Usawoti chlorate

Kuyini potassium chlorate?

Lo sawoti potassium ka chloric acid (omunye acid ezine elingenawo umoya-equkethe ezakhiwe chlorine: hypochlorous - HClO, chlorous - HClO2, chloric - HClO3 futhi perchloric - HClO4) evame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-potassium chlorate, ifomula - KClO3. Lokhu usawoti ngokubukeka limelela zinhlayiya (kungenambala), okuyizinto kahle oncibilikayo emanzini (ku-20 ° C ngo-100 cm3 yamanzi ancibilikisa 7.3 kuphela g sikasawoti), kodwa okwandisa izinga lokushisa komzimba solubility iyakhula. Elinye igama lakhe abadumile - bertoletova usawoti. I yamangqamuzana isisindo ketshezi kuyinto 122,55 amu, ukuminyana - 2.32 g / cm3. Lo sawoti liyancibilika at 356 ° C, sekubola cishe 400 ° C.

Ukuvulwa potassium chlorate

Ngokokuqala ngqá (ngo-1786) potassium chlorate kwaba wemithi French Klod Bertolle. It aphuthelwe chloro ngokusebenzisa bagxila esishisayo potassium hydroxide isixazululo. Ukusabela equation, nge lapho usawoti simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: 3Cl2 + 6KOH → 5KCl + KClO3 + 3H2O. Ngenxa yalokhu yokusabela potassium chlorate kusheshisa njengoba esiqinile white. Njengoba kuyintando kabi oncibilikayo emanzini abandayo, it is ahlukaniswe kalula kusuka kwenye nosawoti ikhambi is selehlile. Kusukela wokuvula yayo bertoletova usawoti ingumkhiqizo ezivamile futhi ewusizo kuzo zonke chlorate. Okwamanje KClO3 ekhiqizwa ngezinga ezimbonini.

chemical izakhiwo

usawoti Chlorate - a oxidizer eqinile. Ngu ukusabela ngayo kanzulu hydrochloric acid (HCl) abelwe chlorine khulula. Le nqubo ibizwa esachazwa kwesibalo chemical yokusabela: 6HCl + KClO3 → 3Cl ↑ + KCl + 3 H2O. Njengazo zonke chlorates, lokhu ketshezi kuyinto enobuthi kakhulu. Ngesimo oncibilikisiwe KClO3 ziwusekela ngentshiseko amandla omlilo. Ingxube kalula imfuyo oxidizable (ukunciphisa ejenti) ezifana nesibabule, i-phosphorus, ushukela kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo potassium chlorate Kuqhuma nge umthelela noma ukuhilizisana. Nokuzwela miphumela luphakanyiswa ebukhoneni ammonium nosawoti kanye bromates. Ngaphansi mnene (Ukushisa kuya ku-60 ° C) we-namachibi potassium chlorate yalungiswa kusukela oxalic acid chlorine dioxide, inqubo ukuqhutshwa ngokuvumelana kwesibalo yokusabela: 2KClO3 + H2C2O4 → K2CO3 + CO2 + H2O + 2ClO2. Chlorine monoxide uthola isicelo e amakhorali futhi inzalo izinto ezihlukahlukene (ufulawa iphepha uginindela nokunye), futhi angasetshenziswa ukuze obesfenolivaniya anokungcola izitshalo zamakhemikhali.

Ukusetshenziswa potassium chlorate

Kuwo wonke usawoti bertoletova chlorate iyona esetshenziswa kakhulu. It is lisetshenziswe womshini udayi, ukufana (ukwenza umdlalo ikhanda impahla ezivuthayo, impahla eluhlaza oswakanyiswe potassium chlorate TU 6-18-24-84), iziqhumane, isibulala-magciwane chlorine dioxide. Ngenxa ingozi eliphezulu aqanjwe potassium chlorate, kungukuthi cishe asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni iziqhumane ngezinhloso zasezimbonini nezempi. Kakhulu akuvamile potassium chlorate isetshenziswa njengoba kuqhume ukuqalisa. Ngezinye izikhathi asetshenziswa pyrotechnics ukuthela tsvetnoplamennye izingoma. Ngaphambili usawoti kusetshenziswa imithi: izixazululo ababuthakathaka yalolu ketshezi (KClO3) isikhashana lisetshenzisiwe isinqandakuvunda ngoba gargling nezokusigcoba. Salt ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, yasetshenziselwa ukuhlalisa ukuthola umoya-mpilo ngaphansi kwezimo zelabhorathri, kodwa ngenxa ingozi ye ucwaningo abangu inqanyulwe.

Ukulungiselela potassium chlorate

Eyodwa yezindlela ezilandelayo: ngu chlorination potassium hydroxide ngenxa yokusabela exchange nabanye nosawoti of chlorates, namachibi electrochemical izixazululo aqueous metal chloride - bertoletova usawoti ingatholakala. Ulungiselela isikali yayo zezimboni ngokuvamile eyenziwa hypochlorite disproportionation yokusabela (hypochlorous acid nosawoti). izinqubo zobuchwepheshe kusetshenzwe ngendlela ehlukile. Ezimweni eziningi kusekelwe ukusabela phakathi calcium chloride kanye potassium chlorate: Ca (ClO3) 2 + 2KCl → 2KClO3 + CaCl2. Khona-ke bertoletova usawoti kwakhiwa kusukela yotshwala kunina crystallization esabiwe. Futhi chlorate potassium lalungiselela indlela Ushintshe Berthollet le-electrolysis potassium chloride: ezivezwa electrolysis is wasithukuthelela chloro potassium hydroxide, okuholela KClO potassium hypochlorite kulandele disproportionation potassium chlorate KClO3 futhi umthombo potassium chloride KCl.

Noqhekeko potassium chlorate

At lokushisa 400 ° C noqhekeko potassium chlorate. Ngenxa yalokho, umoya-mpilo, i-potassium perchlorate: 4KClO3 → KCl + 3KClO4. Esigabeni esilandelayo yokubola kwenzeka ezingeni lokushisa 550 kuya 620 ° C: KClO4 → 2O2 ↑ + KCl. On yelikhono (angase zethusi oxide Cuo, okusansimbi oxide (III) Fe2O3 oxide noma manganese (IV) MnO2) noqhekeko kwenzeka emazingeni okushisa aphansi (150 kuya ku-300 ° C) futhi ngesinyathelo esisodwa: 2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2.

izinyathelo zokuvikeleka

Bertoletova usawoti ingahlalisekanga chemical alufakwa ezingasetshenziswa qhumisa, ne eshukumisayo, isitoreji (isib eduze reductants eshalofini esifanayo endaweni yokucwaninga noma igumbi) Milling neminye imisebenzi. Ukuqhuma kungenzeka ekulimaleni ngokomzimba noma kuholele ekufeni ukulandela. Ngakho-ke, ekukhiqizeni, ukusetshenziswa, ukugcinwa noma ezokuthutha potassium chlorate kumele sihlangabezane nezidingo uMthetho Federal 116. Facilities ukuthi ihlelwe lezi izinqubo ezihlobene izindawo zezimboni enobungozi.