sehliselwe orange. Ngo-Agasti 31 ngesikhathi 7 ekuseni kusukela ngaphambili sekuvele iphutha magma wachitheka ngomfutho ovuselelwe. Ububanzi ukugeleza baso bafinyelela 1 km ubude - 3 km. Ikhodi bomvu ngokuphindaphindiwe kusihlwa bawela orange. Kulo moya, ukuqhuma waqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari 2015, ngemuva kwalokho intabamlilo waqala ukuzumeka. Emva kwezinsuku 16 izivakashi baphuthuma lapha futhi.

Eyjafjallajökull

Kahle ukuphimisela igama sentaba-mlilo-Icelandic can% 0,005 kuphela Earthlings. Eyjafjallajökull - into eduze "iqiniso" kule nguqulo Russian. Nakuba lokhu intabamlilo Itholakala iningizimu yesiqhingi (125 km kusuka Reykjavik), kwakuthiwa imbozwe yeqhwa, okwakunginika igama eziyinkimbinkimbi efanayo. Ice ndawo abangaphezulu kuka-100 amakhilomitha square. Phezu ke ungumthombo emfuleni Skougau, futhi ngezansi nje wendlale phansi ezikhangayo izivakashi kanye nezimpophoma skógafoss Kvernyuvoss. ukuqhuma okuningi noma zincane sentaba-mlilo-Icelandic Eyjafjallajökull kwenzeka e 1821. Yize wahlala cishe 13 izinyanga, izinkinga, ngaphandle incibilikiswa we yeqhwa, awufikanga, kusukela ngegalelo lako akazange idlule 2 amaphuzu. Lokhu intabamlilo waba njengomuntu othembekile kangangokuthi ngezinye emkhawulweni wayo oseningizimu ngisho wasungula skógar emzaneni. Kungazelelwe, ngo-March 2010, i-Eyjafjallajökull futhi ngiphaphama. Esempumalanga kwakukhona ingxabano imitha-500, kusuka lapho emoyeni sathandwa umlotha amakilabhu. Kwaba phezu kuka-May. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukushuba kuqhuma safinyelela 4 amaphuzu. Manje emithambekeni intabamlilo embozwe kungekho iqhwa, futhi izimila eziluhlaza. Abaningi banesithakazelo, kumuphi umuzi Icelandic esiseduze intabamlilo Eyjafjallajökull. Kube ingashiwo emzaneni skógar, ababebalelwa amaningi njengoba 25 abantu. Kube sekulandela edolobhaneni Holt, bese Hvolsvyulur Selfoss edolobheni, esisogwini entabeni mayelana 50 km.

Katla

Lokhu intabamlilo itholakala km 20 nje kusukela Eyjafjallajökull kumatasa ngaphezulu. ukuphakama Its 1512 metres, futhi ukuvama nokuqhuma - kusukela eminyakeni engu-40. Njengoba Katla ngokwengxenye ezimboziwe yeqhwa Myurdalsyokudl, umsebenzi wayo igcwele ukuncibilika iqhwa nezikhukhula ezenzeka esikhathini 1755 m 1918 m, futhi 2011 m. Futhi ngesikhathi sokugcina kwaba okuhlanganisa indawo ebanzi kangako, ukuthi acekela phansi kwebhuloho phezu komfula Mulakvisl futhi zalimaza imigwaqo. Ososayensi baye ncamashi luthole ukuthi ukuqhuma we-Icelandic intabamlilo Eyjafjallajökull njalo iyona Umfutho umsebenzi Katla. Kunoma ikuphi, iphethini esinjalo yabonakala ngonyaka 920.

Surtsey

izintaba-mlilo eziqhumayo e-Iceland kakhulu wusizo Iceland. Asiza ekucebiseni zwe futhi etholakala zemvelo olwenzeka endaweni iziphethu zabo asetshenziswa ukufudumeza amakhaya, zokugcina, amachibi okubhukuda. Kodwa akugcini lapho. Izintaba-mlilo e Iceland ukwandisa izwe! Isikhathi sokugcina kwenzeka ngo-November 1963. Khona-ke, ngemuva ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo ngaphansi kwamanzi oluseningizimu-esentshonalanga yalesi siqhingi, endaweni entsha ezweni elalibizwa ngokuthi Syurtseem. Yena wayengumbulali Nature Reserve esiyingqayizivele, lapho abacwaningi ukulandelela ukuvela ukuphila. Owabe lokuqala ngokuphelele esingaphili Surtsey manje uqhosha hhayi kuphela wona kanye ulele, ngisho izimbali nezihlahla, elaqala isidleke izinyoni. Manje bheka senza ubukele ama-gull, ahlanzekile agcwele izinhlanzi namahansi, razorbills, shearwaters, ama-puffin, nabanye. Syurtseya ukuphakama 154 metres, endaweni - 1.5 q. km, futhi namanje kuyaqhubeka kukhula. He is ingxenye neketanga mlilo kwamanzi ka Vestmannaeyjar.

Esja

Lokhu intabamlilo yokuqothulwa idume yokuthi ngezinye unyawo lwayo iyinhloko-dolobha ye isimo - Reykjavik. Lapho kuqhuma i-Icelandic intabamlilo Esja okokugcina, kunzima ukusho, kodwa lokhu akuzange anakekele. Intaba-mlilo kabani isiqongo iyabonakala kusukela cishe noma kuphi kuleli dolobha, abathandwa bonke abakhileyo kulo, futhi ethandwa kakhulu ezivakashini, abaqwali nabahluleli bonke ubuhle ngokhahlo nemvelo. Intaba ububanzi, ingxenye okuyinto Esja, iqala ngaphezu dolobha Fjord afinyelela ku-National Park Thingvellir. Ukuphakama intabamlilo - mayelana 900 amamitha, futhi amagquma ayo kukhona igcwele izihlahla kanye izimbali, kukhona olunothile kakhulu.

Lucky

Lokhu intabamlilo isihlangu kuyigugu we National Park Skaftafell. Itholakala ngasedolobheni ngagama elula Kirkyubeyarklaustur. Varnishes wesifunda kufakwe izintaba-mlilo-Icelandic 25 km ubude, eyakhiwa 115 asemigodini. Izintaba-mlilo Katla futhi Grimsvotn - futhi izixhumanisi zalolu chungechunge. Ukuphakama asemigodini ngokuyinhloko encane, mayelana 800-900 amamitha. Lucky wentaba amanga endaweni ethile phakathi phakathi zeqhwa - Vatnajökull omkhulu futhi mýrdalsjökull elincane. He kubhekwa esebenzayo kodwa kakade eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-200, akukho izinkinga.

Grimsvotn

Lokhu intabamlilo kuyinto wesifunda vertex esakhiwa varnishes. Ukuphakama esiqondile ke, akekho owaziyo. Abanye bacabanga ngayo amamitha 970 nje, kanti abanye ukubeka inombolo at 1725 amamitha. Ubukhulu wentaba-mlilo futhi kunzima ukunquma, kusukela kuqhuma ngalinye kakhulu anda. Igama elithi "Grimsvotn" in Icelandic kusho "amanzi Murky". Kwakubonakala, kungenxa yokuthi ngemva iqhume ukuncibilika ingxenye ezinye ice Vatnajökull ngalo ihlanganisa. Grimsvotn cishe esebenzayo kakhulu enhlonhlweni, njengoba icushiwe njalo eminyakeni 3-10. Ngigcine lokhu kwenzeka ngo-2011, ama-21 kuMrhayili. Intuthu nomlotha, wakhipha kusukela wentaba bayo, abese akhwela esibhakabhakeni ngamakhilomitha angu-20. izindiza eziningi abangu kukhanselwe, hhayi kuphela e-Iceland kodwa futhi e-UK, Norway, Denmark, eScotland ngisho eJalimane.

Lokhu kuqhuma ebulalayo

Lucky okwamanje ethulile nokuzola. Yena eshubile ezingavamile, kodwa njengoba besho, ushaye emhloleni. Ngo 1783, waphinda siphaphama intabamlilo e Iceland - Lucky - united amandla kungokwamademoni nomakhelwane wayo Grimsvotn futhi olubilayo lava ukugeleza hit komakhelwane. Ubude emfuleni evuthayo km phezu 130. Yena, oniselwa yonke into esendleleni yawo, zisakazwa indawo 565 km ^2. Emoyeni, njengendawo yabafileyo, swirled evala ezinobuthi of sasekhaya nesibabule. Ngenxa yalokho, izinkulungwane izilwane zabulawa, cishe zonke izinyoni nezinhlanzi endaweni. Kusukela okushisa aphakeme zaqala ukugcwala amanzi eqhweni, amanzi abo agcwala esingavunyelwe zishiswe. Kubikwa ukuthi lokhu kuqhuma wabulala 1/5 abantu bakuleli zwe, futhi inkungu elikhazimulayo, ekubhekile konke ehlobo, ngisho Melika, ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa kule yonke Nenkabazwe le planethi, okubangela indlala emazweni amaningi. Kubikwa ukuthi lokhu kuqhuma kubhekwa ukuqothulwa kakhulu emlandweni weminyaka engu-1000 Zomhlaba.

Öræfajökull

Nampa, intaba-mlilo-Icelandic. Qeda indaba yethu ngendatjana Ngifuna Öræfajökull, elikhulu kunawo wonke esiqhingini. Ukuthi indawo ephakeme Iceland - Hvannadalshnjukur ezimatasa. Intaba-mlilo itholakala esiqiwini imvelo Skaftafell. Ukuphakama lokhu giant - 2119 amamitha, mgodi yayo akuyona round, efana nezinye izinhlangano eziningi ezifanayo, bese unxande ne izinhlangothi 4 no-5 km. Öræfajökull kubhekwe esebenzayo, kodwa kuqhuma zalo zokugcina laqedwa ngo-May 1828, futhi waze akazihluphi ubani - izindleko imbozwe yiqhwa, futhi bayahlonishwa ngenxa yobuhle balo nabo ezintabeni ezimazombezombe.