Uyini Isakhiwo esiphakeme kunazo zonke e-New York City?

Kuze kube manje, kwenkululeko ekwakheni yesiteleka ngempela. izakhiwo Modern ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba babe nezinkolelo ezihlukahlukene, ezinobukhulu, kanye ungandiza phezulu kakhulu, ngokoqobo selingene shí amafu. Kodwa kuqala umhlaba wokwakha ephezulu liphumele ngakwesokudla kuyinto New York. Lona idolobha kakhulu, uhambo ezingasetshenziswa ngokuphepha kubhekwe ephelele ngaphandle kokuvakashela platform okungenani oyedwa wokubuka. izakhiwo eziningi abade e-New York babe ezisekelweni wokubuka ekhethekile esisogwini izitezi noma ngqo ophahleni. Kusobala ukuthi nalezi izakhiwo obumangalisayo ukubukwa komuzi nezindawo ezizungezile. Uyini Isakhiwo esiphakeme kunazo zonke e-New York City? Lokhu uzofunda ngokufunda isihloko. Izithombe wobuciko ezakhiwe ayatholakala.

Ukuqala ukwakhiwa

New York ingenye yamadolobha ugcwale kakhulu e-US. Kodwa eside ngaphambi kokuthola lesi sihloko lapha waqala umjaho ukuze kwakhiwe namabhilidi. Okwesikhathi esithile edolobheni saphela ukuze ubambe iqhaza kulo uhlanga engavamile, okuyinto ehlangene le nhlekelele-September 11, 2001, lapho amaphekula izakhiwo esiphakeme kunazo zonke ezibhujisiwe e-New York - kwemibhoshongo lomthala-World Trade Center. Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ukwakhiwa ephezulu liphumele wamiswa futhi entendeni waphendukela amazwe Arab kanye China. Namuhla isimo uyashintsha ngendlela enhle: a namabhilidi ambalwa ezakhiwa emva 2014, umuzi owakhiwe aphakeme yokuhlala isakhiwo eliphezulu liphumele emhlabeni. Njengomthetho, izakhiwo okusezingeni eliphezulu elalihlala eziyinxanxathela, amahhotela, amahhovisi kanye nezikhungo efanayo.

Ngakho, umlando ukwakhiwa kwamabhilidi amade e-New York City iqala 1890, lapho ekwakhiweni imitha-106 "I-New York Worley Isakhiwo" sekuphothuliwe. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi le akuyona skyscraper lokuqala kuleli dolobha, kodwa kwaba yena ngubani wawudlula ukuphakama Church of the zintathu, ogama Spire ifinyelela 87 amamitha ngaphezu kolwandle. Kwaphela isikhathi eside, "Inkokhelo Umhlaba" kwaqhubeka Isakhiwo esiphakeme kunazo zonke kuleli dolobha. Kuphela 1899 kwakukhona design ephakeme. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi manje le izakhiwo ephezulu liphumele abekho, ngoba ngo-1955 ladilizwa ukunweba indlela eya Brooklyn Bridge.

Ngemva kwalokho, ngo-ukwakhiwa ephezulu liphumele boom, futhi kuneNingizimu kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba. Kusukela ngo-1980 lapha 11 izakhiwo ezinde kakhulu emhlabeni lakhiwa. Kusukela ngo-1910 kuya ku-1930, "anda" 16 namabhilidi, zonke izakhiwo 82 kusukela 1890 kuze kube namuhla yakhiwa ke. "Inkokhelo Empire State", "TrampBilding", "Vulvor Isakhiwo" futhi "Isakhiwo Krayser" yavela phakathi nalesi sikhathi. Ngayinye yalezi izakhiwo isikhashana aphethwe isihloko eliphakeme kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Eyokuqala yalezi kwaba phambili iminyaka engaba ngu-40.

I Isakhiwo esiphakeme kunazo zonke kuleli dolobha

Igagasi ukwakhiwa kwesibili kwaqala ngo-1960 .. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, yayakhiwe izakhiwo mayelana 70 ephakeme kunaleyo 183 amamitha. Uyini Isakhiwo esiphakeme kunazo zonke e-New York City? World Trade Center, enye yalezi imibhoshongo babe. North Tower kwaba kwezihlahla ezinde kunazo zonke emhlabeni kusuka 1972 kuya 1973, futhi edolobheni - kuze 2001. Zonke izakhiwo eziyisithupha odumile World Trade Center libhujiswa ngo kokuhlasela kwamaphekula ngo-2001.

Indlela ubizwa ngokuthi Isakhiwo esiphakeme kunazo zonke e-New York City? Okwamanje uza kuqala ukuphakama emi -World Trade Center 1 eyakhelwe endaweni libhujiswa yezitolo. Ukuphakama Isakhiwo esiphakeme kunazo zonke e-New York kwaba 541 amamitha. It lasidedela "Willis Tower" kusukela kwasekuqaleni. IWorld Trade Centre 1 isakhiwo lesithupha ezinde kunazo zonke emhlabeni, kanti ende kunazo zonke iphakeme ebhilidini emhlabeni futhi ophakeme kunabo zonke eNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe. Lesi sakhiwo eyinhloko shopping centre omusha obizwa ngokuthi i- Freedom Tower, ngaleyo ndlela igcizelela ukuthi abantu US angaguqanga ikhanda lakhe usongo lobuphekula. Ukwakha kwaphothulwa Meyi 10, 2013 ukufakwa Spire 124 budze futhi zinesisindo esingaphezu kwamathani 758. Bangaki emabhilidini isakhiwo kunazo zonke e-New York City? Floor 104 has Tower.

Ngemva kwale nhlekelele esenzeka ngo-2001, uhulumeni wase-US isikhathi eside ayikwazanga ukunquma ukuthi benzeni endaweni usule. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwaba sobala ukuthi kwakudingeka ukuba ukwakha phezulu ezintsha, futhi ngakolunye, kwakufanele bonyana enze immortalize inkumbulo izisulu futhi ibonise ezweni elingamthathi United States ithawula ngisho nangemva amagalelo osinda kangaka. mncintiswano Ekuqaleni kuvinjelwe ekukhuleni isikhala singenamuntu umenyezelwe, kodwa iningi kwamaphrojekthi ziye omubi ziqondakala bendawo. Khona-ke emncintiswaneni eyomphakathi, futhi wathandwa Daniel Libeskind. Nokho, ngisho nangemva ukwamukelwa lowo msebenzi wakhe wokwakha wezakhiwo Kwadingeka iminyaka emine ngaphezulu ithuba lokucwengisiswa skyscraper zako ezisemqoka, ukwenza kube ngaphansi igcwele njengoba kwakunjalo ekuqaleni. Kwathiwa kunakwe isifiso Uhulumeni ukwenza design njengoba ephephile ngangokunokwenzeka. Okwamanje, eziyinkimbinkimbi we-World Trade Center (isakhiwo kunazo zonke e-New York, 2016) siqukethe namabhilidi ezinhlanu imisebenzi ehlukene, isikhumbuzo kukhunjulwa izisulu, kanye Art Gallery. Kodwa lokho akuyona yonke! Ngaphansi Isakhiwo esiphakeme kunazo zonke kakhulu e-New York, Freedom Tower, ukuthi lwenziwe Yihhovisi Ukudluliselwa ekhethekile esitimeleni futhi amagatsha ngesivinini ujantshi, okukuvumela ukuba beze uhambe kusuka World Trade Center 1 kuwo wonke amagumbi omuzi.

indawo yesibili

indawo Lesibili simo kwethu "I Isakhiwo esiphakeme kunazo zonke e-New York" (izithombe ethulwa ukunakwa kwakho esihlokweni) ithatha 432 Park Avenue. I-skyscraper has a ukuphakama 426 metres, nakuba umsebenzi wokwakha indlu yakhe kwakufanele amamitha 396 kuphela. Ukuze isakhiwo sayo kwakudingekile ukuba achithe ehhotela Drake Ihhotela, ukuthengwa eye abiza unjiniyela kwezigidi ezingu-440. Inani ukwakhiwa izindleko ifinyelele $ 1.25 billion. Okwamanje, ingenye yezindawo ezibalulekile kakhulu isiphetho e-New York. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sakhiwo yisona kwezihlahla ezinde kunazo zonke yokuhlala ephezulu liphumele isakhiwo emhlabeni. E-US, ke lifaka 3rd ukuphakama, emhlabeni - indawo 19.

Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi ophahleni Freedom Tower at 9.8 amamitha ngezansi, kodwa endaweni yokuqala wanikwa wakhe ngumuntu Spire okusezingeni eliphezulu. Lesi sakhiwo has a design esiyingqayizivele - it is a ukuma okumsulwa weJiyomethri, okungukuthi sikwele uma uzibuka uphezulu. Lesi sakhiwo has 85 iphansi, endaweni ngayinye - 368 square metres. Ngamunye uhlangothi phezulu has amawindi eziyisithupha. Umnikazi wale isakhiwo kanye itoho omangalisayo kunjiniyela uyaziqhenya yokulandelana kwayo ngokohlu, futhi liwubiza ngokuthi uphawu olusha-New York City, kodwa abaningi abaklami abadumile futhi abantu ababalulekile yezwe uthi 432 Park Avenue nje "ikholomu mncane."

Izindleko ezindlini e isakhiwo eliphakeme e-New York kusukela eziyizigidi ezimbalwa kuya emashumini ambalwa ezigidi zamarandi namuhla. Penthouse e isakhiwo sesibili esiphakeme kunazo zonke e-New York yathengwa for $ 95 million Billionaire Saudi. Ngaphezu 104 zokuhlala, isakhiwo kuyoba isikhungo ukuqina, yokudlela, sauna, swimming pool, igalfu, kanye nezinye izimfanelo siphumelele ekuphileni.

indawo yesithathu

It is labizwa ngokuthi "Isakhiwo esiphakeme kunazo zonke e-New York" kanye Empire State Building, esisogwini esiqhingini Manhattan. Ingabe nesakhiwo samahhovisi. Ukuphakama - 381 metres, elakhiwa ngo-1931. Ezinde kunazo zonke esakhiweni samahhovisi e-New York has 103 izibuya. Isihloko emhlabeni esiphakeme kunazo zonke ziqhubeka Empire State Building kusukela ngo-1931 kuya 1970-th, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi uhlobo irekhodi. Ukumbalekela le phezulu ayengakwenza enyakatho ukuhweba isikhungo umbhoshongo. Ngemva kokubhujiswa kwalo amafu wabuya kunazo zonke e-New York, kodwa hhayi isikhathi eside.

izakhiwo lalesi sakhiwo elibhekisela kuwo ukuze art Deco, ngo-2007 ukuthi ithole isihloko eliwedlula yezakhiwo e-US, futhi ngo-1986 kwahlanganiswa uhlu izikhumbuzo kazwelonke we ukubaluleka zomlando wezwe. Lesi sakhiwo okwamanje lifaka wesine eziphakeme kakhulu kuleli zwe futhi 22 - emhlabeni.

Namuhla, isikhungo ihhovisi kabusha ukwenza kube ngaphezulu imvelo. Izindleko zonke imisebenzi balinganiselwa ku $ 550 million.

I lokukhokhisa Empire State has izindawo eziningana eliyingqayizivele. Nansi ehholo Guinness engavamile, ihholo 30 metres ubude kanye ukuphakama amathathu phansi, ngokugcwele panel zemabula ehlotshiswe izithombe 7 izimangaliso zomhlaba. Phela, isikhungo ihhovisi ngokuthi isimangaliso sesishiyagalombili somhlaba.

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, on emabhilidini 102 futhi emafulethini 86 amapulatifomu wokubuka ebonakalayo, ezingaba ikhuphukela lift nje umzuzu owodwa.

Ibhange lase-America Tower

Ibhange lase-America Tower has a ukuphakama 366 metres uphinde uthele kancane isimo isakhiwo sesine kunazo zonke e-edolobheni. Phakathi ukuthuthukiswa project, ukusicabangela eyinhloko kahle kwemvelo takhi. Zonke teluhlaka ukugxila ekusetshenzisweni kakhulu kwemithombo yemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-windows kabili ezicwebezelisiwe esakhiweni kancane ukudonsa ukukhanya kwelanga, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ahlinzeke izinga ezidingekayo sokukhanyisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banalo emissivity ongaphakeme, ezingasetshenziswa kakhulu ukulondoloza ku Ukushisa phezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapha kukhona isistimu ukuthi amaphi iqoqa futhi ukuhlunga amanzi emvula. Umoya ongena isakhiwo futhi aphume, ngaphansi zokuhlunga ekhethekile. Ngenkathi kwakhiwa umbhoshongo yasetshenziselwa lemali zasebenza.

Ebusuku, lapha kukhona ukunqwabelana ice, esisetshenziselwa kuphole isakhiwo ekuseni nantambama. Ngisho urinals ahlelwe ukuze akudingi ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi. Bayakwazi konge cishe amalitha ayizigidi ezingu-30 amanzi ngonyaka futhi ukunciphisa isikhutha esiphumela emoyeni. Lesi sakhiwo inezidingo ugesi generator yayo ukuthi uyakwazi ukunikeza izidingo isakhiwo, bakwazi ukunciphisa izindleko ekuletheni amandla ukuze isakhiwo, okuyinto ejwayelekile emaphakathi ugesi ngakho.

Lesi sakhiwo has 55 izibuya. Ingabe ngowokuqala emhlabeni, okuyinto wathola isitifiketi-platinum i-kwegezi ukwakhiwa imvelo.

World Trade Center-3

Esinye isakhiwo, okuzokwenza umphelelisi Ensemble entsha World Trade Center e-United States. Ukwakhiwa isakhiwo saqala ngo-2010, nokubeka kulindeleke 2018. Ngokwe Iphrojekthi yokuqala, kuyoba 80 iphansi, ukuphakama izakhiwo kuyodingeka ukufinyelela 378 amamitha. Lesi sakhiwo kuyodingeka uhlamvu ehhovisi. Ukwakhiwa Kwenziwa ngokuhambisana namazinga igolide ngemvelo kanye nokusebenza kwamandla. Lesi sakhiwo yasekuqaleni, elakhiwa kusayithi samanje walimala ngemva indiza nge amaphekula ishayisa kwemibhoshongo-World Trade Center. kokwehla igiya aqathaka wawa isakhiwo, kokulimaza kwakugqamuka, kodwa umonakalo omkhulu ke wathola ngesikhathi wokugoqa. Ngesikhathi le ngozi ehhotela, kwakukhona abantu abangaba ngu-1000. Ngokulinganiswa yayinjalo babe emabhilidini amathathu kuphela aphansi.

Chrysler Isakhiwo

Omunye izimpawu komuzi, okuyinto unelungelo ukuba Isakhiwo esiphakeme kunazo zonke e-New York, ngokunembile, omunye wabo. Kuyinto impahla Nhlangano "Chrysler". Yakhiwa ngo-1930 futhi ukuphakama kwamamitha 320. Mayelana 11 emva ukwakhiwa izinyanga kuthatha indawo yokuqala ohlwini eliphakeme kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Okwamanje ke ithengiswe kubanikazi abasha.

Abathandwayo ngumlando ukwakhiwa yayo. Iphrojekthi olugunyazwe lephalamende wangaphambili, owashonelwa isihloko ngaphambi kokuphela umsebenzi. Khona-ke lo msebenzi, wathengiswa Nhlangano "Chrysler". Umklami isakhiwo Kreg Severans. Nge ukwakhiwa wayeqondiswa ukuze zikufice wangaphambili ithimba-mate, futhi ngemva uyisitha esinamandla sokuphishekela Van Ellena. Ukuze sifinyelele umgomo wokwakha nje ngamamitha ambalwa yengeziwe, ukushaya lo mncintiswano. Ngesinye isikhathi esededelwe, umgomo yafinyelelwa, kodwa Van Allen wathola imvume yokufaka ku-skyscraper yakho Spire ukuphakama 38 metres. Ngaphandle ukukhangisa, ayichitha ithole uhlobo oluthile ukwaneliseka yokuthi ngangisagqoka ukuhambahamba nomngane wakhe ayefunde naye. Nokho, injabulo yaba ngeyesikhashana imbangi, ngoba ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-11 ka-Empire State Building wavulwa, okuyinto "usufikile" kwalezi zakhiwo ezimbili.

Uma kuhlelelwa isakhiwo yasetshenziselwa art Deco isitayela, kodwa izakhi eziningi ofakazi avele badideke. Ngakho, engxenyeni engenhla isakhiwo se-eliqoshiwe imoto hoods izimoto, "Chrysler" ngaleso sikhathi, ngaphezu, kukhona imihlobiso ngesimo a okhozi olundizela phezulu. Kwaphela isikhathi eside umakhi nokwakha abanikazi bagxekwa frivolity, kodwa manje Chrysler Isakhiwo kubhekwa samuntu ngenkathi 20-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule, futhi isakhiwo is ngokuthi "Manhattan eyigeza. ' Ngo-2005, namabhilidi Museum ukhishwa kuye isihloko othandekayo kakhulu izixazululo yezakhiwo e-US, lesi sihloko etholwe emva zokuvota ngaphezulu kwenkulungwane abantu kuleli zwe ezihlobene izakhiwo kanye nokwakhiwa.

Esitezi engenhla lapho ubuka platform elalikuyo, futhi kamuva sashintshwa saba indawo yokudlela.

I-New York Times Isakhiwo

Ukwakhiwa 52 emabhilidini kwakhiwa 2007. Ukuphakama unikezwa antenna kuyinto 319 metres, okungenakuqhathaniswa, okuletha ukuthula-New York Times bildin endaweni yesithupha ne Chrysler Building. Lesi sakhiwo kunikezwa izidingo iphephandaba futhi lakhiwa oda abanikazi shicilelo. Italian umklami izakhiwo wafunda, design ingaphakathi yasungulwa yi-American Office, futhi umsebenzi ukukhanyisa ebusuku eyingoduso kwenye inkampani. Ngakho, block ephilayo uyisithelo yi amafemu eziningana esiphawulekayo yezakhiwo.

Ngenkathi kwakhiwa sebenzisa izinto eyonga amandla. Ngakho, i-windows ekhethekile ingxenye yomqondo yelanga futhi ayikuvumeli isakhiwo ukuba ashisise. En ukhonza amandla plant izindawo 40%, i-ukushabalalisa ukushisa ngesikhathi operation siqondiswe Ukushisa izibuya.

wokubuka ezisekelweni

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, uhambo idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke e-United States luyobe lungaphelele uma ungenawo uvakashele Isakhiwo esiphakeme kunazo zonke e-New York nge emphemeni observation, alinikela umbono omangalisayo muzi. Kwaphela isikhathi eside i-panorama ezithakazelisayo kakhulu esivula kusukela Rockefeller Centre kanye Empire State Building.

Khuphukela ezisekelweni wokubuka singaba lift, kuzomele uqale zidlule okuthunyelwe nokuvikeleka eziningana nensimbi imitshina, kodwa uma bonke indaba, izivakashi zihlangana endaweni yokukhuleka, ngaleso 360 inikeza panorama elimangalisayo. Njengoba sazi ukuthi ezisekelweni wokubuka esisogwini izakhiwo eliphakeme, lutho okuvimbela umbono wakho, futhi uma isimo sezulu sivuma ke, ungabona wonke eNew York indlela esabonwa izinyoni.

Into yokuqala ukuthi abambe iso lakho - lokhu izinqaba zamanzi ezingokwemvelo. Cishe wonke isakhiwo edolobheni ifakwe nombhoshongo walo, esinikela ngayo amanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye bophahla kungabonwa izingadi ohlukanisile, emphemeni izihlalo for Sunbathing kanye ebusweni ngempela sikulungele ukuba kuphilwe kuso. Othile esetshenziswa ophahleni ukuze uvumelane nezidingo zakho, ezikhulayo amaphuphu noma ezinye izilwane, futhi ngezinye izikhathi, hhayi nje kubo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kwezinye uphahla ziye ahlome kakhulu bee yangempela ipulazi izindlu izinyosi.

Ngaphandle bophahla owakhiwe, ungabona izindawo ezithakazelisayo zalomuzi nendawo esikuyo - amabhuloho yonkana Hudson, ezakhiwe namabhilidi besilinganiso Manhattan Stuyvesant Idolobha - endaweni engavamile nge izindlu izakhiwo eziyinqaba, okuyinto kuye kwanda eminyakeni 1940 futhi ngakolunye koMfula Hudson, ungabona edolobheni satellite of Jersey. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbono omuhle we phezulu kuqala kakhulu e-New York - Flatiron Isakhiwo ukuphakama 82 metres, elakhiwa ngo-1902.

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo ezinhle Empire State Building Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngo-1945 eshayisa US Air Force webhomu, kodwa akuzange kumenze sanoma yikuphi ukulimala, futhi ngosuku olulandelayo isakhiwo kabusha wavula emphakathini.

Emphemeni observation at Rockefeller Centre futhi inama ukubukwa okukhulu, futhi kuwufanele ukuvakashelwa njengoba ubusuku nemini. Ezithakazelisa kakhulu nangu umbono omangalisayo Central Park. Kunezindawo eziningana kulendlu - evulekile ngokuphelele futhi ngezinkomishi ezinamekwe ngomthofu. Rockefeller tsenr yakhiwa kuleli 30s kwekhulu elidlule futhi itholakala iseduze kwelinye idolobha 30 ephezulu liphumele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo odumile isithombe "Lunch on phezulu," okuyinto idlulisela abasebenzi ehlezi ugongolo ukuphakama ebabazekayo, ke senziwe ukwakhiwa ephezulu liphumele izakhiwo - ngo-1932.

Eyokuqala ephezulu liphumele eManhattan

I-skyscraper kuqala Manhattan has, phakathi kwezinye izinto, umklamo original kakhulu. Isakhiwo senziwe kwifomu zensimbi, lapho libhekwa ngokuqinile kusukela phezulu, singabona unxantathu. Hhayi ngokunikeza umfundi ithuba isakhiwo yayibizwa ngokuthi Flatiron Isakhiwo, okungase lihunyushwa ngokuthi 'nensimbi'.

Skyscraper elise ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo ezitaladini ezintathu - Broadway, Fifth Avenue, futhi 23 Street. Ukuphakama ukwakhiwa 82 amamitha laqedwa ngo-1902. Ngaphezu ukuma esiyingqayizivele, phezulu has eyodwa twist ngaphezulu; yena waba ngowokuqala, ukwakhiwa eliye enamathiselwe luhlaka pre-setha metal imishayo.

Lesi sakhiwo has ukuma ikholomu classical nge isizinda abahlukene (ngowokuqala ezinhlanu emabhilidini), ecacile umgqomo futhi engxenyeni engenhla, esime nomhlobiso. UMdali kulendlu eside wajabulela igama lakhe isihloko inzalo: Fuller Isakhiwo ngokushesha uqambe kabusha "Iron".

Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi ngenxa esiyingqayizivele ukuma compounds Street ngasenkantolo isakhiwo ngezikhathi kwenzeka komoya unyuka kuze. Yanikwa igama ekhethekile - 23 skidoo. Namanje ukhulume ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi eduze isakhiwo kungabonwa amadoda nesithukuthezi ejwayele ukuthi lokhu kugeleza ngizolivusa ingubo noma ahambe abesifazane odlulayo.

Ngaphezu okungenhla, isakhiwo idume kokuba zihanjiswe edolobheni oqanjiwe of Liberty City kusukela umdlalo GTA4, kodwa namanje emhlabeni ezindaweni ezahlukene, ungabona sibalo ngesikhathi indoda ehamba nqunu wenza yobude obugcwele.