US-Mexican neMpi, iminyaka 1846-1848. Ukugqashuka ubutha, izinduna, ezindaweni uphikise

I-US impi futhi eMexico ngenxa Texas impikiswano kuye kwaholela yokuthi baseMelika anamekwe hhayi kuphela Texas kodwa futhi wonke Southwest yakho yesimanje. Lo mkhankaso wenziwa izimpi eziningana futhi lakhunjulwa engakaze ibonwe engabandlululi.

Impikiswano Texas

Esikhathini Maphakathi nekhulu XIX, INguqulo Yezwe Elisha iye yabhekana ebaluleke kakhulu izimpi zakule ndawo. The nokuchitha igazi waqala ngenxa Ukungqubuzana izithakazelo USA and eMexico. Amazwe ayikwazi ukuhlukanisa Texas. Ngo-1836, lesi sifunda alishiye eMexico, futhi imemezele ukuzimela kwayo (ayibonwa kutimela Mexico futhi kubhekwe ayesanda kuluthola Republic sihlubuki indawo, okuyizinto AmaSeparatist ethumba okwesikhashana).

Texas, Okwamanje, wasungula oxhumana nabo e-United States. Mexican-American Kwagqashuka impi ngenxa isifiso Washington ukuze ujoyine republic ngokwayo. Le nqubomgomo ababethi Democrats. Ngo-1844, i-US President baba ukhetho lwabo Dzheyms Polk. Esikhathini umphakathi American kuya nokudliwa Texas eside iphathwa ngezindlela ezimbili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthi ingathanda izakhamuzi eningizimu wezolimo, futhi ngakolunye - lokhu kuqhathaniswa enyakatho uthi zezimboni, abekade ngeziqu zamehlo eningizimu ezigqila.

kwesiphetho impi

Naphezu kwazo zonke kuwukuphikisana uphikise izindawo namanje baba yingxenye ye-United States. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1845 lapho Texas saba umbuso 28 we-akhawunti. Mexico namanje uyazicabangela Republic ingxenye yalo, futhi ngenxa yalokho kahulumeni wayo ozimele wabakhuza ngamazwi aqatha isinqumo Washington. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili aye sawohloka kakhulu. Isimo engangibhekene naso eduze ezibucayi.

Esikhathini ukungqubuzana ezama ukulamula France, Britain. Imibuso emibili-European neyaziwayo elizimele i-Republic of Texas futhi baziswa ukubusa yayo e-United States njengoba ikhambi lelitimele. Báqondiswa ngalezo zinto, eParis futhi yaseLondon yabiza Mexico akusho zimemezele impi ku US. Nokho, imizamo yabo babe ezingenalusizo.

Ukuhluleka Ukuhileleka

Isizathu emngceleni US-yaseMexico waba nabantu ngenxa yempi. Ngenxa impikiswano Texas isimo yezwe bengayitholanga bavumelane ongumnikazi okuyinto indawo. Mexico uyazicabangela phesheya Nueces River, US - Rio Grande. Umbango ingakaxazululwa lapho entwasahlobo ka-1845, amabutho aseMelika afika langena Texas. Esikhathini ocean lawa abehlome ngezibhamu ubuchwepheshe bamuva the isigaba.

Hulumende waseMelika elungiselela umkhankaso oluzayo ikumodi ekusithekeni ukugqanyiswa. Umphakathi ongasoli lutho igazi esondelayo emkhathizwe. Ukuze zinhlobo izinyathelo zokwenza izinkulumo ukuthenga US emazweni Mexican. States, baye bahlongoza ezingafani esenana insimu entshonalanga Texas. Kwaba California ($ 25 million), futhi New Mexico (5 million). Kulokhu, lo ndawo yasekuqaleni phakathi Rio Grande kanye Nueces Mahhala elivulela Texas. Isiphakamiso sinqatshelwe.

Isimo sezombusazwe eMexico

Ngobusuku obandulela empini, Mexico langena enkathini yezinkinga zezombangazwe. Ngo-1846, ezikhathini wezwe umongameli amane washintsha izikhathi eziyisithupha - uNgqongqotjhe wezokuVikela, abantu abayishumi nesithupha - uNgqongqoshe Wezezimali. Leapfrog senzeka ngaphansi kwezimo yokukhula bazonde-American. Umphakathi imisiwe yokushisekela izwe kakhulu. Noma ubani inesifiso amandla futhi imelela isiphetho obunokuthula ezingqubuzana-United States, kwaba ngesikhathi esisodwa esekhishwa inyumbazane.

Lapho kwakhiwa uhulumeni laseMexico, sakhiwe isizwe, baqhubeka okubi kakhulu obengeziwe elala umakhelwane enyakatho. Inqubomgomo entsha obala kubika izimangalo zabo Texas. Impi Mexican-American bonke babengaphansi eduze futhi ayinakugwenywa. Ekuqaleni 1846 e-Washington wathola umyalezo othi nabaphikisi wenqaba ukuhlangana Inxusa elikhethekile le ezayo.

Arista Mariano

Mashi 8, 1846 US Army awela ngisho Rubicon wangena ensimini ka eMexico. Isinqumo ukuqala impi sathathwa e-Washington izolo. On the amabhange yebutho Rio Grande yaqala ukwakhiwa izinqaba namabhethri ukwakhiwa. Nokho balandela ukuvinjelwa isitha nezimbobo.

Udweshu agcwele lempi phakathi e-US nase eMexico waqala ngo-April 23, lapho yeMexico samemezela US impi. Umkhuzi yokuqala, wakhethwa Arista Mariano. Umsebenzi wakhe wezempi wakha emuva ibutho Spanish. Ngemva eMexico lasungula esempini sokuzibusa, isikhulu wajoyina wabaholi. Mariano kwaba umsekeli imibono ovulekile. Lapho kuphela iMpi Mexican-American iphelile, waqala ukwakha sezombusazwe netemisebenti, kanye eminyakeni 1851-1853. WAKHE OMFUSHANE Wakhonza njengombonisi uMongameli eMexico.

UMajor General Taylor

Mexico bazamukela isimemezelo US impi ku 13 Meyi. American baba induna Zakari Teylor. Yazalwa ngo-Virginia futhi ikufakazele kakade ngokwayo phakathi nempi wamaNgisi namaMelika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wachitha eziningi kuphangwa ehlane Indian. Endaweni yokuqala ayeyikho kungene esenyakatho ye-mpumalanga yeMexico, futhi esimweni uma isitha ayenqaba ukugoba uphondo, lapho kwenzeka kusongela eMexico.

Ngenxa uzowanqoba umakhelwane eningizimu Zachary Taylor wayengakaze labetibambile ihhovisi yomphakathi, wayivula kanjani indlela eya ezombusazwe enkulu. Ngo-1848 wakhethwa le-12 wase-US. Nokho, ngesikhathi impilo yakhe yayisiqala kakade basibukela phansi izifo eziningi okubandakanya basebenza empini ngesikhathi imikhankaso yakhe. Taylor wafa ngonyaka ngemva kokuthatha isikhundla. Ngenxa yalokho, kuzuza wakhe oyinhloko awuzange ukuhlala ehhovisi kamongameli, futhi wanqoba baseMexico.

Ukubuya Santa Anna

Ngemva nje komngcele US-Mexico asala, ibutho American ngiwuthumbile umuzi Matamoros, ngemva shelling ke kusukela wezikhali. Abahlaseli babe izinzuzo lobuchwepheshe, qualitative ambalwa, ngenxa yokunqoba ezimpini zabo zazinengqondo futhi zemvelo. Ngemva Matamoros umaluju emadolobheni amaningana Seralvo, Camargo futhi Reynosa.

Ukugqashuka ubutha ezaholela kolunye ushintsho kwamandla eMexico. ukuphathwa State wathatha Liberals. Babechitha kwekuhlela kabusha eziningana futhi abuya ekuthunjweni General-Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana. Njengoba umengameli, wahola izingxoxo esisha baseMelika.

Sturm Monterrey

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngo-September 20, ibutho 1846 Taylor sika evimbezela emzini eMonterrey. Izindonga kwezinsuku ezimbalwa awaphendulanga wezikhali. Nemabutfo yazuza inzuzo kuphela ngemva lamabutho we Texas Rangers wathatha amagquma ezimbalwa ngasentshonalanga eMonterrey. isikhundla Kalula eye wavumela abantu baseMelika ukuthatha ehlaselwa izinhlangothi ezimbili, okuyinto kwaba impumelelo.

Ngosuku lwesihlanu baseMexico angawodwa saphelelwa izinhlamvu, futhi capitulated. Thina bahlasela zabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-500 baye imali - 300 Taylor ibutho selikhathele. ukulahlekelwa Heavy ophoqelelwe induna ukuvumela ezomvikela Mexican, ngesikhathi esifanayo ulondoloze isimo izikhali zabo kanye amabhanela. Sturm kakhulu abiza eMonterrey. Ingxenye enkulu yedolobha yacekeleka phansi futhi zishiswe. Umlando eMexico ugcwele izenzakalo ezimangalisayo, kodwa ukuthi ukuvinjezelwa baseMexico bakholwe uphawu ebaluleke kakhulu empini e-United States.

umkhankaso eqhubekayo

Ukulandela Monterrey baseMelika umaluju Coahuila isimo enhlokodolobha Saltillo. Ngo-November, lapho elathunjwa port ukhiye Mexican of Tampico. Sonke lesi sikhathi, Santa Anna aqhubeka ukuqoqa amandla futhi ulungiselela impi ewumnqamula-juqu. Yasungulelwa ibutho Taylor sika ukuma eduze Saltillo. Okuningi ezinkudlwana ngobukhulu amabutho Mexican bangqubuzana ne baseMelika 22-23 Februwari 1847 e Battle of Buena Vista. Abantu Santa Anna kwadingeka banqobe indlela amakhilomitha angu-300 ehlane eyomile. Amasosha wahlushwa ukuntula ukudla namanzi. Kwakukhona desertions mass. Ngu ekuqaleni morale impi yebutho Mexican kwesokunxele okuningi okufanele oyifunayo.

Kule ndawo abe zokuchitha igazi okuholela Saltillo entabeni ewumngcingo pass. Ngosuku lokuqala le baseMexico indiva butho lesitha kusukela flank ngakwesokunxele, langena ezingemuva futhi waphula iphiko, elaliholwa Taylor. Ezinye baseMelika zinhlanga maqondana Saltillo. Le mpi kuqaliswe Februwari 23. Kusihlwa, Santa Anna ngokuzumayo ahlehla. Lesi sinqumo sakhe, echaza ukuthi wazizwa ukuntula izinhlamvu empini. BaseMexico baye balahlekelwa sabulala abantu abangaba 1,500, amaMelika - 700.

Revolution eMexico

isikhundla laseMexico wayethola sibi kakhulu. Nakuba Texas, California nezinye izifundazwe aqhubeka zazidlula ngaphansi kokulawula kwe-United States, abaye babhekana omunye ukunqotshwa ngemva lizwe wafinyelela imali ekupheleni. Uhulumeni wayala ukuba ukucela komhiaba isonto. Ukulithengisa ezazizosiza ukuqhubeka empini. Nokho, lezo zinyathelo abuhlangananga izingqimba ezahlukene kakhulu umphakathi Mexican.

waqala emelene nohulumeni kuvukela. Santa Anna esephuthuma ukushiya phambi wahamba ukuze kubuyiselwe ukuthula enhloko-dolobha. EMexico, Okwamanje, uye ugumbuqelwe uhulumeni. Santa Anna bajoyine amavukelambuso. Ngemuva kokuwa uhulumeni owandulele, wathola amandla wobushiqela.

Battle of Veracruz

Nakuba eMexico City lwavutha ngxabano civil, iMpi Mexican-American baqhubeka busebenze. Ngesikhathi sigaba lokugcina lomkhankaso, iButho Lempi Lase, ngebhayisikili enyakatho, wayeka okuhlaselayo kwakhe kokunqoba futhi zayiswa uzihlanganisa isikhundla ukuzivikela. Kona inhloko-dolobha isitha yonkana emaqeleni kanye lulwimi ezingwadule, lapho kwakungekho manzi khona, amaMelika akazange alinge. Kunalokho, amabutho abo athunjwa ethekwini Veracruz. Kusukela kwaba enqamulelayo eMexico City.

Ngo-uMphathi ukusebenza entsha wakhethwa Winfield Scott. Taylor akajabuli Democratic Party, njengoba igagasi udumo isibe yesimangalo likaMengameli ngemuva kokhetho olulandelayo. I kokufika lokushaya 12000th waqala Mashi 9, 1847. Ukuthunjwa Veracruz yahanjelwa namaqhawe esizayo eziningi American Civil War, kukhona noGeorge Meade futhi Robert E. Lee.

umsinga

Veracruz umaluju ku 29 Mashi. AbaseMelika wehla nge 80 kwabulawa kuphela, kodwa kwaqubuka yellow fever e amabutho azo. Beqhutshwa izimo Winfield Scott ezisheshayo. Apreli 17 Ibutho lakhe wahlangana amabutho Mexican, ngubani futhi wayala Santa Anna. AbaseMelika athumba eziphakeme amasu, efakwe ngalo howitzers futhi ngaleyo ndlela owanqoba impi.

Apreli 22 wawa idolobha Perote, futhi ngomhla ka-15 Meyi - Puebla. Ukuhlasela kuvimbe impi yabashokobezi yokufuna zenzeka emhlabeni Veracruz. Ezihlubukini ehlaselwa elincane ezindaweni eziqhelelene kanye ngohide abahlaseli. Lezi igenge babamba inkunzi izimoto, akhethiwe igiya nomphako. Ngaphandle komgwaqo, owawungumnyaka Scott, amaMelika akazange avele lizwe, ukulawula kuphela ogwini nezimbobo osendaweni ezibalulekile.

ekuchithweni Kugcine

Zonke ihlobo 1847 abameleli Mexican uMongameli Uzame ukuxoxisana uhulumeni wase-US ukuqeda impi. Amaphathi abakwazanga ukufinyelela esivumelwaneni sokuthi izimo futhi inqubo nixoxa hudula unomphela. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ibutho Scott wema Puebla, ukuze athole amandla phambi Jerk sokugcina. Mexico kwaba kakade eseduze. Agasti 20, 1847 empini eduze komfula Churubusco baseMelika wanqoba ibutho Manuelya Rinkona.

Won omunye anqobe amasosha Scott yayimane nje amakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka enhlokodolobha yase Mexico. Septhemba 13, baseMelika ahlasela inqaba Chapulteke. Namuhla kule ndawo ubhekwa Mexico City isikhungo edolobheni, kunoFakazi abangaba ngu-abayizigidi ezingu-9 Abakhileyo. Empini inhlokodolobha zabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-2,700 US amasosha, 383 ababengasekho izikhulu.

Izingxoxo kanye ngemibandela yokuthula

Ngo-October 1847 ibutho lapho matasa eMexico, kwakukhona kakade abantu abayizinkulungwane 43. Uhulumeni ofe uhlangothi, Santa Anna babaleka kuleli. Nakuba ukumelana ehlelekile saphela, baqhubeka skirmishes nge abashokobezi yokungenela.

Inqubo ukuxoxisana lwathatha izinyanga eziningana. I-US ukunqoba waphenduka ikhanda ngokuzisola njengoba iziphathimandla kanye nomphakathi. izimfuno American isimo saba sibi nakakhulu futhi bayaphikelela. Ezinye hotheads waze ungasinika eMexico iyonke. Against kwale mizwa ohlangothini kokulahlekelwa kwadingeka ukuba athambise isandla omkhulu, futhi ukuthatha zonke izidingo esisemthethweni.

I isivumelwano sokuthula esasayinwa ngo-February 2, 1848 e Guadalupe Hidalgo. Ukuze athole $ 15 million, eMexico wanika US abangaphezu kwesigidi amakhilomitha skwele insimu yalo. Lawa kwakungamadodana amazwe esimanje California, Texas, Nevada futhi Utah. Wabelwa iningi Arizona futhi eNew Mexico. Wamemezela isimo umngcele emfuleni Rio Grande. Winning impi yayiqhubeka US ukunwetshwa entshonalanga. States lithole ukufinyelela ePacific Ocean.